磷酸一铵生产改性硝酸铵的实验研究

针对国家对硝酸铵的管制,提出了一种磷酸一铵改性硝酸铵方案,为满足生产要求,对磷酸一铵改性硝酸铵溶液的熔融情况、热稳定性、溶液粘度等性能进行了实验室测试,根据检测结果提出了磷酸一铵改性硝酸铵的各项质量指标要求,为磷酸一铵改性硝酸铵应用于复合肥生产提供了参考。     

岩石膨化硝铵炸药的生产工艺和质量控制

岩石膨化硝铵炸药是一种新型无梯粉状炸药,它是由膨化硝酸铵、木粉和复合油相组成,其中膨化硝酸铵是经过表面活性技术处理的自敏化改性硝酸铵。文中介绍了岩石膨化硝铵炸药的生产工艺,详细讨论了影响膨化硝酸铵质量和岩石膨化硝铵炸药质量的因素。     

表面活性剂改善硝酸铵物化性能和爆炸性能的研究

用表面活性剂对硝酸铵进行溶化－真空结晶处理，得到一种含有许多微孔的片状膨松硝酸铵。研究了这种改性硝酸铵的物理化学特性和爆炸性能，介绍了用改性硝酸铵制成的几种粉状工业炸药的爆炸性能。     

多孔粒状硝酸铵在提高粉状乳化炸药抗结块性中的应用

本文将多孔粒状硝酸铵(LPAN)及经柴油改性的多孔粒状硝酸铵(ANFO)与粉状乳化炸药(PEE)按不同比例混合,测试各样品的抗结块性能及爆炸性能。实验表明,随着多孔粒状硝酸铵添加量的提高,粉状乳化炸药的抗结块性显著增强,当添加量为30%时,粉状乳化炸药的结块现象消失。经柴油改性的多孔粒状硝酸铵与粉状乳化炸药混合后,其抗结块性能增强效果不变,但爆炸性能提高。     

改性硝酸铵研究进展及其发展方向

从粒状硝酸铵的问世和发展、抗硬化结晶粉末硝酸铵和不破乳松散性结晶硝酸铵的研究、用于膨化炸药的膨化硝酸铵研制、用于无梯炸药的敏化改性硝酸铵的研究、钝化或防爆硝酸铵的开发、液体硝酸铵在炸药中的应用、改性多孔粒状硝酸铵的研究等方面概述了我国改性硝酸铵的研究成果。开发高性能多孔硝酸铵和防爆的农用硝酸铵及其下游产品,是我国改性硝酸铵今后主要的发展方向。     

微胶囊技术在硝酸铵改性中的应用

提出了用聚苯乙烯包覆硝酸铵制备硝酸铵微胶囊的新方法 ,采用电子能谱仪研究了包覆效果 ,并对包覆前后的硝酸铵进行吸湿性测量 ,分析了改性后的硝酸铵吸湿结块性降低的原因和机理。     

硝酸铵氧化剂的表面改性及其吸湿性研究

提出了用硅烷偶联剂Si-K和高分子材料Polym-B对硝酸铵进行双层包覆的新思路;利用光电子能谱仪和扫描电子显微镜表征了包覆效果,结果表明Si-K和Polym-B能对硝酸铵粒子进行很好包覆,在其表面形成均匀而完整的包覆层.通过测量吸湿性和结块性的变化研究了改性效果,数据表明改性后的硝酸铵吸湿性降低了近50%,结块性显著降低.     

表面活性剂改善硝酸铵吸湿性研究

用表面活性剂对硝酸铵进行表面改性处理 ,测定了改性硝酸铵的吸湿性。结果表明 ,表面活性剂能有效地降低硝酸铵的吸湿率 ,改性硝酸铵的吸湿率比普通硝酸铵降低约 30 % ,并得出了较为理想的硝酸铵改性表面活性剂。     

螯合型硝酸胺改性剂的合成及其应用研究

以钛酸酯偶联剂为起始原料,与丙二酸反应得到螯合型丙二酸钛酸酯,再发生酯交换反应,制备得到螯合型表面改性剂。通过FT-IR对相关化合物进行了结构表征,结果表明所得结构与预期产物的结构相一致。用螯合型钛酸酯改性剂对硝酸铵采用液相分离法改性,改性后硝酸铵颗粒表面有包覆层。与未改性的硝酸铵相比,改性硝酸铵的吸湿率下降了69.74%。     

硝酸铵AN_Ⅳ?AN_Ⅲ相变机制与改性添加剂研究进展

对硝酸铵AN_Ⅳ?AN_Ⅲ相变机制进行介绍,并对不同种类硝酸铵改性添加剂的效果及作用机制进行分析,涉及改性剂种类包括无机盐、聚合物、表面活性剂。3种类型添加剂均能够不同程度的改善硝酸铵AN_Ⅳ?AN_Ⅲ的相变温度,起到抑制相变并减轻硝酸铵结块程度的作用,同时被改性的硝酸铵的膨胀率、堆积密度、抗压强度等物性也会发生不同程度的变化。并介绍水含量对硝酸铵相变和结块的影响,随水含量增加,硝酸铵相变点降低,结块严重,因此应控制硝酸铵的水含量。     

高威力震源药柱的配方研究

在普通热塑型膨化硝铵震源药柱内装药组分的基础上,加入高能添加剂铝粉,通过内装药配方的优化设计和实际爆炸性能的测定,确定了高威力震源药柱内装炸药的配方为膨化硝铵67．3％、木粉1．O％、柴油0．3％、石蜡0．7％、梯恩梯25．O％、铝粉5．7％。试验表明,高威力震源药柱内装药爆炸性能优良,作功能力比普通热塑型膨化硝铵震源药柱内装药提高15％。将聚能效应用于震源药柱,使高威力震源药柱具有更好的勘探效果。     

Detonation Performance of TATP/AN‐Based Explosives

The detonation velocity and performance were determined for four mixtures of triacetone triperoxide (3,3,6,6,9,9‐hexamethyl‐1,2,4,5,7,8‐hexoxonane, TATP), ammonium nitrate (AN) and water (W) by cylinder expansion tests. The composition of these mixtures varied in the following ranges: 21–31% TATP, 37–54% AN and 19–32% W. The obtained results were compared with those of powdery 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), AN‐fuel oil explosive (ANFO) and emulsion explosive. It was found that the tested TATP/AN/W mixtures represent typical non‐ideal explosives with relatively low critical diameter and with high sensitivity to initiation despite the high content of water due to the presence of the primary explosive (TATP). The detonation velocity is comparable to that of powdery TNT (at similar density). However, the acceleration ability is significantly lower than that of powdery TNT.     

A 3D Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method with Reactive Flow Model for the Simulation of ANFO

ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil) is a widely used bulk industrial explosive mixture that is considered to be highly “non‐ideal” with long reaction zones, low detonation energies, and large failure diameters. Thus, its detonation poses great challenge for accurate numerical modeling. Herein, we present a numerical model to simulate ANFO based on improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, which is a mesh‐free Lagrangian method performing well in simulating situations consist of moving interface and large deformation, as happened in high‐velocity impact and explosion. The improved three‐dimensional SPH method incorporated with JWL++ model is used to simulate the detonation of ANFO. Good agreement is observed between simulation and experiment, which indicates that the proposed method performs well in prediction of behavior of ANFO.     

国外工业炸药的研究与发展

简述了国外工业炸药的发展近况,着重介绍了铵油炸药、含水炸药、硝铵炸药和硝甘炸药等工业炸药在技术性能指标和制造工艺等方面所取得的研究进展.指出提高工业炸药的使用安全性和爆炸威力、降低成本并改进综合性能将是今后的主要发展方向.     

Influence of Ammonium Nitrate Prills' Properties on Detonation Velocity of ANFO

Prilled/granulated ammonium nitrate is commonly used as a fertilizer and a basic ingredient of industrial explosives, especially of ANFO. One of the most important factors that affect the explosive properties of ANFO is the porosity of the prills/granules. This paper describes an attempt to manufacture ammonium nitrate prills of determined porosity in order to investigate its influence on the ANFO detonation velocity. A method of manufacturing porous ammonium nitrate prills with a high‐level of oil absorption (up to 20% by volume) was developed. The relations between porosity and granulometric distribution of ammonium nitrate prills versus the detonation velocity of ANFO were examined. It has been proved that the detonation velocity of ANFO increases significantly with higher porosity and smaller size of ammonium nitrate prills/granules. The influence of ANFO oxygen balance (researched by changing the content of fuel oil in the mixture) on detonation velocity has been determined for two kinds of ammonium nitrate prills–one with a low and another one with a high level of porosity.     

用C80量热仪研究重铵油炸药的热分解特性

借助C80微量量热仪研究了多孔粒状铵油炸药、3种常用的重铵油炸药（乳化炸药/多孔粒状铵油炸药质量百分比分别为25/75、50/50、75/25）、乳化炸药的热分解特性,以升温速率0.2 K·min^-1时的C80热流速曲线数据为基础,求解了5种炸药试样热分解反应的反应热（ΔH）、表观活化能（E_a）、指前因子（lnA）等热力学和动力学参数。结果表明：乳化炸药的存在抑制了多孔粒状铵油炸药的热分解反应,使其开始发生热分解反应的温度被明显提高。重铵油炸药的表观活化能和放热反应开始温度均高于多孔粒状铵油炸药和乳化炸药,由此得出重铵油炸药的热稳定性高于多孔粒状铵油炸药和乳化炸药的热稳定性。     

无TNT铵脲炸药配方和爆炸性能的关系

研究了AN-UN、AN-UN-A l两种无TNT铵脲炸药的配方和爆炸性能关系。结果表明,对于AN-UN炸药,随着硝酸脲含量由10%增至40%,炸药的爆热Qv减少16%,比容Vo增加2%,QvVo的乘积下降12.5%。因此,在不含其它成分的情况下,UN含量以10%~20%为宜,基本满足爆炸要求。对于AN-UN-A l炸药,在氧平衡为零的情况下,铝粉的加入能提高炸药爆热,但比容有所下降,QvVo的乘积增加。在铝粉含量10%不变的情况下,AN或UN含量的改变对炸药爆炸性能影响不大。     

新型高能乳化炸药的制备及性能

采用乳化技术,用混合新型高分子乳化剂将硝酸铵、乙二胺二硝酸盐、复合蜡等组分,制备出成W/O型高能乳化炸药,其基质粒子的粒径小于2 μm,与SP-80作乳化剂制备的乳化炸药相比,具有更高的贮存稳定性和更为优良的爆炸性能,爆速为5 400 m/s,猛度为18.0mm,威力为310 mL,高低温循环可耐至32个循环,贮存稳定...     

低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的配方研究

介绍了低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的制备技术特点 ,通过配方设计及试验研究 ,得到低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的最佳配方 ,其性能为爆速约 2 1 0 0 m/ s,传爆距离在 50 m以上 (装药直径 32 mm)     

采用加速量热法评价防爆硝酸铵的热稳定性

在模拟硝酸铵(AN)的生产工艺流程中加入防爆添加剂制成防爆AN,按照工业炸药配方制成铵油炸药,并用8^#雷管起爆,实验表明该防爆AN失去了爆炸性。用加速量热仪研究了AN和防爆AN的绝热分解过程,得到了绝热分解温度与压力随时间的变化、自加热速率与分解压力随温度的变化曲线,计算了分解动力学参数表观活化能和指前因子。据此分析了防爆AN的安全性,表明它具有良好的热稳定性;同时也表明防爆AN热稳定性的提高是爆炸特性得以消除的原因。。