基于相对密度和流形上k近邻的聚类算法

针对传统的基于欧氏距离的相似性度量不能完全反映复杂结构的数据分布特性的问题,提出了一种基于相对密度和流形上k近邻的聚类算法。基于能描述全局一致性信息的流形距离,及可体现局部相似性和紧密度的k近邻概念,通过流形上k近邻相似度度量数据对象间的相似性,采用k近邻的相对紧密度发现不同密度下的类簇,设计近邻点对约束规则搜寻k近邻点对构成的近邻链,归类数据对象及识别离群点。与标准k-means算法、流形距离改进的k-means算法进行了性能比较,在人工数据集和UCI数据集上的仿真实验结果均表明,该算法能有效地处理复杂结构的数据聚类问题,且聚类效果更好。     

高维数据的增量式聚类算法的距离度量选择研究

合适的距离度量函数对于聚类结果有重要的影响。针对大规模高维数据集,使用增量式聚类算法进行距离度量的选择分析。SpFCM算法是将大规模数据集分成小样本进行增量分批聚类,可在有限的计算机内存中获得较好的聚类结果。在传统的SpFCM算法的基础上,使用不同的距离度量函数来衡量样本之间的相似性,以得出不同的距离度量对SpFCM算法的影响。在不同的大规模高维数据集中,使用欧氏距离、余弦距离、相关系数距离和扩展的杰卡德距离来计算距离。实验结果表明,后3个距离度量相对于欧氏距离可以很大程度地提高聚类效果,其中相关系数距离可以得到较好的结果,余弦距离和扩展的杰卡德距离效果比较一般。     

基于共享k-近邻与共享逆近邻的密度峰聚类

为了更好地解决密度不均衡问题与刻画高维数据相似性度量问题，提出一种基于共享[k]-近邻与共享逆近邻的密度峰聚类算法。该算法计算两个点的共享[k]-近邻数与共享逆近邻数，并结合欧氏距离来确定这两个点之间的共享相似度；将样本点与其逆近邻点的共享相似度之和定义为该点的共享密度，再通过共享密度选取聚类中心。通过实验证明，该算法在人工数据集和真实数据集上的聚类结果较其他密度聚类算法更加准确，并且能更好地处理密度不均衡问题，同时也提高了高维数据的聚类精度。     

基于传递距离的谱聚类算法

谱聚类算法受到度量中尺度因子的影响,同时传统谱聚类算法通过欧氏距离度量样本间相似性也不准确。针对上述问题,提出一种基于传递距离的谱聚类算法。算法首先通过改进传统谱聚类中的度量方式,用基于传递距离的度量方式度量样本间相似性,并构建传递矩阵,接着用传递矩阵做相似度变换构建拉普拉斯矩阵,最终通过求特征值和特征向量完成聚类。基于传递距离的谱聚类算法在人工数据集及UCI数据集上均取得了良好的聚类结果,具有较好的鲁棒性和有效性。     

基于密度敏感距离的改进模糊C均值聚类算法

模糊C均值（FCM）聚类算法无法识别非凸数据,算法中基于欧式距离的相似性度量只考虑数据点之间的局部一致性特征而忽略了全局一致性特征。提出一种利用密度敏感距离度量创建相似度矩阵的FCM算法。通过近邻传播算法获取粗类数作为最佳聚类数的搜索范围上限,以解决FCM算法聚类数目需要人为预先设定和随机选定初始聚类中心造成聚类结果不稳定的问题。在此基础上,改进最大最小距离算法,得到具有代表性的样本点作为初始聚类中心,并结合轮廓系数自动确定最佳聚类数。基于UCI数据集和人工数据集的实验结果表明,相比经典FCM、K-means和CFSFDP算法,该算法不仅具有识别复杂非凸数据的能力,而且能够在保证聚类性能和稳定性的前提下加快收敛速度。     

基于量子粒子群优化的改进的模糊C-均值聚类算法

模糊C均值算法（FCM）是一种用于聚类的最流行的技术。不过,传统的FCM使用欧氏距离作为数据集的相似准则,从而导致数据集的划分有相等的趋势。而数据集的形状和簇的密度对聚类性能有高度影响。为了解决这个问题,提出基于簇密度的距离调节因子以修正相似性度量。同时,针对模糊C-均值（FCM）聚类算法对初始聚类中心选择敏感,易陷入局部最优的问题,采用量子粒子群优化算法以获取全局最优解。仿真实验证明,改进的聚类算法（QPSO-FCM-CD）具有良好的性能。     

基于量子粒子群优化的改进的模糊C-均值聚类算法

模糊C均值算法(FCM)是一种用于聚类的最流行的技术。不过,传统的FCM使用欧氏距离作为数据集的相似准则,从而导致数据集的划分有相等的趋势。而数据集的形状和簇的密度对聚类性能有高度影响。为了解决这个问题,提出基于簇密度的距离调节因子以修正相似性度量。同时,针对模糊C-均值(FCM)聚类算法对初始聚类中心选择敏感,易陷入局部最优的问题,采用量子粒子群优化算法以获取全局最优解。仿真实验证明,改进的聚类算法(QPSO-FCM-CD)具有良好的性能。     

局部相似性优化的p-谱聚类算法

通过引入p-Laplacian算子,谱聚类算法得以获得较好的图切判据。但算法中的相似矩阵未能充分挖掘数据样本的局部结构信息,同时相似性的计算与数据样本的聚类是在两个不同的步骤中实现的,故得到的相似矩阵并不一定是最适合此聚类方法的,从而得不到最优的聚类结果。因此,提出了基于局部相似性优化的p-谱聚类算法。该算法通过数据样本的自适应和最优近邻之间的局部距离来优化相似性测度的方法,同时通过p-Laplacian矩阵的秩约束,可以得到对应无向图中连通分量的数目等于聚类数目。实验表明,基于局部相似性优化的p-谱聚类算法可以获得更好的聚类效果。     

基于消息传递的谱聚类算法

谱聚类将数据聚类问题转化成图划分问题,通过寻找最优的子图,对数据点进行聚类。谱聚类的关键是构造合适的相似矩阵,将数据集的内在结构真实地描述出来。针对传统的谱聚类算法采用高斯核函数来构造相似矩阵时对尺度参数的选择很敏感,而且在聚类阶段需要随机确定初始的聚类中心,聚类性能也不稳定等问题,本文提出了基于消息传递的谱聚类算法。该算法采用密度自适应的相似性度量方法,可以更好地描述数据点之间的关系,然后利用近邻传播（Affinity propagation,AP）聚类中“消息传递”机制获得高质量的聚类中心,提高了谱聚类算法的性能。实验表明,新算法可以有效地处理多尺度数据集的聚类问题,其聚类性能非常稳定,聚类质量也优于传统的谱聚类算法和k-means算法。     

基于不相似性度量优化的密度峰值聚类算法

密度峰值聚类（clustering by fast search and find of density peaks,简称DPC）是一种基于局部密度和相对距离属性快速寻找聚类中心的有效算法.DPC通过决策图寻找密度峰值作为聚类中心,不需要提前指定类簇数,并可以得到任意形状的簇聚类.但局部密度和相对距离的计算都只是简单依赖基于距离度量的相似度矩阵,所以在复杂数据上DPC聚类结果不尽如人意,特别是当数据分布不均匀、数据维度较高时.另外,DPC算法中局部密度的计算没有统一的度量,根据不同的数据集需要选择不同的度量方式.第三,截断距离d_c的度量只考虑数据的全局分布,忽略了数据的局部信息,所以d_c的改变会影响聚类的结果,尤其是在小样本数据集上.针对这些弊端,提出一种基于不相似性度量优化的密度峰值聚类算法（optimized density peaks clustering algorithm based on dissimilarity measure,简称DDPC）,引入基于块的不相似性度量方法计算相似度矩阵,并基于新的相似度矩阵计算样本的K近邻信息,然后基于样本的K近邻信息重新定义局部密度的度量方法.经典数据集的实验结果表明,基于不相似性度量优化的密度峰值聚类算法优于DPC的优化算法FKNN-DPC和DPC-KNN,可以在密度不均匀以及维度较高的数据集上得到满意的结果;同时统一了局部密度的度量方式,避免了传统DPC算法中截断距离d_c对聚类结果的影响.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。