利用低相变点焊条熔修方法改善焊接接头疲劳强度的试验

焊趾部位存在应力集中和残余拉伸应力,使得接头处的疲劳强度远低于基体金属.通过对纵向环绕焊接接头和横向角接焊接接头试样的疲劳试验表明,低相变点焊条(low transformation temperature electrode, LTTE)熔修是提高焊接接头疲劳强度的有效方法.具体结果是,LTTE熔修的上述两种焊接接头在2×106循环周期下其疲劳强度试验结果分别为154.7MPa和173.9MPa,而TIG熔修处理的则分别为152.6MPa和173.3MPa,前者分别是后者的101.4%和100.3%.这表明,LTTE熔修方法与TIG熔修方法相当,但前者较后者简单得多,因此LTTE熔修具有极大的推广应用价值.     

等离子喷涂法改善1Cr18Ni9Ti接头的疲劳性能

焊接接头焊趾处的等离子喷涂层可改善焊缝截面形状变化，降低该处的应力集中，提高焊接结构的疲劳强度。采用1Crl8Ni9Ti不锈钢十字接头焊态和喷涂处理试样分别进行疲劳对比试验，并对试验结果进行统计分析。疲劳试验结果表明，等离子喷涂后1Crl8Ni9Ti接头疲劳性能明显改善。焊态试件的疲劳强度为169.8MPa，火焰喷涂试件为186.2MPa，等离子喷涂试件为213.8MPa，与焊态试件相比，等离子喷涂试件的疲劳强度提高25.9％，火焰喷涂试件提高9.7％。等离子喷涂试件的疲劳寿命是焊态试件的1.58～9.62倍，火焰喷涂试件的疲劳寿命是焊态的1.55～1.97倍。     

喷熔修形后的焊接接头残余应力有限元分析

采用Ni60合金粉末对Q235B钢焊态十字接头进行了氧—乙炔火焰喷熔处理,同时进行了高频疲劳试验.分析认为喷熔修形改善了焊接接头的几何外形.喷熔修形态十字接头在2×106循环周次下的疲劳强度比原始焊态提高了64.5%.基于氧—乙炔火焰喷熔工艺参数,采用ANSYS12.0软件对喷熔过程进行了热-应力耦合的有限元模拟,分析...     

Analysis of martensite transformation behaviour in welded joint using low transformation temperature welding wire

Abstract

Low transformation temperature welding (LTTW) wire has been found to improve the fatigue strength in welded joints. In the present study, the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties in a dual phase microstructure of austenite and martensite was estimated using the properties of full austenite and full martensite in numerical analyses. A welding method effective for residual stress reduction and fatigue strength improvement was shown by applying a calculation method under transformation superplasticity and transformation induced plasticity in high strength steel welded joints. With this method, the influence of the welding pass sequence on the residual stress distribution and fatigue strength was examined in a boxing fillet welded joint using LTTW. The transformation tensile residual stress in the weld toe was decreased by sectioned welding, and the fatigue limit by sectioned welding with LTTW improved in comparison with the fatigue limit of a joint welded with conventional wire in the same process.     

等离子喷涂法改善焊接结构的疲劳性能

采用低碳钢涂层对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢横向与纵向角焊缝接头进行喷涂处理,测试了涂层的显微硬度和结合强度,并分别在焊接状态和喷涂处理状态下进行疲劳对比试验.试验结果表明,等离子喷涂层的显微硬度、结合强度约为火焰喷涂层的2倍.等离子喷涂后1Cr18Ni9Ti接头疲劳性能明显改善.横向接头焊接状态试件的疲劳强度为169.8 MPa,火焰喷涂试件为186.2 MPa,等离子喷涂试件为213.8 MPa,与焊接状态试件相比,等离子喷涂试件的疲劳强度提高25.9%,火焰喷涂试件提高9.7%.纵向接头焊接状态试件的疲劳强度为91.1 MPa,等离子喷涂试件为100.4 MPa,等离子喷涂后疲劳强度提高10.2%.     

超声冲击对SMA490BW钢焊接接头超高周疲劳性能的影响

采用超声冲击工艺对转向架用SMA490BW钢对接接头焊趾表面进行冲击处理,研究了超声冲击对接头超高周疲劳性能的影响。借助金相显微镜、SEM和TEM研究了冲击层金相组织、冲击前后焊趾处的形貌及表层金属晶粒细化程度。运用有限元软件计算焊接接头的应力分布,采用X射线应力仪对冲击前后焊趾表层的应力进行了测量和分析。结果表明,在5×10~6循环周次下,冲击态接头和焊态接头的疲劳强度分别为206 MPa和153 MPa,经冲击处理后疲劳强度提高了34.6%。在1×10~8循环周次下,冲击态接头的疲劳强度为195 MPa,与焊态接头的141 MPa相比提高了38.3%。在240 MPa的应力水平下,焊接接头经超声冲击处理后的疲劳寿命提高了7倍。经冲击处理的焊趾部位的应力集中系数下降了19.1%,其表面的残余拉应力得到消除,并转变为有益的残余压缩应力,焊趾表层组织得到明显细化,这3个方面均对提高焊接接头疲劳性能起到了积极贡献。     

激光冲击处理对焊接接头力学性能的影响（Ⅱ）

上文对GH3 0、1Cr18Ni9Ti焊缝进行了激光冲击处理 ,试验发现激光冲击处理提高GH3 0焊接接头强度 12 % ,但对疲劳寿命影响不明显 ;冲击提高 1Cr18Ni9Ti焊接接头强度仅为 5 % ,但提高疲劳寿命 3 0 0 %以上。为作进一步分析 ,本文测试了两种金属焊缝在有无激光冲击处理条件下的表面显微硬度分布和残余应力状态 ,并对GH3 0试件疲劳断口进行扫描电镜分析。经分析发现 ,激光冲击处理能明显提高GH3 0焊缝表层的显微硬度 ,也可以提高抗拉强度并获得较高的表面残余压应力 ,因此强化区域能抑制疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展 ,降低裂纹扩展速率 ;但由于焊缝较宽 ,激光冲击光斑未能完全覆盖焊缝及热影响区 ,部分未冲击区域影响了疲劳寿命的提高。 1Cr18Ni9Ti在等离子焊接过程中产生相变马氏体 ,减弱了激光冲击处理产生形变马氏体对提高显微硬度的作用 ,因此对抗拉强度影响不大 ,但激光冲击处理可以使焊缝表面获得较高的表面残余压应力 ,因此能明显提高疲劳寿命。     

Improving the fatigue property of welded joints for AZ31 magnesium alloy by ultrasonic peening treatment

The fatigue property of AZ31 magnesium alloy and its TIG welded joints were investigated. The ultrasonic peening treatment (UPT) was used to improve the fatigue property of the TIG welded joints, which was treated at the weld toe by the UPT process. The test results show that the fatigue strength of the base metal of AZ31 magnesium alloys is 57.8 MPa, and those of the fillet joint and the transverse cross joint are respectively 20.0 MPa and 17.2 MPa at 2×106 cycles. The fatigue strengths of two kinds of welded joints treated by the UPT are respectively 30.3 MPa and 24.7 MPa, which have been improved by 51.5% and 43.6%, respectively. The fatigue life of the fillet joint specimens is prolonged by about 2.74 times and the fatigue life of the transverse cross joint specimens is prolonged by about 1.05 times when the stress range is at 40.0 MPa.     

高温焊接对1.25Cr0.5Mo焊接构件疲劳寿命的影响

选取不同的温度(550,650,750,850℃)对1.25Cr0.5Mo钢进行高温焊接,在高温焊接及常温焊接后对焊件进行残余应力测试和疲劳试验.结果表明,550,650,750,850℃高温下焊接的试件,其焊缝热影响区的残余应力最大值(纵向、横向)比常温下焊接焊缝热影响区残余应力最大值(纵向、横向)都显著降低:纵向和横向降低幅度分为50.1%,48.9%;74.8%,67.4%;83.9%,79.4%;91%,89.7%.高温焊接试件的疲劳寿命的平均值比常温下焊接试件疲劳寿命的平均值分别提高31.02%,38.84%,47.23%和62.28%.结果表明,高温焊接能明显降低焊件的残余应力和提高焊件的疲劳寿命.     

超声冲击改善MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能机理探究

通过超声疲劳试验探究超声冲击对MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能的影响。同时,从应力集中、残余应力、晶粒细化等三个因素来探究超声冲击改善MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能的机理。结果表明：在1.0×108寿命下,焊态试样疲劳强度为31.62MPa,冲击态试样疲劳强度为39.81MPa,冲击态试样疲劳强度相较于焊态提高了26%。这说明超声冲击可以明显提高MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能。焊态试样焊趾处应力集中系数Kt1=1.95,冲击态试样焊趾处应力集中系数Kt2=1.67,应力集中系数降低了14.4%,所以超声冲击可以降低焊趾处的应力集中程度。超声冲击后试样焊趾处的应力由残余拉应力转变成残余压应力。超声冲击细化焊趾表面晶粒改善MB8镁合金焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能。     

Effects of zonal heat treatment on residual stresses and mechanical properties of electron beam welded TC4 alloy plates

Zonal heat treatment(ZHT) was conducted in situ to 14.5 mm-thick TC4 alloy plates by means of defocused electron beam after welding. The effects of ZHT on residual stresses, microstructures and mechanical properties of electron beam welded joints were investigated. Experimental results show residual stresses after welding are mostly relieved through ZHT, and the maximum values of longitudinal tensile stress and transverse compressive stress reduce by 76% and 65%, respectively. The tensile strength and ductility of welded joint after ZHT at slow scanning velocity are improved because of the reduction of residual stress and the microstructural changes of the base and weld metal. ZHT at fast scanning velocity is detrimental to the ductility of welded joint, which is resulted from insufficiently coarsened alpha phase in the fusion zone and the appearance of martensite in the base metal.     

Influence of Multi-Thermal Cycle and Constraint Condition on Residual Stress in P92 Steel WeldmentEI北大核心CSCD

P92 steel is a typical 9%similar to 12% Cr ferrite heat-resistant steel with good high temperature creep resistance, relatively low linear expansion coefficient and excellent corrosion resistance, so it is one of important structural materials used in supercritical thermal power plants. Fusion welding technology has been widely used to assemble the parts in thermal power plant. When the supercritical unit is in service, its parts are constantly subjected to combination of tensile, bending, twisting and impact loads under high temperature and high pressure, and many problems such as creep, fatigue and brittle fracture often occur. It has been recognized that welding residual stress has a significant impact on creep, fatigue and brittle fracture, so it is necessary to study the residual stress of P92 steel welded joints. The evolution and formation mechanism of welding residual stress in P92 steel joints under multiple thermal cycles were investigated in this work. Based on SYSWELD software, a computational approach considering the couplings among thermal, microstructure and mechanics was developed to simulate welding residual stress in P92 steel joints. Using the developed computational tool, the evolution of residual stress in Satoh test specimens was studied, and welding residual stress distribution in double-pass welded joints was calculated. In the numerical models, the influences of volume change, yield strength variation and plasticity induced by phase transformation on welding residual stress were taken into account in details. Meanwhile, the hole-drilling method and XRD method were employed to measure the residual stress distribution in the double-pass welded joints. The simulated results match the experimental measurements well, and the comparison between measurements and predictions suggests that the computational approach developed by the current study can more accurately predict welding residual stress in multi-pass P92 steel joints. The simulated results show that the longitudinal residual stress distribution around the fusion zone has a clear tension-compression pattern. Compressive longitudinal residual stresses generated in the fusion zone and heat affected-zone (HAZ) in each pass, while tensile stresses produced near the HAZs. In addition, the numerical simulation also suggests that the transverse constraint has a large influence on the transverse residual stress, while it has an insignificant effect on the longitudinal residual stress.     

转向架用SMA490BW钢焊接接头超高周疲劳性能

采用超声疲劳试验方法对SMA490BW钢焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能进行研究,通过X射线应力仪对焊接试样残余应力进行测试,采用扫描电镜对疲劳裂纹的萌生、扩展及疲劳断裂机理进行观察和分析. 结果表明,SMA490BW钢母材的疲劳性能远高于焊接接头,在1 × 108循环周次条件下,接头的疲劳强度为141 MPa,仅为母材的44.2%. 接头裂纹主要萌生于焊趾表面缺陷处,疲劳断裂机理表现为准解理断裂, 并伴有塑性变形痕迹. 焊趾处几何不连续造成的应力集中和焊缝及其附近区域一定的残余拉应力,以及接头各微区组织和性能的不均匀性,是导致焊接接头疲劳性能偏低的主要原因.     

中低强度钢超声冲击处理焊接接头热点应力设计曲线

用ANSYS计算了对接接头、横向非承载十字接头和纵向非承载角接板的热点应力集中系数K_hs,根据Q235B和Q345B的超声冲击处理焊接接头的相关疲劳试验数据得出经过应力比、板厚和几何不平度修正后的超声冲击处理焊接接头的热点应力设计S-N曲线. 结果表明,经过超声冲击处理后,中低强钢(R_m≤355 MPa)对接接头、横向非承载十字接头和纵向非承载角接板的热点应力S-N曲线的分散性降低,与接头形式无关,可以用一条热点应力设计S-N曲线表达. 在采用热点应力法进行疲劳设计时,选取m=10.0,上述三种类型焊接接头在2×106次疲劳强度级别可统一采用FAT135来表示.     

Fatigue properties of welded joints using steel with high resistance to fatigue crack growth

It has been generally recognized that the fatigue life of welded joints is little influenced by the strength of steels owing to the high-stress concentration and the tensile residual stress near the weld toe. In this paper, improvement of the fatigue life of welded joints using steel with high resistance to fatigue crack growth (ferrite/martensite (F/M) steel) is investigated. F/M steel has a microstructure with an elongated and banded martensite phase distributed in a ferrite matrix and a fatigue crack growth rate of about one-half to one-tenth in the thickness direction, compared with conventional steel. As a result, the fatigue life of an out-of-surface gusset-welded joint increases with the decrease of the fatigue crack growth rate. The fatigue life of welded joints using F/M steel with the highest resistance to fatigue crack growth increases to about twice that of joints using conventional steel. Whereas the fatigue crack growth rate decreases significantly, the fatigue life of welded joints increases only slightly. This can be attributed to the stress ratio independent of the fatigue crack growth rate. In other words, the fatigue crack growth rate of F/M steel increases with the increase of the stress ratio, approaching that of conventional steel. In the case of welded joints, even if a fatigue test is carried out at a low-stress ratio, the region near the weld toe is under a high-stress ratio due to tensile residual stress. Therefore, improvement of the fatigue life of welded joints becomes comparatively small so that the effect of fatigue crack retardation of F/M steel decreases.     

超声冲击改进地铁车辆焊接裂纹修复质量的探究

目的 针对地铁车辆车体、转向架构架疲劳裂纹频发的问题,探索超声冲击工艺增强焊接结构件疲劳强度的机理和可行性.方法 分别利用机械打磨和不同工艺参数的超声冲击处理SMA490BW钢焊接对接接头,借助应力分析仪、金相显微镜、超声疲劳机、扫描电镜等,综合分析试样的应力分布、接头形貌、晶粒组织、疲劳寿命以及断口形貌,以对比不同处理方式的强化效果.结果 超声冲击处理可有效改善对接接头的应力集中,细化表层晶粒,并调整表面应力场的分布,将焊接残余拉应力转为较大的残余压应力.在工艺参数1.5 A/10 min的冲击下,试样可获得最高平均寿命3.35×107周次,是机械打磨试样的3.8倍,是原始试样的10倍,且疲劳断裂失效模式不变.结论 超声冲击通过表面改性,显著提高焊接结构的疲劳寿命,且优于机械打磨方法.超声冲击法高度契合车辆裂纹修复的需求,但相关标准、设备、工艺不够完善,建议对超声冲击方法进一步探索,并最终将其纳入地铁车辆裂纹修复工艺.     

Fatigue strength improvement of stainless steel using weld toes dressing with low transformation temperature welding wire

In the present study, low transformation temperature welding wire (LTTW), which can induce residual compressive stress around 304L welded joints, has been developed to improve the fatigue performance of welded joints. Procedure of design and chemical composition of weld metal and deposited metal of LTTW are introduced. The microstructure of weld metal of LTTW is composed of low carbon martensite and residual austenite. The residual stress distribution of a single welding bead of LTTW was measured and the result shows that compressive residual stress is generated. In addition, fatigue test was also carried out on no-load cruciform welded joints of 304L stainless steel under three conditions: as welded, 308L dressing and LTTW dressing. The result shows that the fatigue life of LTTW dressing joints (2×10⁶ cycles) is improved by 14–23 times and 3–6 times compared with that of as welded joints and 308L dressing joints.     

冷喷涂对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力与力学性能的影响

为了改善铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力与力学性能,在4 mm厚2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头上表面进行冷喷涂试验,研究分析了冷喷涂前后接头残余应力与力学性能的变化. 结果表明,焊态接头纵向残余应力呈不对称“M”形分布,残余应力峰值位于前进侧靠轴肩附近;冷喷涂后,接头残余应力大幅度降低,残余应力峰值由186 MPa降低至43 MPa.涂层沉积厚度约200 μm,涂层与基体界面产生了较大的塑性变形,基体界面附近组织晶粒得以细化.由于冷喷涂过程的喷丸效应,接头上表面显微硬度平均提高了25 HV,作用深度约1 mm.接头拉伸性能也获得明显改善,抗拉强度提升6.3%,断后伸长率提升78.6%,焊态与冷喷涂态的拉伸试样均在接头前进侧的热影响区附近发生断裂,符合在低硬度区或弱结合面产生裂纹并扩展的弱区断裂的特征.     

滚动轧制对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响

采用自制滚动轧制头对5 mm厚铝合金7050搅拌摩擦焊接头的上表面及背面进行滚动轧制,并与其焊接态的接头作对比,研究了滚动轧制对焊接接头性能的影响. 结果表明,滚动轧制后接头表面的粗糙度由最大9.58 μm降低到平均约0.85 μm. 表层发生了剧烈的塑性变形,晶粒明显细化形成约200 μm厚的细晶层,亚表层晶粒细化程度降低,在焊核区伴有剪切带产生. 接头表层硬度明显提高,其平均硬度高达HV210,相比轧制前硬度HV110提高了91%. 接头表层残余应力由原来的拉应力转变为压应力,最大残余压应力场深度约为200 μm. 疲劳源由表层移至亚表层,疲劳寿命显著提高.     

焊趾TIG熔修对10Ni5CrMoV钢焊接节点疲劳性能的影响

对焊趾氩弧(tungsten-arc inert-gas welding,TIG)熔修与否的10Ni5CrMoV钢大角度焊接节点进行了疲劳试验,比较了相同加载条件下的疲劳寿命、载荷与位移关系及疲劳裂纹启裂位置,同时测量了焊接接头残余应力,并采用有限元计算方法对承载条件下焊接节点的应力应变场进行了分析.结果表明,焊趾TIG熔修显著提高了10Ni5CrMoV钢焊接节点的疲劳性能,在相同承载条件下使焊接节点的疲劳寿命提高了34%.其主要原因在于TIG熔修能有效改善焊趾处的几何形状、降低应力集中程度,从而降低焊趾在承载条件下的应力应变水平,使焊接接头疲劳性能得到提高.