利用跨接SRK状态方程计算CO2的热力学性质

CO2在近临界区的热力学性质的计算是超临界二氧化碳（S-CO2）工程应用的基础。基于平均场理论的立方型状态方程无法描述由于临界涨落引起的临界点附近的流体热力学性质的奇异性，需要引入跨接模型。基于Kiselev方法，本文建立了CO2的跨接SRK方程，在跨接方程中使用显式跨接函数以提高计算效率，计算了CO2的相平衡性质、单相区的pvT性质、比热容以及音速。结果显示，本文的跨接方程明显改进了原SRK方程对于饱和液相密度及液相区和超临界区pvT性质的计算，其中饱和液相密度计算和饱和气相密度计算平均绝对相对偏差分别提高了11.51%和1.49%，临界比定压热容cp、临界比定容热容cv和临界音速u分别提高了9.25%，8.72%和5.01%；跨接方程可正确描述比热容及音速在临界点的渐近奇异行为。     

天然气液化工艺的相平衡计算

天然气液化流程广泛采用的是丙烷预冷混合制冷剂液化流程.为了进一步优化流程,减少能源的消耗,需要对整个流程进行模拟,而模拟过程中热力学参数的计算便是整个流程计算的基础.使用两种状态方程（SRK和PR方程）对热力学参数进行相平衡计算,为后续计算焓、熵等参数提供相应的解决办法,并判断选择的状态方程是否符合要求.     

状态方程对高温高压条件下燃料液滴蒸发计算的影响

以实际气体状态方程为基础,建立了单个液滴的高压蒸发模型和数值计算方法,并对庚烷液滴在氮气中的蒸发过程进行了模拟计算.重点研究了RK、SRK、PR三种状态方程对高温高压条件下燃料液滴蒸发计算的影响.结果表明,PR方程在气液相平衡、热物性参数以及液滴直径变化历程的计算上都与试验数据有很好的一致性;SRK方程在气液相平衡、二元混合物临界点以及庚烷相变焓的计算上与PR方程的计算结果十分接近,但在热物性参数和液滴蒸发寿命的计算上相比于PR方程的计算结果偏小;RK方程的计算结果与SRK方程和PR方程相比均存在较大偏差.因此,对于建立单个液滴高压蒸发模型而言,PR方程的精度最高,SRK方程次之,RK方程的精度最差.     

PR方程结合HV混合规则计算HFC/HFC和HFC/HC二元混合物气液相平衡

氢氟烃(HFC)/氢氟烃和氢氟烃/碳氢(HC)混合物是两类重要的制冷工质。采用PR状态方程结合Horon-Vidal(HV)混合规则对7种HFC/HFC和7种HFC/HC二元混合物的气液相平衡性质进行了计算,并与PR状态方程结合van der Waals(vdW)混合规则的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,HFC/HFC体系组元性质比较接近,非理想性不强,vdW混合规则即可达到较理想计算效果,HV混合规则对计算精度的提升有限;对非理想性较强的HFC/HC体系,vdW混合规则对共沸性质的描述不够理想,HV混合规则可以显著提升相平衡的计算精度。     

HFC152a/HFC125的热力学性质分析

提出新型冰箱混合制冷剂HFC152a／HFC125（质量比：85／15）。基于制冷剂物性计算软件REFPROP7.O,开发了制冷剂热物性计算程序,对此新型冰箱混合制冷剂的热力学性质进行了计算,并由此制作了其压焓图及饱和性质表,同时给出了制作图表过程中制冷剂物性计算选用的状态方程和实际气体热力学计算公式。为混合工质HFC152a／HFC125进一步科学研究和工业应用提供了基础数据。     

压燃式双燃料发动机燃烧模型的新进展

本文提出了用含有１１９个化学反应式，４１种化学组分的燃烧模型，实现了对甲烷（ＣＨ４）－柴油双燃料发动机燃烧过程的描述。与现有模型相比，本模型创建了化学反应机理子模型及相应的气相反主尖的理论体系，克服了凭经验组合反应机理的缺点；用多区燃烧模型代替了对引燃油瞬时燃尽假设的引燃油燃烧模型，在传热学模型中考虑了辐射因素，并局用热力学性质代替整体热力学性质进行传热计算。     

超临界燃料喷射过程大涡模拟:状态方程的影响

针对Sandia实验室关于正庚烷喷雾的实验数据，基于CONVERGE软件采用大涡模拟方法对以正庚烷为燃料喷入超临界环境中的雾化过程进行了数值模拟。以实际气体状态方程Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK)和Peng-Robinson(PR)两个方程为基础，重点研究了两状态方程对超临界状态下燃料喷雾的发展过程、射流密度变化、燃料喷雾的质量分数随温度变化的影响，并用模拟所得与实验结果进行对比。结果表明，同一时间下PR方程模拟的燃料喷雾的贯穿度更大；两实际气体状态方程下射流表面都有大的密度梯度，并与实验所得的密度值相吻合；PR方程对于超临界工况的计算可能更优于SRK方程。燃料质量分数随温度的变化符合实际的情况，密度值的急剧变化验证了射流表面是一个介于液体与超临界流体之间的混合层，并可以通过密度梯度来推测混合层位置。     

不同状态方程对R134a摩擦理论黏度模型的比较分析

为了考察不同状态方程对摩擦理论黏度模型拟合结果的影响,以制冷剂R134a为例,分别采用工程上常用的PR(Peng-Robinson)方程、MBWR(modified benediet-webbrubin)方程和R134a的专用状态方程Span-Wagner方程建立了R134a的摩擦理论黏度模型.计算结果表明,用这三个方...     

临界区水和蒸汽的热力性质计算

在水蒸汽临界区的定义和划分的基础上，论述了临界区内热力性质的计算方程和方法。     

高温高压湿空气气液相平衡PVT参数估算

以湿空气透平和压缩空气蓄能系统中的工质为研究对象,采用一种新的立方型状态方程对亚临界、近临界状态纯质水,以及目前实验温度和压力范围内的湿空气相平衡参数进行了计算。与现有实验数据比较,纯质水的饱和压力计算平均误差为0．09％,最大误差为0.44％;饱和气相比容计算平均误差为1．81％,最大误差为5．15％;饱和液相比容计算平均误差为2．30％,最大误差为5.47％。湿空气中水蒸气的摩尔分数计算平均误差为0．10％,最大误差为1．99％。这个新的立方型状态方程是目前计算水的相平衡参数和饱和湿空气性质较好的数学模型。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.