超固结土的蛋形弹塑性本构模型

为了描述超固结软土在不同应力条件下的强度变形特征,以蛋形函数为基本框架,建立并发展适用于超固结土体的弹塑性本构模型. 通过对一系列超固结土应力路径三轴压缩试验结果的分析,探讨土体在超固结状态下塑性应变的发展规律(剪胀/剪缩). 在先前提出的旋转塑性势面流动法则基础上对其进行发展与改进,引入峰值应力比,构建剪胀状态下归一化塑性势面旋转角与应力状态参数之间的近似线性关系,以满足超固结土的塑性变形特性. 结合基于等效硬化参量的广义塑性功硬化原理构建超固结软土的蛋形弹塑性本构模型. 将三轴压缩试验数据与数值预测结果进行对比以验证模型有效性,结果表明该模型可以有效反映超固结软土在不同加载条件下的应力应变特性,比如软化与剪胀.     

线性软化土体中球孔扩张问题的解析解

采用三折线线性软化模型描述了土体应力－应变关系，以Mohr-Coulomb为屈服准则，同时考虑塑性区弹性变形、土体剪胀以及土体软化的特性，推导了孔扩张后孔周各个区域的应力、应变及位移解析解，讨论了剪胀角、应变软化系数、是否考虑塑性区弹性变形对解答结果的影响.结果表明，最终扩张压力、塑性区半径都随剪胀角的增大而增大；软化系数对塑性区半径影响很小，但对最终扩张压力影响较大，随着软化系数的增大，最终扩张压力增大；考虑塑性区弹性变形对扩张问题解答的影响随扩张半径的增大越趋明显；考虑塑性区的弹性变形，最终扩孔压力偏小.     

循环荷载作用下超固结软黏土变形特性试验研究

利用GDS振动三轴仪对温州饱和软黏土在不同超固结比下进行了循环加载试验,研究了超固结比对温州饱和软黏土应变发展规律、应力-应变滞回曲线特征、累积应变预测方程等的影响.试验结果表明:在相同循环应力比下,超固结软黏土的应变随超固结比的增大而减小,且随超固结比的增大,使软黏土破坏所需的循环应力比呈现出减小的趋势.由于超固结土先期承受了较大的固结压力,随着超固结比的增大,软黏土的应力-应变关系逐渐由粘弹性转变为近似弹性特征.基于不同超固结比下的试验结果建立了累积应变预测方程,阐述了方程中各参数的物理意义及确定方法.     

应变软化及剪胀性土体中考虑大应变的孔扩张问题解析

采用应力跌落模型模拟土体的应变软化,以Mohr-couloub屈服准则和不相关联的流动法则考虑土体屈服塑性流动和剪胀特性,引进对数应变考虑土体的大变形,给出了应变软化及剪胀性土体中考虑大应变的孔扩张问题的弹塑性解析解,为了对比,还给出了小应变情况下位移的解析表达式.分析了大、小应变理论、不同剪胀特性、不同软化程度和考虑塑性区弹性变形与否对结果的影响.结果表明:在孔扩张压力较大时,用小应变理论会引起很大误差,必须考虑大应变;在相同扩张力作用下,土体的软化程度越高,扩张率越大,土体的剪胀角越大则扩张率越小.土体的软化和剪胀特性还影响极限扩张压力,软化越严重,极限扩张压力越小;剪胀角越大,极限扩张压力越大.     

人工制备土的结构性及其对应变局部化的影响

采用人工制备土方法和固结不排水(CU)剪三轴试验开展研究. 通过在宁波滨海粉质黏土中加入少量水泥和盐粒构造多组结构性强弱不同的人工结构性土,固结不排水剪三轴试验结果表明：水泥掺量为2%的试样的结构性与宁波原状粉质黏土最为接近,达到了利用人工制备结构性土来模拟原状土的效果. 随着水泥掺量的增加,人工结构性土的有效黏聚力近似呈指数形式增长,有效内摩擦角没有明显变化,初始变形模量增大. 在相同围压下,随着土体结构性的增强,试样更易发生应变局部化并出现剪切带破坏;应力-应变曲线出现软化,峰值点应力增大且对应轴向应变呈减小趋势. 对于同一种土体,结构性差异对剪切带倾角值影响不大,Mohr-Coulomb理论对剪切带倾角的预估值与实测值较为吻合.     

超固结土三轴排水不排水试验数值分析

在临界状态土力学的框架内,采用Hashiguchi提出的下负荷面本构模型,建议了一个简化的塑性硬化规律,使之能较合理地描述超固结粘土在正常屈服面和下负荷面之间的变化规律。数值模拟结果表明,修正后的硬化规律能够较好地描述超固结粘土的许多力学特性如应力应变关系、应变软化以及应力剪胀性等。数值预测结果与室内三轴排水试验结果相一致,并可以用来分析超固结粘土的不排水三轴应力路径。     

循环荷载下各向异性软黏土应变-软化模型

通过对杭州饱和软黏土进行应力控制的循环三轴试验,对循环荷载作用下各向异性固结软黏土的软化特性及残余应变发展规律进行了研究.试验结果表明,随着循环次数的增加和循环应力比的提高,软化指数逐渐减小;对于各向同性固结软黏土,软化指数与循环次数的对数表现为曲线关系,对于各向异性固结软黏土,两者表现为直线关系;对于各向同性固结土体,在循环初期,残余应变为负应变,随着循环次数的增加,负应变逐渐增大,当循环次数达到一定时,负应变开始逐渐向正应变发展;对于各向异性固结土体,随着循环次数的增加,残余应变均表现为正应变.在试验的基础上建立了各向异性固结软黏土循环残余应变 软化模型,该模型反映了软黏土循环软化特性及残余应变变化规律.结合该残余应变 软化模型对Iwan模型进行了修正,修正后的模型可以较好的描述各向异性固结软黏土的动应力应变关系.     

粘土数值建模方法与Duncan模型的对比研究

以塑性体应变与塑性剪应变之间的相互作用原理为指导,对粘土本构关系的数值建模方法进行了研究。采用包含应力路径函数的两个本构泛函作为模型基本框架,可以反映出应力路径相关性。应力应变增量关系的表达式包含两个偏导数的交叉项,用于反映塑性体应变与塑性剪应变的相互作用。利用三轴试验结果建立了粘土的弹塑性本构模型,该模型能够反映出土的三大基本力学特性:压硬性、剪胀性和应力路径相关性。通过可视化,分别给出在整个应力场中剪切和体积的三维变形曲面。此外,从模型的理论基础、基本框架和预测结果等方面与Duncan模型进行对比,显示出数值建模方法优于传统方法。     

不同应力路径下粗粒土的应力应变强度特性

本文用常规三轴仪,对粗粒土在饱和状态下进行了k_0固结试验,等应力比固结试验,以及等压固结下不同应力路径的剪切试验。试验结果表明,对于试验所用粗粒土,其静止侧压力系数k_0并不是常数,而是随应力的变化而变化。试验结果还表明,在相同固结条件下,试样沿不同应力路径剪切,不仅其峰值强度不同,而且其应力应变曲线特性,抗剪强度指标c、φ不同。     

砂土的次加载面动本构模型

基于临界状态土力学框架,建立了一个适用于往返循环荷载作用的砂土次加载面本构模型。模型采用无弹性域假设,认为土体受到反向荷载的瞬时就产生塑性变形,砂土的弹性区域退化为一个点。根据试验结果,屈服面采用倒子弹头型。由于砂土的孔隙比与固结压力不存在唯一的关系,这样使得屈服面大小与孔隙比不能直接耦合,因而硬化规律不是剑桥模型的体变硬化,而是采用增量形式的塑性偏应变硬化表达式。流动法则采用加入状态参数概念的修正的Rowe应力剪胀关系。该模型能考虑砂土变形特性对密度和固结压力的双重依赖型,能合理地模拟砂土动荷载下的应力-应变关系曲线的光滑性、变形积累性、滞洄性。     

Modeling of strength and deformation of overconsolidated clays based on bounding surface plasticity

An elastoplastic constitutive model for overconsolidated clays is established in the framework of the critical state theory and bounding surface plasticity theory. The bounding surface is defined as the maximum yield surface in the loading history. A yielding ratio, i.e., an internal variant, is defined as the size ratio of the current yield surface to the corresponding bounding surface. The yielding ratio instead of the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) is used to evaluate the strength and stress-strain behaviors of overconsolidated clays in the shearing process. The bounding stress ratio incorporating the effect of the yielding ratio is used to characterize the potential failure strength of the overconsolidated clays. The dilation stress ratio taking into account the effect of the yielding ratio is applied to describe the dilatancy behaviors of the overconsolidated clays. Comparisons between model predictions and test data show that the proposed model could well capture the strength and stress-strain behaviors of normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays.     

SSUH model: A small-strain extension of the unified hardening model

A small strain unified hardening (SSUH) model is proposed in the present study to tackle the small strain behavior of clay. The model is an extension of the unified hardening (UH) model for overconsolidated (OC) clays accounting for the small strain stiffness. The new features of the SSUH model over the UH model include: (a) a new elastic hysteretic stress-strain relationship to evaluate the stiffness degradation at small strains and to generate the hysteresis loop under cyclic loading condition; (b) a revised unified hardening parameter to enhance the plastic stiffness at small strains; and (c) a new overconsolidation parameter, which is crucial to make the UH model working with the elastic hysteretic stress-strain relationship effectively. With these enhancements, the SSUH model can describe a high initial stiffness and the highly nonlinear stress-strain relationship at small strains, in addition to the shear dilatancy and strain hardening/softening behaviors of OC clays at large strains. In comparison with the Modified Cam-clay (MCC) model, the proposed model needs two more small strain related parameters, which can be easily obtained from laboratory tests. Finally, some drained triaxial compression tests at large strains, drained triaxial compression/extension tests at small strains, an undrained compression test at small strains and a drained cyclic constant radial stress test are employed to validate the new model.     

Constitutive model for overconsolidated clays

Based on the relationships between the Hvorslev envelope, the current yield surface and the reference yield surface, a new constitutive model for overconsolidated clays is proposed. It adopts the unified hardening parameter, to which the potential failure stress ratio and the characteristic state stress ratio are introduced. The model can describe many characteristics of overconsolidated clays, including stress-strain relationships, strain hardening and softening, stress dilatancy, and stress path dependency. Compared with the Cam-clay model, the model only requires one additional soil parameter which is the slope of the Hvorslev envelope. Comparisons with data from triaxial drained compression tests for Fujinomori clay show that the proposed model can rationally describe overconsolidated properties. In addition, the model is also used to predict the stress-strain relationship in the isotropic consolidation condition and the stress paths in the undrained triaxial compression tests. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50479001 and 10672010), the National Science and Technology Supporting Item (Grant No. 2006BAK12B12), and the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB714203)     

孔隙压力对岩样全部变形特征的影响

目的 研究了孔隙压力对剪切带图案及岩样全部变形特征的影响．方法 利用FLAC内嵌语言编制的FISH函数计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比．在峰前及峰后，岩石的本构模型分别取为线弹性模型及莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型．结果 随着孔隙压力的增加，岩样的破坏区域越来越广泛；剪切带倾角都接近于Arthur倾角；峰值强度及所对应的轴向、体积应变及侧向应变的大小均降低．当孔隙压力较低时，峰后应力-轴向应变曲线及应力-侧向应变曲线软化段斜率基本保持不变，根据单轴压缩条件下的解析解，这是由于岩样的破坏模式不随孔隙压力的增加而改变．结论当孔隙压力较高时，大量的单元发生破坏将消耗较多的能量，这使应力-轴向应变及侧向应变曲线软化段变平缓；岩样在轴向应变较低时就可获得较高的侧向变形量及泊松比，甚至负的体积应变．岩样失稳破坏的前兆的明显程度不随孔隙压力的改变而改变．     

岩土本构关系的特殊性和统一性

在阐明岩土塑性变形的基本特殊性,特别是应力应变关系与应力路径相关性,产生机理的基础上,明确指出了导致这些特性的内在的共同的根源是,岩土塑性变形中存在两个相对独立的变形,即体积应变和剪切应变,两者之间存在着强烈的非线性的相互作用.这种耦合作用造成岩土的力学响应不仅具有多样性和复杂性,而且也具有内在的统一性.     

Volume Change of Heterogeneous Quasi-brittle Materials in Uniaxial Compression

The volumetric strain was categorized into elastic and plastic parts. The farmer camposed of axial and lateral strains is uniform and determined by Hooke＇s law ; however, the latter consisting of axial and lateral strains is a fuaction af thickness af shear band determined by grndieat-dependeat plasticity by cansidering the heterngeneity of quasi- brittle materials. The non- uniform lateral strain due to the fact that shear band was farmed in the middle of specimen was averaged within specimen to precisely assess the volumetric strain. Then, the analytical expression for volumetric strain was verified by comparison with two earlier experimental results for concrete and rack. Finally, a detailed parametric study was carried out to investigate effects of constitutive parameters （ shear band thickness, elastic and softening rnoduli ） and geometrical size of specimen（ height and width of specimen ） on the volume dilatancy.     

高压冻(融)土-结构接触面剪切应力-应变关系

为揭示深厚表土冻融土-混凝土结构接触面剪切力学特性,利用改进的DRS-1高压直残剪试验系统,开展系列高法向应力、升温条件下冻(融)土-结构接触面直剪试验,总结高应力作用下不同融化程度冻(融)土-结构接触面剪切应力-应变关系曲线的基本特征.通过试验分别建立峰值前和考虑应变软化特征的高应力、升温条件下冻(融)土-结构接触面剪切应力-应变经验方程,探讨接触面剪切应力极值和初始剪切模量随法向应力水平、融化程度等的变化规律.结果表明:随融化程度的加深,冻(融)土-结构接触面剪切应力-应变关系曲线形态由具有应变软化特征逐渐转变为具有应变硬化特征;当接触面剪切应变较小时(峰值前),标准的双曲线模型对高应力、升温条件下冻(融)土-结构接触面剪切应力-应变关系仍具有良好的适用性;而具有应变软化特征的全过程剪切应力-应变关系可采用改进的双曲线模型描述.