基于直流灵敏度法的节点间可用输电能力计算

设计了基于直流潮流的灵敏度算法,并建立了数学模型;给出了几种灵敏度系数的定义及计算公式,如功率传榆分布系数(PTDF),支路开断分布系数(LODF)和支路开断传榆分布系数(OTDF).文中推导了无开断下、单一支路开断下以厦单一发电机开断下节点间可用输电能力的计算公式,给出了计算流程,利用IEEE与节点例题对该算法进行测试,得到无开断和单一支路开断下的ATC值以及相关的功率分布系数值.本文的研究开发为电网可用输电能力(ATC)的实际应用提供了理论和技术基础.     

一种识别电力系统关键输电线路的方法

电网关键输电线路的辨别有利于预防电网灾难事故,提高电力系统的安全稳定性。通过评估支路开断后系统潮流所受冲击的强弱,给出一种识别电力系统关键输电线路的方法。首先,基于等相角线理论,定义相角分割区,依据相角分割区和电气距离对系统输电线路进行分区,基于广义熵指数理论,定义潮流增长率广义熵指数指标,评估支路开断后潮流冲击分布的均衡度;然后,从网络拓扑结构的角度,定义边的Katz-Bonacich中心性指标评估输电线路位置的重要性,并定义评估系统对潮流冲击抵抗能力的余度指标;最后,基于云模型原理,对各评估指标进行云模型转换,以云图的形式展现评估结果。通过对IEEE 30节点系统和新英格兰10机39节点系统进行仿真,验证了所提方法的正确性。     

A new model for outaging transmission lines in large electricnetworks

This paper presents a new method for calculating line currents for multiple line outages in large electric networks at extremely high computational speeds. An example is given showing that only one minute of computation time is needed to test 160 k N-3 line outage configurations for a large network. Resulting line overloads are shown to agree well with AC load flow. The new method: (1) calculates line currents and powers for any set of multiple line outages; (2) tests for system separation due to lines outaged; (3) tests for electrical remoteness of lines being outaged; and (4) updates real power line distribution factors used in linear programming and probabilistic models. The method is restricted to passive networks in which tapped transformers are near unity     

Improved voltage and reactive power distribution factors for outagestudies

This paper presents the development of a simple and fast method to calculate a new set of distribution factors using the sensitivity property of Newton-Raphson load flow Jacobian at a base operating point. These factors have been used to calculate the post-outage voltages and reactive power output of the sources following outage of a transmission branch or a generator. The accuracy of post-outage results using these distribution factors has been established with respect to full AC load flow results on IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 57-bus and a practical 75-bus Indian power systems     

基于加权网络模型的电网潮流转移下危险线路识别

针对已有电网潮流转移路径搜索方法的不全面性,提出了基于加权网络模型的电网潮流转移下危险线路的识别方法。从电网拓扑结构和潮流分布的不均衡性2方面进行综合分析,建立了以线路电抗值和线路负载率倒数为边权的2种加权电网模型,再分别运用Floyd算法搜索最短传输路径,其所包含的线路即为危险线路。该方法综合考虑了连结节点的非均质特性对潮流转移的影响,能有效识别出与发电机直接相连的变压器线路,所识别得到的电网潮流转移下的危险线路更全面准确。基于多节点系统的仿真分析验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

配电网载波通信的衰耗分析

从讨论配网载波可靠性的角度对载波通信的通道衰耗进行了系统的分析,在现场试验的基础上建立了配电网数字网络载波通信的通道衰耗计算公式,分析了通道衰耗的构成及各衰耗环节的大小,并在对配电网自动化载波通信进行现场试验的基础上,定量地对配电网载波通道进行了计算,其结果与现场试验数据相符。结论是：变电站的介入衰耗是配电网载波信号的主要衰耗;而线路衰耗很小,可以忽略;配电变压器的泄漏衰耗、分支线路的分支衰耗及折射衰耗与其数量有关,通过相应公式可以估算。     

Line outage ranking for voltage limit violations with corrective rescheduling avoiding masking

This paper describes a technique for ranking line outages causing voltage limit violations taking into account the post-outage correctability of the network during contingency selection process. Due to the choice of large even powered of performance index (PI): (i) masking is avoided; and (ii) complete potential of correctability of power network is utilised. Fletcher and Reeves conjugate gradient method is used for optimisation. Use of newly derived compensated voltage shift factor has been made. To restrict the reactive power limit violations at generation buses, use of newly derived reactive power compensated shift factor has been made. Control corrections have been optimised for each line outage in the same base case pre-outage condition itself. This allows the use of same set of pre-outage sensitivity coefficients and line outage distribution factors. It is to be stressed here that the control corrections have been obtained for each line outage in pre-contingency condition mainly for computational convenience. But actually these corrections are applied in respective post-outage conditions. The algorithm is tested on IEEE 25-bus, 30-bus and 91-bus test systems.     

输电线路大风停运概率计算方法

如何进行大风故障预警及停运概率的准确计算,对于提高电力系统预防风偏闪络和断线停运的能力具有积极意义。基于绝缘子风偏计算模型和极端风速的g-h分布模型,提出了电网大风停运概率计算的新方法。该方法首先通过绝缘子风偏模型计算风偏角和最小空气间隙,并建立了小空气间隙和风偏故障概率的线性函数关系;进而提出基于g-h分布的大风灾害下电力线路的断线概率计算方法。安徽电网的实际数据的计算结果证明了方法的有效性。因此建立有效的风偏计算模型和大风分布模型对预防大风停运具有重要作用。     

台风对电力系统连锁故障的影响分析

在分析连锁故障现有模型的基础上,在多时间尺度连锁故障预测模型中考虑台风对线路故障概率的动态影响,建立台风变化过程与连锁故障事故链的配合关系。考虑台风影响下的线路故障概率,构造初始故障集;结合天气因素、线路负载率和潮流波动率等因素构造关联性指标,利用聚类方法选取关联性指标高的线路作为下一级故障线路,模拟重载等因素引起的线路随机开断;将基于潮流追踪的切机切负荷与发电机调整相结合,用于线路一般过载的控制,并计算事故链的概率和风险;最后以IEEE 39节点系统为例,说明台风对系统关键线路和事故链的影响、基于潮流追踪的切机切负荷控制的作用和提高线路设计风速的可能性,并验证了所提模型和算法的合理性。     

Impacts of UPFC on line flows and transmission usage

In a competitive electricity market, installing the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) can improve power transfer capability and help market participants keep their schedules very close to preferred ones and at the same time may retain the competitive behavior of participants. Putting the UPFC in service may assist system to operate within its physical limits and reduce total generation cost associated with out-of-merit order caused by constrained transmission. However, a competitive electricity market necessitates a reliable method to allocate congestion charges, transmission usage, and transmission pricing in an unbiased, open-accessed, basis. Therefore, it is usually necessary to trace contribution of each participant to line usage and congestion charges, and then to calculate charges based on these contributions. It has been a common practice to use distribution factors to calculate these contributions. Therefore, in this paper we present a mathematical approach to allocate the contributions of UPFCs to transmission system usage using a dc-based load flow model of UPFC-inserted transmission lines, based on a previously derived dc-based injection model of UPFC-embedded lines by this author. The present paper derives relationships to model impact of UPFC on line flows and transmission usage where we present modified admittances and distribution factors that model impact of utilizing UPFC on line flows and system usage. The relationships derived show how bus voltage angles are attributed to each of changes in generation, injections of UPFC, and changes in admittance matrix caused by inserting UPFC in transmission lines. The relationships derived can be adopted for the purpose of allocating usage and payments to users of transmission network and owners of control devices used in the network. The relationships derived are applied to test systems, where the results illustrate how transmission usage is affected when UPFC is utilized.     

基于线性化潮流的安全约束机组组合方法

在安全约束机组组合(security-constrained unit commitment, SCUC)问题中,通常需要考虑N-1条件下的网络安全约束。由于支路开断分布系数(line outage distribution factor, LODF)良好的计算效率,学者常将其应用于N-1故障分析中。但是利用LODF并不能计算故障后的电压与无功分布。因此文中基于一种线性化潮流模型推导了与其对应的改进支路开断分布系数,并将该系数应用于SCUC中。算例结果表明,所提出的模型较传统基于LODF的模型能提供更加安全的发电计划。而对于绝大多数(95%以上)的N-1故障,得到的发电计划能在使用交流潮流进行安全校验时保证可行性。     

计及老化线路电流承载能力退化特性的电力系统连锁故障分析

长期老化效应导致输电线路的电流承载能力退化以及老化失效风险增大,会使连锁故障风险进一步恶化。研究了输电线路老化对电力系统连锁故障的影响。首先,基于热平衡理论建立了输电线路老化相依的电流承载能力计算模型,阐述了电流承载能力与输电线路运行年龄的数值对应关系。在此基础上,综合考虑实时潮流和输电线路的老化效应,建立了包含实时潮流、运行年限、停运概率的三维映射关系,改良了输电线路动态停运概率模型。然后,通过引入概率阈值参数,建立一种改进的基于停运概率模型的连锁故障路径搜索准则,以连锁故障演化过程中的最大概率耦合事件为导向,在过滤低概率连锁故障路径的同时筛选代表性故障路径。最后,在改进的IEEE 39节点系统上进行了实例研究。算例结果证明,考虑线路老化效应后,由单线路意外事件触发的连锁故障事件增多,概率增大,其对应路径阶数增大,系统连锁故障风险明显升高,表明输电线路老化效应与连锁故障后果之间存在显著相关性。     

计及输电线路老化风险的电力系统快速预防控制模型

输电线路老化失效事故的发生,会导致线路停运,由此导致的潮流转移可能会造成其他正常线路过载,从而严重危害电力系统的安全稳定运行。因此,有必要深入研究输电线路老化对系统安全稳定的影响,并采取相应的预防控制措施以减小系统运行风险。基于风险理论给出了线路老化失效概率的计算方法,构建了一种连续可导的线路老化失效后系统的过载风险指标;进而建立了一种计及风险的电力系统快速预防控制模型。针对模型的特点,引入支路开断分布因子,以减少预防控制模型求解过程中优化变量和约束条件的数量,从而有效地提高了模型的求解效率。仿真算例验证了所提模型的有效性和高效性。     

区域间可用输电能力计算的灵敏度分析法

随着市场竞争程度的日益加剧,迫切需要计算输电网络的输电能力,以反映网络的实际使用情况,尽可能利用现有输电网络传输更多的电力,以降低成本。基于此,提出一种基于直流潮流的灵敏度分析法计算区域间可用输电能力。首先给出3种分配系数的定义及计算公式;其次详细推导了无线路发生停运故障、单一线路发生停运故障及多条线路同时发生停运故障情况下区域间可用输电能力的计算公式,并给出计算流程;最后将该算法应用到IEEE30节点系统。算例表明该方法计算速度快,能有效地跟踪电网和市场的变化,获得有价值的计算结果 ,满足电力市场的实时     

Nonuniform transmission tower model for lightning transient studies

This paper presents a new approach to model a transmission tower for lightning performance studies. It consists of representing each part of the tower by equivalent vertical and/or horizontal transmission lines as required. While horizontal line parameters are obtained from standard line formulas, specific expressions are derived for the parameters of vertical lines. Moreover, mutual coupling between any two parallel vertical transmission lines is taken into account. Transient waveforms obtained using the proposed method are compared with experimental data obtained using a reduced-scale model and field experiments. The agreement between simulated results and experimental measurements is satisfactory.     

特高压串补线路沿线电压分布及串补布置方案研究

提出一种基于传输线理论的特高压串补输电线路电压分布的快速算法。首先,将线路的传输参数矩阵转化为两端口节点导纳矩阵,得到∏型等值模型集总参数。然后将其填入潮流计算软件,对目标电网进行潮流计算。再将计算的结果作为末端边界条件,用传输参数矩阵就可快速得出线路上的电压分布。该算法可精确计算特高压串补线路的沿线电压分布情况,而且还可以计及线路两侧的无功补偿能力,工程适用性很强。最后,还从理论上研究特高压串补的集中／分散布置方案以及串补和高压电抗的相对布置位置,指出高压电抗位于母线侧且串补分散布置的方案比高压电抗位于线路侧且串补集中布置的方案更有利于抑制工频稳态过电压,为特高压输电工程规划给出了指导性建议。     

超高压电网无功平衡实用计算

介绍了以直流潮流为基础,结合最优无功补偿理论的超高压电网无功平衡计划实用计算方法.该方法根据电网有功日负荷预测值,按照实际的电网拓扑结构和运行方式,首先计算线路和变压器等电网元件的等值电、路参数,生成导纳矩阵,通过直流潮流计算支路有功潮流和无功损耗,然后按照无功分点在线路中点的优化理论,快速优化各节点无功补偿量.算例表明,该实用算法可避免重复迭代和潮流不收敛问题.     

考虑气象影响的电力系统运行可靠性评估

气象因素会对线路运行温度产生影响,而线路运行温度与线路的阻抗以及故障停运率等参数密切相关,现有文献在进行系统运行可靠性评估时未充分考虑气象因素对线路多参数的影响。为此,首先以气象相依的输电线路热平衡方程为基础,研究了考虑气象因素的线路温度计算方法和气象条件相依的输电线路实时容量模型,在此基础上建立了导线温度相依的线路阻抗参数模型和线路实时停运模型。其次,提出了一种基于蒙特卡洛模拟的考虑气象因素的电力系统运行可靠性评估方法。最后,以IEEE 14和IEEE RTS96修改系统为例,分析了气象因素对容量、温度、阻抗、故障率等输电线路实时参数以及电力系统运行可靠性指标的影响,算例结果验证了所提出的考虑气象因素的线路运行可靠性模型和系统运行可靠性评估方法的正确性。     

Transmission loss allocation in a deregulated electrical energy market

This paper presents a new method for transmission loss allocation in a deregulated electrical power market. The proposed method is based on physical flow through transmission lines. The contributions of individual loads to the line flows are used as basis for allocating transmission losses to different loads. With minimum assumptions, that sound to be reasonable and cannot be rejected, a novel loss allocation formula is derived. The assumptions made are: a number of currents sharing a transmission line distribute themselves over the cross section in the same manner; that distribution causes the minimum possible power loss.Application of the proposed method is straightforward. It requires only a solved power flow and any simple algorithm for power flow tracing. Both active and reactive powers are considered in the loss allocation procedure. Results of application show the accuracy of the proposed method compared with the commonly used procedures.     

N-1静态安全潮流约束下的输电断面有功潮流控制

运用支路开断分布系数和直流潮流分析了输电断面的N-1静态安全有功潮流约束.根据断面有功潮流与N-1状态下支路潮流的关系,提出了衡量断面潮流控制合理性的原则.研究表明,断面有功潮流与N-1状态下支路潮流的关系随系统的发电模式以及负荷模式的变化而改变,从而导致了通过控制断面潮流来满足电网的N-1静态安全约束必然趋于保守,而直接运用线路开断后的计算潮流值进行N-1静态安全潮流分析将会显著提高输电断面的功率输送能力.