真空蒸馏脱硒的研究

本从理论上分析了真空蒸馏脱Se的影响因素时间和温度，并通过实验给予验证，提出了最佳条件，对工业采用真空蒸馏脱出含Se物料中的Se具有一定的指导性。     

粗金真空蒸馏脱除银锌铜的研究

研究了真空蒸馏法脱除银锌铜的理论和实验的可行性。利用真空电阻炉,以质量分数为93.98%的粗金为原料,进行真空蒸馏实验,研究了蒸馏温度,蒸馏时间对金直收率及银锌铜的脱除率的影响。实验结果表明:在真空炉压强为10~30 Pa,蒸馏温度为1773 K,蒸馏时间为60 min的条件下,银的脱除率达到99%以上,锌的脱除率接近100%,残留物金中的铜含量低于2%,一次真空蒸馏残留物中金的直收率大于80%,此工艺为真空蒸馏分离粗金中银锌铜提供的新方法,并使银得到有效的富集,对粗金采用真空蒸馏法脱除银锌铜具有指导意义。     

不同等级海绵钛真空蒸馏过程工艺控制对比研究

对海绵钛真空蒸馏提纯的原理及不同等级海绵钛真空蒸馏过程关键控制参数进行了对比分析研究,考察真空蒸馏过程中杂质组分行为、工艺控制对海绵钛产品质量带来的影响。理论分析结果表明:真空蒸馏过程中蒸馏物主要组分挥发能力由大到小顺序依次为Mg,MgCl_2,Mn,Fe,Si,Ti,杂质Mg与MgCl_2的挥发性远大于Ti。生产试验结果表明:提高蒸馏系统的真空度可有效提升海绵钛产品质量,O_A级海绵钛出炉时冷凝罐、蒸馏罐的系统压力比≤1级品炉次分别平均低16.82,6.05Pa;控制较低的喷淋水出水温度有利于海绵钛产品品级率的提升;不同品级率的海绵钛在真空蒸馏过程中的高恒温时长无明显差异;减少二次回炉、蒸馏电炉电阻丝烧断频次、蒸馏过程突然断电等异常情况将有助于提升海绵钛的品级率,并可减少等外钛的比例。     

真空蒸馏铟锡合金回收金属铟的研究

采用真空电阻炉对铟锡合金进行了实验研究。首先通过实验确定了较好的蒸馏时间和蒸馏温度范围。最后根据化验结果确定了对生产具有指导意义的实验条件,即对金属铟质量分数为90%的铟锡合金进行真空蒸馏时,采取的对生产具有指导意义的工艺条件为蒸馏温度1250℃,蒸馏时间60 min;蒸馏温度1300℃,蒸馏时间40 min;所得的金属铟的含铟量大于99%。     

PVDF螺旋卷式膜组件制备及真空膜蒸馏性能研究

真空膜蒸馏工艺作为一种具有良好应用前景的膜蒸馏操作方式得到了广泛的研究.当前常用于真空膜蒸馏研究的膜组件包括平板式、管式和中空纤维式.尝试制备了一种用于真空膜蒸馏的螺旋卷式膜组件,通过试验对自制组件的性能进行了研究,证实了卷式膜组件真空膜蒸馏操作的可行性.在真空度为-0.092 MPa,温度为67.7℃的操作条件下,得到了10.43 kg/(m2·h)的通量.通过试验比较了所制备卷式膜的通量与膜材料本底通量的差别,并对所存在的问题进行了分析.     

真空蒸馏分离锡铁合金的研究

从理论和实验两方面讨论了锡铁合金分离的可能性和规律性。利用真空感应熔炼炉与立式真空蒸馏炉,实验考查了蒸馏温度、蒸馏时间、炉内压力以及电磁搅拌作用对锡铁合金分离效果的影响。结果表明:在真空感应熔炼炉中,蒸馏温度为1885 K,炉内压力为10 Pa,蒸馏时间为42.5 min的条件下,含锡4.54%(质量比)的合金一次蒸馏后,锡的脱除率为99.79%,残留物铁中的锡含量降至0.024%。电磁搅拌作用对脱锡效果的影响显著。     

废铝合金真空蒸馏脱锌的研究

首先分析了用真空蒸馏的方法脱除废铝合金中金属Zn的可行性。对二种含Zn质量分数为10%,12.25%的废铝合金进行了真空蒸馏脱除锌的实验。最终的实验结果与理论分析是紧密一致的。本文利用真空蒸馏法脱除含锌废铝中的金属Zn,解决了废铝脱锌难的问题,且对环境友好,不会造成二次污染。     

高镉锌真空蒸馏分离锌镉的研究

对高镉锌真空蒸馏分离锌、镉进行了理论分析和实验研究,考察了蒸馏温度、保温时间对锌、镉分离效果的影响。理论研究表明:在真空条件下高镉锌中的锌与镉具有分离的可能性。实验结果表明:提高蒸馏温度和延长保温时间,都有利于提高金属镉的直收率,但均会降低挥发物中镉的纯度;当系统压力保持在30 Pa时,蒸馏温度为400℃,保温时间为60 min条件下,挥发物中的镉纯度为96.5%,镉直收率为60.1%,残余物中锌纯度为87.42%;并在实验研究结果中验证了多次蒸馏可提高挥发物中镉的纯度,三次蒸馏挥发物中的镉纯度可达99.99%。此工艺为真空蒸馏分离高镉锌中锌与镉提供新的方法,对采用真空蒸馏法处理高镉锌具有一定的指导意义和应用价值。     

含银粗铋真空精炼

研究了含银粗铋真空蒸馏精炼的可能性和规律性。试验结果表明，采用真空蒸馏法精炼粗铋在技术上是可行的。所采用的工艺条件为：蒸馏温度９００－９５０℃，时间１５－２０ｍｉｎ，系统残余气体压强２５－４０Ｐａ，熔体深度４－５．４ｍｍ。经一级真空真空蒸馏粗铋，产出率达９８％以上，精铋中铁，铜含量低于一号精铋国家规定含量标准；要得到铅，银等杂质含量均低于１号或２号精铋国家规定含量标准的精铋产品，需采用多级真人蒸馏     

铅锑合金的真空蒸馏实验研究

回收利用铅、锑冶炼和消费过程中产生的铅锑合金意义重大。本文计算了923~1373 K温度范围内纯铅和纯锑的饱和蒸气压、锑的分离系数和气液相平衡成分图,从热力学上分析了铅锑合金真空蒸馏分离的可行性。计算结果表明:铅、锑能够通过真空蒸馏实现较好分离。进一步实验研究了蒸馏温度、时间以及不同成分Pb-Sb合金真空分离效果。实验结果表明:在973 K,蒸馏时间30 min,炉内压强5~10 Pa条件下对合金进行真空分离,气相中富集57.44%的锑,液相中得到88.82%的粗铅。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.