幕墙用铝塑板复合材料燃烧性能的研究

采用单体燃烧试验(SBI)和燃烧热值等新方法,取代传统的难燃、烟密度、氧指数、水平垂直燃烧等试验方法,研究了无卤阻燃PE和普通LDPE分别制作的幕墙铝塑复合板之间的防火特性差异.结果表明,芯材成分是影响铝塑板燃烧性能的主要参数,铝板的厚度对铝塑板燃烧性能分级的影响不大.     

氧弹仪燃烧热值测量不确定度评定实例

根据测量不确定度评定的相关规范,结合燃烧热值的影响因素,对氧弹仪燃烧热值进行了不确定度评定。     

煤粉细度的合理选择

对于电厂来说,煤粉细度是经常需要测量的常规指标,用于保证锅炉运行的经济性。煤粉愈细,在锅炉内燃烧时,燃料的不完全燃烧损失愈小,但对制粉设备而言,却要消耗较多的电能,而且金属的磨损量也要增大;反之,较粗的煤粉虽然制粉耗电较小,但不可避免地会使炉内不完全燃烧损失增大。因此,在锅炉设备运行中,通常认为应该选择适当的煤粉细度,使机械不完全燃烧损失和制粉能耗之和最小。这样的煤粉细度称为经济细度或最佳细度。目前,随着环境保护工作的日益严格,煤粉细度的选择已从传统燃烧选用的"经济细度"理念向增进锅炉生态特性要求转移,萌生了性质上的差别;从只依据煤的挥发分单一因素提升到计算释放出的热值及古植物埋存年代不同而使"煤化"程度差异形成煤结构存在"孔隙度"等因素来考虑煤粉细度的选择,保证煤粉可靠着火与燃尽。本文引述全国热工研究院专家在煤粉细度选择时,除依据挥发分外,另引入热值、孔隙度等深层次分析或与新见解,供同行参考定夺。     

氧弹燃烧量热法考察添加剂对煤燃烧热值的影响

用测量精度为０．４％的氧弹燃烧量热仪考察了产地分别为北京、大连、山东和西安的四种煤燃烧添加剂对煤燃烧热值的影响。结果显示这四种煤燃烧添加剂不含可燃物质,对所选的三种高热值煤和两种低热值煤的燃烧热值均无明显的影响,不存在所谓的煤被煤燃烧添加剂激发的非常规燃烧。     

精细水煤浆在小型高速内燃机上的燃烧理论分析

根据在内燃机气缸内燃烧水煤浆的试验,计算了精细水煤浆的热值;通过对汽缸内热力分析,得出精细水煤浆燃烧可以完全满足汽缸内的工况要求,同时分析了精细水煤浆在气缸内的燃烧过程。     

醇基液体燃料热值测定方法研究

采用长沙开元公司5E-快速量热仪对醇基液体燃料热值进行测定,文章分别采用药用胶囊、聚乙烯安瓿、乙酸纤维胶片、生胶带等四种密封方法对同一样品进行重复试验,通过试验比对四种方法的优点、缺点,从而找出最优测定醇基液体燃料热值的方法。     

基于完全燃烧模型下市政垃圾衍生燃料在水泥窑分解炉内热贡献的研究#br#

基于燃料的完全燃烧模型,对市政垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的燃烧特性进行了分析,并对其在分解炉内的热贡献进行了模拟计算。结果表明：入窑基RDF完全燃烧时最小燃烧空气量Amin为0.335Nm3/MJ,最小燃烧废气量Vmin为0.463Nm3/MJ,均大于煤粉;对于入炉温度为20℃的入窑基RDF,当助燃空气温度为850℃时,其绝热燃烧火焰温度可达1?595.9℃,对分解炉的热贡献为4.57MJ/kg,热量利用率为72.2%,即分解炉内喂入4.95t（低位热值为6.30MJ/kg）入窑基RDF与1t（低位热值为24.49MJ/kg）煤粉产生的发热量相当,该理论计算替代量与实际生产数据的偏差率仅为3.2%;最后计算了不同水分下的临界灰分以及对应的RDF临界热值,并给出了RDF的热贡献分区用于指导水泥窑协同处置生产实践。     

生料中非燃料碳含量及可燃物燃烧热值测定方法探讨

本文结合现行国家标准和行业规范，通过常用的生料中非燃料碳含量、可燃物燃烧热值测定方法结果对比，优化并分析差异原因确定出合理的检测方法：非燃料碳含量检测用元素分析法，日常监测用灼烧减量校正法B；可燃物质含量检测沿用电力标准DL/T 567.6灼烧减量校正法A；可燃物燃烧热值测定用加助燃剂（10%～30%标准苯甲酸）法测定。并计算出公司生料中的非燃料碳排放和回转窑系统热平衡测定中生料可燃物质燃烧热值，为下一步能源管理策略调整提供准确的数据支持。     

固体废弃物热值测定方法优化研究

固体废弃物的可燃性决定其是否采用焚烧法处理,热值是设计焚烧处理设备最重要的指标之一。实验表明热值测定的准确性极易受室温影响,测试时须确保实验室温度和校准当天温度、量热仪内温度保持一致。冷冻干燥能避免污泥中有机物受热挥发,从而精确测定污泥的热值;污泥热值宜采用《生活垃圾采样和分析方法》测定;掺苯甲酸能促使污泥充分燃烧,污泥热值越低,添加苯甲酸的最佳质量比越高。对于易于飞溅类、高灰难燃类、低灰难燃类固体废弃物,在固体生物质燃料热值测定的基础上改进实验方法,分别采用包擦镜、掺苯甲酸和垫酸洗石棉绒进行热值测定,该测试方法为各种不同类型固体废弃物热值的快速测定提供参考。     

低变质煤富氧低温干馏试验研究

用富氧代替空气与煤气燃烧提供热源,利用燃烧废气与低温干馏过程产生的干馏煤气混合形成高温循环气,对煤进行富氧干馏。试验结果表明,在不改变现行低温干馏炉结构的情况下,富氧干馏完全可行,可大幅提高煤气的有效成分,降低氮含量,煤气热值是空气助燃干馏的2倍以上,煤气放散量减少约3/4。     

Ignitability as proposed by the international standards organization compared with some european fire tests for building panels

Ignitability, one of the new fire test methods for building materials developing within the International Standards Organization is compared with the national fire test methods in Austria, Britain, France, Germany and Scandinavia. Different commercial wood-based panels have been tested, including fire retardant treated panels. The International Standards Organization ignitability test measures the time to ignition at radiation intensities from 1 to 5 Wm ^?2; it seems to be able to distinguish between different materials in an intelligible way. An evaluation of the results of this ignitability test is discussed. One possibility which is proposed here is to calculate the mean time to ignition at different fixed radiation intensities; such a mean value simplifies the evaluation and takes into account all the test data. Agreement with the national fire test methods is rather low, since they partly measure other fire parameters; agreement with the Austrian Schlyter method, which also evaluated ignitability, is somewhat better and agreement between the national fire test methods is relatively good for wood-based panels. This is consistent with earlier experience, which has shown that mainly new types of materials behave differently according to different national test methods.     

煤加催化剂后漫反射红外光谱与弹筒发热量变化关系

采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪和绝热式恒温氧弹仪,研究了南宁煤在加HPC6催化剂后,其漫反射红外光谱变化特征和弹筒发热量变化的关系。结果表明,加催化剂后煤漫反射红外光谱特征峰吸收强度的变化与催化剂加入量和弹筒发热量具有相关关系:特征峰吸收强度越大,弹筒发热量越小。为实际操作中提供了一种新的作为煤加催化剂后弹筒发热量变化定性预测的方法。     

On non‐combustibility of commercial building materials

Non‐combustibility is discussed on the basis of experimental data for 66 commercial building materials obtained from two standard test methods: EN ISO 1716 oxygen bomb calorimeter and EN ISO 1182 cylindrical furnace. The sample materials are divided into five categories: concrete and ceramics, thermal/acoustic insulation materials, wall or ceiling boards, mortars and adhesives and thin coatings. To better distinguish between non‐combustible and combustible materials, an effective modified heat of combustion is defined and calculated for all materials tested in both methods. The materials studied exhibited very different mass loss values and a low tendency to auto‐ignite in the cylindrical furnace. Revised criteria for class A1 are proposed for better accuracy of reaction‐to‐fire assessment. It is proposed to use the oxygen bomb calorimeter with only one limit for the heat of combustion, that is, a value of 5 MJ/kg for all materials. The proposed approach is a very efficient tool for fast and inexpensive screening for non‐combustibility of building products and is expected to be a more precise method to distinguish between non‐combustible and combustible materials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of thermal fire hazard of 10 polymeric building materials and proposing a classification method based on cone calorimeter results

The use of polymeric building materials has been grown in many countries of Middle East in recent years. However, there are only a few fire testing laboratories in this region. Therefore, development of a method for controlling the reaction to fire of materials with bench scale tests is necessary. Providing a framework for classification of thermal fire hazard of materials based on bench scale heat release rate results was attempted. The fire behavior of 10 polymeric building materials was tested with cone calorimeter. The relationship between reaction to fire variables and physical properties of tested samples was examined. The thermal fire hazards of materials were assessed using methods presented by different researchers and with Conetools software. The results revealed that time to ignition, peak rate of heat release, and total heat release are essential variables for determining the fire hazard of materials. A classification method is proposed, which can be used in building codes in countries where the full‐scale test facilities are not available. The method also can be used for quality control purpose and evaluation of fire behavior of materials in bench scale by manufacturers. An example of potential requirements for interior finishes for some occupancy types is also presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ignitability test for building materials: influence of fuel gases and the design of the Burner's flame stabilizer on test results

In the harmonization of the European test codes in the context of preventive fire‐protection techniques for buildings, the single flame source test is to be adopted as a European test method. This method is used to evaluate the fire behaviour of a building material subjected to an impingement by a small flame, e.g. the flame of a match. The technique is used to provide evidence in the determination of whether a building material may be assigned the Euroclass E. Building materials that do not meet the requirements of this building material class are designated as Euroclass F. The Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing (BAM) has looked into the question of whether the design of the flame stabilizer of the burner and the use of three different fuel gases (propane, butane and methane) affect the assignation of building materials to a Euroclass, particularly the area between Euroclass E and F. The evaluation showed that the minimum thickness timber boards required to meet Euroclass E requirements would be reduced by approximately 10% when butane and an output stabilizer equipped with a punch disc was used. This means that under modified test conditions, certain timber materials previously assigned to Euroclass F would now be designated Euroclass E. Consequently the safety standard regarding fire protection in buildings may be compromised. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study of fire performance of textile membranes used as building components

The advantages of textile materials as building components include low weight, and in the case of textile membranes, the advantages include translucency and architectural possibilities. A common disadvantage, however, is the fire property of textile materials, which highlights the importance of fire safety assessments for building application of such materials. The work presented in this paper was conducted within the European project contex‐T, ‘Textile Architecture – Textile Structures and Buildings of the Future’. This paper presents the results of reaction‐to‐fire tests required for European Standard (EN) 13501–1 classification conducted with a number of textile membranes. The classification results are compared for a selection of these membranes with the information gained from a large‐scale reference test that was designed within the project. The reference test was based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9705 room test. It was seen that the reference test could separate the performance of the different types of membranes investigated and the repeatability of duplicate tests performed was acceptable. However, the classification of the materials by test results from the Single Burning Item (SBI) test (EN 13823) and the small flame test (EN ISO 11925–2) did not reflect the performance of the membranes in the large‐scale test properly in all aspects important for fire safety. Most significantly, the ‘burn‐through’ and the associated opening of a hole in the polyvinyl chloride/polyester membranes tested ventilated the hot smoke gases out of the reference room that resulted in limited flame spread and heat production. This mechanism is not modelled correctly by the SBI test, which leads to a discrepancy between classification and large‐scale behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物质炭化原料选择及需热量分析

从生物质原料的工业分析结果和木质素含量两个角度出发,分析了二者对生物质炭化的影响.对生物质炭化原料进行选择,认为木材类生物质适合作为生物质炭化的原料,可加强对树木枝条、锯末及薪炭林的炭化;为实现生物质炭化的工业化,还应设计利用烟气余热等热源来热解生物质的换热器,这项设计需知道生物质热解需热量.运用热重-差示扫描(TG-DSC)同步热分析仪对选用的木屑进行热解实验并利用DSC曲线对木屑炭化需热量进行分析.结果表明,木屑炭化终温为500℃时(初始温度为40℃),需热量为491kJ/kg.提出DSC曲线在工业用热解换热器传热设计和校核中的应用方法.     

Fire safety assessment of wooden facades

The fire behaviour of wooden facades in multi‐storey houses has been studied in a Nordic research project on the fire safety of timber framed buildings. Two different fire scenarios were considered: a relatively small ignition source outside the building and a post‐flashover compartment fire. The scenarios correspond to potential fire situations in sprinklered and unsprinklered houses, respectively. Fire tests of wooden facades with different cladding materials, surface treatments and structures were performed on intermediate and large scales. In the case of an external fire, the most efficient way to prevent the propagation of flames to the upper storeys of the facade is the structural modification of the facade profile, i.e. cantilevers and oriels. Particular care should be taken so that the protrusion is of sufficient depth and width and that its front and lower surfaces are non‐combustible. Using fire retardant treatment, the flame spread can be considerably delayed or even halted. Acceptance criteria for the facades of sprinklered and unsprinklered multi‐storey buildings are suggested based on the test series. Similar principles can be applied when defining criteria for various test arrangements and fire scenarios. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Small-scale assessment method for the fire resistance of historic plaster system and timber structures

The primary protection against the charring of timber is ensured by protection materials. Today, there are only a limited number of materials given in design codes as fire protection materials for timber. Historic surface finish materials such as plasters have rarely been studied with respect to fire; no design values exist in the current fire part of Eurocode 5. Full-scale fire testing is costly to assess the fire performance of material combinations, thus this study presents a useful tool that is specifically tailored to evaluate the fire protection ability of materials in small-scale. A review of conducted tests demonstrate that the cone heater of a cone calorimeter is a dependable device to estimate the charring performance of protected timber specimens as the test results approximate the ones obtained from furnace tests. This work contributes to the assessment of fire resistance performance of various combinations and types of plaster systems found in existing timber buildings that often require an individual approach for an adequate fire risk analysis and design decisions to meet current fire safety regulations with respect to the load-bearing capacity and compartmentation of building structures. Increased knowledge on the fire protection performance of traditional plasters is believed to facilitate their wider use in timber buildings, primarily to preserve their significance as part of the cultural built heritage.