龙门铣床关键几何误差辨识及补偿

为了提高某龙门铣床y、z向的加工精度,研究了该机床y、z轴关键几何误差的建模、辨识及补偿方法。建立了y、z轴几何误差和加工误差之间的误差模型,得到了影响龙门铣床y、z向加工精度的5项关键几何误差;通过测量龙门铣床y、z轴平面内4条直线的定位误差,辨识出5项关键几何误差;基于龙门铣床的数控系统和建立的误差模型,通过修改加工代码的方法对几何误差进行了补偿。结果表明:龙门铣床关键点的y、z向加工误差分别减小了66.81%和47.17%,几何误差补偿后龙门铣床的加工精度明显提高。     

提高龙门镗铣床横梁导轨直线度的方法研究

横梁导轨是龙门镗铣床重要的支撑部件,其直线度精度直接影响工件的加工精度。针对龙门镗铣床长时间运行后横梁导轨直线度精度降低的问题,依托有限元技术,从横梁结构和现场装配工艺两个角度提出解决方案。从横梁结构上改进来提高抗弯刚度,从工艺上调整立柱的地脚螺栓处垫铁。通过横梁导轨变形量试验,结构和工艺都改进后的横梁导轨直线度提高超过50%,说明改进方法对提高横梁导轨直线度有明显作用。     

超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床横梁的有限元分析与结构优化

分析了大型龙门机床横梁的研究进展。利用CAD/CAE/CAM Siemens PLM Software NX7.5三维有限元分析软件,针对超重型数控龙门移动镗铣床横梁的特点按实际工况进行刚度等有限元优化分析,从而对横梁结构采取改进优化,最终满足了机床的性能要求。     

龙门铣床横梁弹性变形的补偿方法

龙门铣床横梁在精加工前采取预变形,使导轨面加工后获得一定的曲线形状─—弹性位移线的倒影线,从而能补偿横梁及其导轨因受镜头重力所产生的弹性变形,以减少铣头在横梁上移动时产生的不直度误差。故它是提高带有较重移动部件的大型机床的几何精度的一项有效措施。本文主要介绍:通过近似计算,得出龙门铣床横梁的弹性位移曲线以及据此确定为获得合理的导轨几何形状所需采用的预变形法。 一、横梁弹性位移线的近似计算 龙门铣床横梁的计算参数如图1所示。垂直铣头的重量简化为集中载荷Gd,它使横梁产生扭转变形和弯曲变形(图2)。 计算横梁的弯…     

影响龙门镗铣床坐标垂直度的横梁结构和工艺研究

龙门镗铣床的床身X轴与横梁Y轴垂直度误差是其坐标垂直度误差的主要方面。对其影响因素进行分析后发现横梁导轨的不均匀磨损会增大横梁导轨的直线度和上下导轨的平行度误差,从而严重影响镗铣床坐标垂直度误差。为防止此种情况产生,从横梁的结构和装配工艺两方面对其进行研究。发现横梁的不等高导轨结构可防止不均匀磨损使上下导轨受力均匀,通过有限元仿真分析得到了横梁导轨安装基面的最佳高度差。对实际装配工艺产生的垂直度误差进行计算,发现装配工艺可能导致机床坐标垂直度误差超差,降低导轨寿命。最后给出了改进建议。     

大型数控龙门镗铣床精度热稳定性控制探析

为解决大型数控龙门镗铣床因温度的变化会对机床的几何精度和加工精度产生影响的问题,通过在设计、安装和使用中采取相应的控制方式,达到提高加工精度和精度稳定的效果,从而满足各行业对大型数控龙门镗铣床精度的要求。     

基于ANSYS的定梁龙门机床横梁静力学特性分析

为计算龙门机床横梁在自重下的应力及变形,分析其变形是否满足设计的精度要求,采用有限元方法,通过有限元分析软件ANSYS,分析计算出了横梁不同方向的应力和变形,结果表明:最大变形为14.3μm,出现在横梁中部重力作用方向,最大应力为4730000Pa,集中在支柱与横梁连接处。     

基于有限差分法的重型龙门铣床大跨距横梁重力变形曲线计算方法

为解决重型龙门铣床大跨距横梁由于铸件材质、制造工艺等因素导致重力变形有限元仿真结果不准确的问题,基于有限差分法提出一种大跨距横梁重力变形曲线的离散化计算方法。利用有限差分法、简支梁弯曲理论和固支梁扭转理论建立了横梁重力变形的离散化模型。假设横梁离散段的抗弯刚度为变量,结合横梁自重变形曲线和重力变形离散化模型计算各离散段的当量抗弯刚度,表征横梁材质的不均一性。采用有限元仿真方法分离横梁重力变形曲线,得到弯曲变形曲线与扭转变形曲线。应用当量抗弯刚度校正弯曲变形曲线、扭转变形曲线,得到准确的横梁重力变形曲线。实验验证表明,该计算方法相比有限元仿真,能有效提高机床的G10精度。     

基于有限元方法的龙门式机床横梁仿形技术的研究

龙门机床横梁仿形加工对提高机床精度具有重要意义。因此,从变形机理、有限元分析计算、数据处理及实际应用等角度阐述了仿形技术的实现过程。技术难点在于有限元模型建立及仿形数据实际应用。     

基于机床几何误差模型的数控加工形位误差预测

影响加工形位误差的因素众多,机床几何误差是其中最关键的因素。其影响零件的功能要求、配合性质和自由装配性,是评估机床加工精度的重要指标。本文通过构建机床几何误差和零件形位误差之间的映射关系对加工形位误差预测方法进行研究,建立了基于机床几何误差模型的三轴机床刀具位姿误差模型,并以刀具位姿误差为中间量建立了平面度误差和圆柱度误差预测模型。使用TH6920型镗铣床进行试验验证,与零件形位误差检测值对比,圆柱度预测误差为9.3%,平面度预测误差为4.8%,预测效果较好,验证了预测方法的有效性。     

Design and accuracy analysis of a metamorphic CNC flame cutting machine for ship manufacturing

The current research of processing large size fabrication holes on complex spatial curved surface mainly focuses on the CNC flame cutting machines design for ship hull of ship manufacturing. However, the existing machines cannot meet the continuous cutting requirements with variable pass conditions through their fixed configuration, and cannot realize high-precision processing as the accuracy theory is not studied adequately. This paper deals with structure design and accuracy prediction technology of novel machine tools for solving the problem of continuous and high-precision cutting. The needed variable trajectory and variable pose kinematic characteristics of non-contact cutting tool are figured out and a metamorphic CNC flame cutting machine designed through metamorphic principle is presented. To analyze kinematic accuracy of the machine, models of joint clearances, manufacturing tolerances and errors in the input variables and error models considering the combined effects are derived based on screw theory after establishing ideal kinematic models. Numerical simulations, processing experiment and trajectory tracking experiment are conducted relative to an eccentric hole with bevels on cylindrical surface respectively. The results of cutting pass contour and kinematic error interval which the position error is from –0.975 mm to +0.628 mm and orientation error is from –0.01 rad to +0.01 rad indicate that the developed machine can complete cutting process continuously and effectively, and the established kinematic error models are effective although the interval is within a ‘large' range. It also shows the matching property between metamorphic principle and variable working tasks, and the mapping correlation between original designing parameters and kinematic errors of machines. This research develops a metamorphic CNC flame cutting machine and establishes kinematic error models for accuracy analysis of machine tools.     

基于齿面位姿-几何误差模型的大规格滚齿机关键误差识别

为研究影响大规格滚齿机加工精度的关键几何误差,提出了一种基于齿面位姿-几何误差模型结合Sobol法的机床关键几何误差识别方法。首先,基于齐次坐标变换理论,建立了刀具位姿-几何误差模型,通过求解滚齿双参数包络方程,获得了加工齿面接触迹点坐标值,建立了机床齿面位姿-几何误差模型;然后,考虑几何误差的随机性和互耦性,利用Sobol法对该模型进行敏感性分析,计算了几何误差的敏感度系数以识别出关键几何误差;最后,进行了关键几何误差虚拟仿真修正和对比验证。研究结果表明,所提方法能有效识别大规格滚齿机的关键误差项。     

平面连杆机构运动精度可靠性及灵敏度分析

针对平面连杆机构传动路线长,存在较大的积累误差,对机构的运动精度产生的影响不容忽视的问题,提出了加工误差、结构变形、装配间隙及铰链磨损多因素耦合作用下运动机构精度可靠性分析的建模方法及求解流程。用动量交换法建立铰链间隙的碰撞模型后对机构进行动力学分析,基于动力学分析结果,利用胡克定律及有限元法分析部件变形,利用Archard磨损模型分析铰链的磨损量。在此基础上,给出了加工误差与部件变形影响下杆长的分布参数以及装配间隙与铰链磨损影响下铰链间隙的分布参数,然后将铰链间隙用无质量连杆模型替换,建立并求解机构的运动方程。通过对飞机舱门收放机构的算例分析,得到了该机构在不同收放次数下的运动精度可靠度及对应的可靠性灵敏度,并给出了制造维护建议,证明了方法的可行性。     

A method for thermal characterization and modeling of large gantry-type machine tools

In this paper, a method specially designed for the assessment of repeatability and accuracy of large machine tools is proposed, along with results for a large gantry-type milling machine, recorded in a medium-term period. For this purpose, temperatures were recorded and a metrological frame was used along with inductive sensors in the tool tip, performing repetitive measurements. As initial results, origin, weight and influence of every heat source on this kind of machines were found. Afterwards, high precision measurements of thermal deformations were obtained. Mechanism of errors was found, discerning between main thermal error in the vertical Z-axis and secondary error in longitudinal X-axis towards out of the plane of the gantry bridge. Finally, a finite element model was developed which showed main thermal behavior identified experimentally. This will permit to make simulations of the thermal response of the machine and to choose machining strategies for future parts. Proposed methodology was therefore proved satisfactory for thermal characterization of this kind of big machine tools. This knowledge will make possible to improve thermal design of machines and to develop error compensation procedures. This method can also be applied on workshop conditions for recalibration purposes.     

转台-摆头式五轴机床几何误差测量及辨识

为降低转动轴几何误差对转台-摆头式五轴机床精度的影响,提出了基于球杆仪的位置无关几何误差测量和辨识方法。基于多体系统理论及齐次坐标变换方法建立了转台-摆头式五轴机床位置无关几何误差模型,依据旋转轴不同运动状态下的几何误差影响因素建立基于圆轨迹的四种测量模式,并实现10项位置无关几何误差的辨识。利用所建立的几何误差模型进行数值模拟,确定转动轴的10项位置无关几何误差对测量轨迹的影响。最后,采用误差补偿的形式实验验证所提出的测量及辨识方法的有效性,将位置无关几何误差补偿前后的测量轨迹进行比较。误差补偿后10项位置无关几何误差的平均补偿率为70.4%,最大补偿率达到88.4%,实验结果表明所提出的建模和辨识方法可用于转台-摆头式五轴机床转动轴精度检测,同时可为机床精度评价及几何精度提升提供依据。     

龙门式多轴联动机床的几何误差建模

设计一台集加工、检测于一体的小型龙门式多轴联动加工系统,以实现小型或微小型零件的铣、钻、磨削加工。机床除了从结构上提高精度外,也采取了误差补偿的措施,通过对机床进行几何误差建模,得到几何误差模型,以便进行补偿,提高精度。     

An accuracy design approach for a multi-axis NC machine tool based on reliability theory

Accuracy design constitutes an important role in machine tool designing. It is used to determine the permissible level of each error parameter of a machine tool, so that any criterion can be optimized. Geometric, thermal-induced, and cutting force-induced errors are responsible for a large number of comprehensive errors of a machine tool. These errors not only influence the machining accuracy but are also of great importance for accuracy design to be performed. The aim of this paper is the proposal of a general approach that simultaneously considered geometric, thermal-induced, and cutting force-induced errors, in order for machine tool errors to be allocated. By homogeneous transformation matrix (HTM) application, a comprehensive error model was developed for the machining accuracy of a machine tool to be acquired. In addition, a generalized radial basis function (RBF) neural network modeling method was used in order for a thermal and cutting force-induced error model to be established. Based on the comprehensive error model, the importance sampling method was applied for the reliability and sensitivity analysis of the machine tool to be conducted, and two mathematical models were presented. The first model predicted the reliability of the machine tool, whereas the second was used to identify and optimize the error parameters with larger effect on the reliability. The permissible level of each geometric error parameter can therefore be determined, whereas the reliability met the design requirement and the cost of this machining was optimized. An experiment was conducted on a five-axis machine tool, and the results confirmed the proposed approach being able to display the accuracy design of the machine tool.     

激光切割机结构优化及几何精度分析研究

以加工幅面为720 mm×600 mm的激光切割机为研究对象,利用有限元方法对其进行整体结构刚度分析;建立激光切割机几何误差模型,结合激光干涉仪测试切割机动、静态下激光切割机导轨直线度、角度误差及运动速度等数据,对其几何精度和定位精度进行了分析研究.研究结果表明:利用有限元对切割机进行的结构优化改进,可有效减小激光切割...     

Inverse determination of Johnson–Cook model constants of ultra-fine-grained titanium based on chip formation model and iterative gradient search

In this paper, a systematic approach on how to predict kinematic errors based on tolerance of machine tools’ guideways is introduced. Firstly, the truncated Fourier series function is applied to fit curve of guideways surface. Since geometric profile errors are regarded as a bridge between tolerance and kinematic errors of machine tools’ guideways, the mapping relationship between tolerance and geometric profile errors of machine tools’ guideways is formulated, and the mapping relationship between geometric profile errors and kinematic errors of guideways is established. Then, kinematic errors prediction model based on tolerance of guideways is subsequently proposed. Finally, simulation verification is conducted with this method. Simulation results show the range of the predicted kinematic errors (positioning error, y direction and z direction straightness error, roll error, pitch error, and yaw error) is 17.12 μm, 56.57 μm, 70.71 μm, 28.28 μrad, 141.42 μrad, and 113.14 μrad, respectively. In order to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the presented method, a measuring experiment is carried out on guideways of a gantry-type five-axis milling machine tools by using a dual-frequency laser interferometer. The measured and identified discrete data can be fitted precisely by Fourier curve fitting method. The fitting results show the range of the measured kinematic errors is 16.96 μm, 59.43 μm, 68.63 μm, 28.65 μrad, 135.40 μrad, and 111.58 μrad, respectively. The maximum residual errors between the predicted and measured values of kinematic errors are 1.67 μm, 5.19 μm, 5.50 μm, 1.87 μrad, 9.81 μrad, and 7.07μrad, respectively. Comparing with the measured results of kinematic errors, residual errors are considerably small and can be neglected. Therefore, there is no doubt that this method is effective enough for predicting kinematic errors and can be used to replace the measurement of kinematic errors. In the design stage of machine tools, this approach is convenient for engineers to derive the distribution of kinematic errors. And its basic idea can be applied to other type of machine tools’ guideways.     

3-RPS并联机构运动学标定方法的研究

针对六轴混联机床中因3-RPS并联机构结构参数误差引起的精度问题,分析了影响3-RPS并联机构几何精度的误差因素,给出了并联机构的误差模型;基于影响并联机构定平台运动精度较大的几何误差参数;建立了运动学标定模型.采用阻尼最小二乘法,经多次优化迭代实现了利用一组测量数据完成非线性超越矛盾标定方程组的求解.利用激光干涉仪完成了标定用数据的测量,通过3-RPS并联机构运动学逆解和各铰链的几何标定参数,得到动平台的实际位姿.通过对标定前后的Z轴定位精度的检测及实际零件加工试验,验证了3-RPS并联机构运动学标定模型和方法的正确性和有效性.