明渠均匀流的摩阻流速及流速分布

在水槽系统上对明渠恒定均匀流进行了系列实验，利用实测流速资料，对明渠均匀流摩阻流速的各种方法（雷诺应力法、对数流速分布法、阻力平衡法等）的计算结果进行了对比，并分析了流速分布。结果表明：（1）利用阻力平衡法计算摩阻流速时应考虑边壁影响；（2）包含尾流函数的对数-尾流公式比单一对数公式可以更好的符合实测数据。用单一对数公式描述垂线流速分布时，应采用较小的Karman常数；（3）现有大量明渠均匀流实测资料中，用常用的Karman常数（x=0．4）时单一对数公式仍可以较好的表示全水深流速分布是因为采用了较大的摩阻流速。     

明渠时均流速分布公式对比及影响因素分析

本文分析比较了明渠时均流速分布的对数律和尾流律公式，需要3个特定参数的尾流律与由2个参数确定的对数律相比没有优越性。深入分析了将尾流律应用于边界层流动和明渠流动时存在的差别。讨论了理论床面和最大流速的位置，认为爱因斯坦和钱宁确定理论床面位置的方法是合适的。在大量试验的基础上，得出了最大流速相对位置a／h与宽探比B／h的关系式。     

卵砾石河道摩阻流速计算方法探讨

通过水槽试验,采用6种方法:对数流速分布回归法、外延雷诺应力分布法、三维紊动能法、垂向紊动能法、韩其为经验公式法和拖曳力系数法,计算了卵砾石河床的摩阻流速。以韩其为计算摩阻流速的经验公式为标准,分析了各种方法中参数取值对计算结果的影响及其在不同水力和床面条件下各种方法的适用性。提出了2种可行的计算途径:光滑床面条件下各方法计算摩阻流速所得结果最大均方差为2.15,其中对数流速分布回归法较准确,三维紊动能法计算值普遍偏小;相对粗糙床面条件下各方法计算摩阻流速的结果均方差最大达到8.84,其中对数流速分布回归法和三维紊动能法较准确。     

光滑明渠均匀紊流水流结构研究

建立了一套高精度的明渠水流试验系统,并通过PIV流场仪测量了光滑明渠均匀紊流的水流结构.为真实反映均匀紊流的水流特性,PIV采样次数约需要3 000次.试验结果:对数一尾流律公式能够很好地描述明渠均匀紊流垂线流速分布,卡仃常数、积分常数和尾流律系数分别为0.407、4.902和0.272;紊流度垂线分布符合前人的研究成果,但经验系数有所差别,分别为Du=2.05、Dv=1.2l、Ck=1.25.     

梯形渠道断面流速分布规律试验研究

梯形渠道以其过流能力大、输沙能力强和具有普遍适用的特点,已经在灌区得到广泛应用.经过对梯形渠道断面流速分布规律和试验研究,得出过水断面最大流速发生在液面以下.分析水槽实测流速资料,发现中垂线流速分布与对数律流速分布形式和抛物线形式拟合曲线都有一定的偏差.进一步分析引入尾流函数公式,得出拟合曲线交点处流速值近似等于过水断面的平均流速.     

黄陵庙水文断面垂线流速分布特性研究

  为进一步利用天然河流实测资料检验垂线流速分布的指数与对数规律,采用多普勒剖面流速仪在黄陵庙水文断面中实测的不同垂线与不同流量情况下的瞬时流速资料,计算了时均流速的垂线分布,并与指数和对数流速分布公式计算的结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,黄陵庙水文断面不同垂线水流的时均流速分布符合对数与指数分布规律。然而,在不同水流与边界条件下,其指数公式中的指数大小与对数公式中的有关参数有所不同。通过对黄陵庙水文断面垂线流速分布特性的研究,丰富了对天然河流垂线流速分布规律的认识。     

明渠含沙水流的垂线流速分布特性研究

 为了进一步研究明渠中含沙水流的垂线流速分布规律,在水槽系统中对明渠恒定均匀含沙水流进行了系列试验,利用实测流速资料,计算分析了时均流速的垂线分布。结果表明：在宽深比比较小的明渠中对最大流速点修正的对数公式可以很好地符合实测数据;水槽中心位置的卡门常数要比其边壁附近的小;卡门常数随着含沙量的增加而减小。通过对明渠含沙水流垂线流速分布特性的研究,增强了对明渠含沙水流垂线流速分布规律的认识。     

全值域有定义的对数紊流流速分布公式研究

目前,声学多普勒流速剖面仪垂线流速盲区插补只能采用指数流速分布、常数流速分布两种模式,而对数紊流流速分布公式是基于动量传递理论推导出的垂线流速分布公式,该公式因在边界处(y=0)没有定义而应用不便。基于此,从天然河道的河床是由泥沙组成的非固定边界的实际出发,提出在边界面上液体质点仍然存在混掺运动的假设,借助动量传递理论推导出全值域有定义的对数紊流流速分布公式。并且采用宜昌水文站4条实测垂线流速对公式进行拟合验证。结果表明：该公式拟合得到的误差有正有负,最大误差为-3.66%,精度符合水文资料整编规范要求。推导出的公式在垂线水深的所有值域内有定义,该公式可为声学多普勒流速剖面仪垂线流速盲区插补提供一种思路。     

样本容量对明渠垂线流速分布对数公式拟合的影响

针对明渠垂线流速分布测量样本容量对对数公式拟合的影响问题,通过水槽试验,应用激光多普勒测速仪,在0.2倍水深内布设110个点进行垂线流速测量;按相对等距原则,从110个测量数据中共生成11组不同样本容量的流速系列进行统计分析。结果表明:试验测得的垂线流速分布符合对数公式;对数公式拟合所得的摩阻流速、积分常数及其统计变量相关系数和变差系数随样本容量大小的变化而变化,当样本容量逐渐变大时,渐渐趋于稳定,符合统计理论的大数定律;合理反映垂线流速分布变化的试验,其测点需要一定的样本容量;试验得到的垂线流速在间距分布比较均匀的条件下,0.2倍水深内所需样本容量为50左右。     

基于涡黏度模型的冰封河道纵向时均流速垂向分布解析解

冰盖的存在显著改变了河道水流结构,使流速垂向分布关于零切应力平抛物线面呈型。考虑到准确预测冰盖下水流流速分布是计算冰封河道流量、泥沙输移率和河床演变预估的基础,本文应用双层假定和冰盖流涡黏度模型,推导出一个物理意义明确且速度梯度连续的冰封河道纵向时均流速垂向分布解析解,并明确常见的冰盖流对数流速公式和双幂律流速公式的应用条件。采用水槽实测数据和原型实验数据,对比分析所提出的解析解与现有对数公式和双幂律公式的有效性和精确性,并基于本文解析解探究了纵向时均流速垂向分布对各物理特征参数的敏感性。结果表明,该解析解的流速计算值与实测值吻合较好且较现有对数公式和双幂律公式具有较高精度;雷诺数的较小变化并不会引起纵向时均流速垂向分布的较大改变,但流速分布对冰盖糙率与河床糙率的相对值比较敏感,且纵向时均流速的最大值偏向于较光滑边界一侧,该结论与以往基于k-ε湍流模型所得到的数值结果是一致的,再次证实了本文解析解的有效性。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.