几种短时电能质量扰动分类和检测的双小波分析法

提出了短时电能质量扰动分类和检测的双小波分析法。利用双小波（db1和db24）各自的优点，把电能质量5种扰动（电压凹陷、电压凸起、电压间断、暂态脉冲和暂态振荡）有效地从含有噪声的采样信号中鉴别出来，并能实现扰动的各项指标测定。该方法弥补了以往小波检测方法中，当噪声污染严重或扰动发生、终止在工频相角为0或π附近时，可能检测不到或误判断的不足。仿真计算结果表明，该方法对扰动的分类简单、有效，对扰动各项指标测定尤其是电压凹陷、凸起和间断的时刻及幅度的确定，精度甚高。     

基于dq变换和ANN的电能质量扰动辨识

提出了一种利用dq变换提取信号特征，并结合神经网络来识别电能质量扰动信号类型的方法。该方法通过对测量的某一相电压由单相延迟构造三相，进行dq变换提取扰动的特征量，作为人工神经网络(ANN)的输入，从而对电能质量扰动信号类型进行识别。所提出的方法可用于电能质量扰动的实时监测与统计分析。仿真分析验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于支持向量机方法的水电机组状态识别

模式识别理论是水电机组状态识别与故障诊断的基础,通过选择不同类型的分类器来实现模式识别。支持向量机(SVM)算法有效地改善了传统分类方法的缺陷,具有较强理论依据,适合小样本的模式识别分类。结合水电机组振动信号特点,采用Hilbert-Huang变换对信号做前期处理,以IMF函数能量值为基本元素构造特征向量,将特征向量输入SVM进行模式识别。结果表明对于小样本分类,SVM方法简单有效,切实可用。     

支持向量机的混沌序列预测模型及在径流中应用

混沌和支持向量机理论为研究复杂多变的非线性水文时间序列开辟了新的途径。给出了应用支持向量机回归原理的混沌时间序列非线性的预测建模的思路、特点及关键参数的选取。根据重构相空间理论对月径流过程进行相空间的重构,探讨了支持向量机混沌时间序列非线性预测模型在月径流预测中的应用,在支持向量机建模过程中引入了经向基核函数,简化了非线性问题的求解过程。实例表明,该模型能较好地处理复杂的水文数据序列,且有较好的预测精度。     

基于混沌小波与支持向量机的径流预测

以淮河流域沙颍河水系沙河和澧河上游的水库为例,建立了月均流量的混沌小波支持向量机组合预报模型,充分利用了混沌分析的相空间重构、小波分析的多分辨率功能以及支持向量机的非线性逼近能力,并采用NSE、PBIAS和RSR对组合预测模型进行了评价。结果表明:混沌小波支持向量机组合预测模型的识别期和验证期模拟精度均较高,均优于混沌支持向量机模型。     

电能质量扰动的专家概率分类器模型

电力系统以及部分用户均安装有监测装置，收集了大量的扰动数据，因此有必要研究出实用简单的、自动的扰动分类器，从而为进一步研究奠定基础。提出了电能质量扰动的专家概率分类器模型，用于常见电能质量扰动的分类。概率分类器基于数理统计规律，概念清楚、运算简单，引入专家反馈环节可以提高分类的准确性、鲁棒性，使得分类器具备一定的自适应能力。根据同一监测地点检测到的电能质量扰动样本，构建并测试了该分类器的可行性及性能，结果令人满意。     

基于形态学特征及支持向量机的水电机组轴系故障识别

为解决水电机组主轴运行期间的潜在故障,提出了多重分形谱、粒子群寻优和支持向量机对主轴图像数据多维度故障识别的方法;实现机组轴系运行中的摆度波形形态学特性提取,获得多重分形谱数据;采用粒子群寻优算法从海量样本中寻优获得异常故障特征形成故障特征集,由支持向量机分类方法对故障特征集进行分类识别,有效识别图形数据堆积过程中故障样本分类,实现轴系故障识别,以便确定相应的解决措施。     

多层次分类支持向量机在水质评价中的应用

在介绍支持向量机(SVM)原理的基础上,设计采用多层次分类器改进支持向量机的分类算法,并利用该方法评价磐石市的地下水水质,同时与模糊综合评判、灰色聚类和神经网络评价结果对比。结果表明,该方法可以用于水资源学科的分类评价计算。     

基于支持向量机的高压绝缘子污秽等级红外热像检测

提出了一种红外热像处理与支持向量机多值分类器相结合的新方法对高压绝缘子污秽等级进行检测。采用基于梯度信息的自适应平滑滤波方法对原始图像进行了滤波处理；利用OTSU图像分割方法对滤波后的图像进行分割, 获取绝缘子盘面区域，并从绝缘子盘面区域提取了最高温度、最高温度与最低温度的比值、盘面温度的标准偏差、部分最高温度像素点个数与目标总像素点个数的比值共4个反映污秽程度的红外特征量；设计了支持向量机多值分类器对绝缘子污秽等级进行分级。试验结果表明，文中所选取的绝缘子红外特征量可有效表征绝缘子的污秽等级，所采用的支持向量机多值分类器是一个小样本、高效率的分类器，所提出的绝缘子污秽等级检测新方法是可行的。     

基于相空间重构的大坝服役性态小波支持向量机预测模型

通过支持向量机与相空间重构、小波分析、粒子群算法等的组合应用,充分考虑大坝原型监测数据特征,开展了大坝变形性态预测模型研究。为提升模型的抗噪能性,首先利用小波分析工具对监测数据序列进行时频分解,对分解所得的高频子序列实施阈值去噪处理;进而在借助混沌相空间重构技术,计算各子序列延迟时间与嵌入维数的基础上,重构各子序列的相空间。依据去噪和重构后的变形子序列,建立大坝变形性态支持向量机预测模型。考虑到支持向量机惩罚因子与核函数参数对模型预测精度影响显著的特点,引入粒子群算法,并通过支持向量机的参数寻优,进一步提高了模型的预测精度。工程实例分析表明,相空间重构的大坝变形性态小波支持向量机预测模型具有较强的抗噪和泛化能力,且能够更好地辨识蕴含于大坝原型监测数据中的时频非线性特征,更利于大坝变形性态的精准预测。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.