UML顺序图的自动验证

UML顺序图反映了系统中并发对象之间的消息交互及顺序,在软件建模中占有重要地位。该文对UML顺序图模型的自动验证方法进行了研究,在把UML顺序图转换为Promela语言后,使用模型检验器SPIN来验证系统设计模型是否满足某些关键性质需求。为了加强该方法的适用性,采用可扩展的标记语言XML文件格式定义顺序图模型的外部表示形式,该表示方法遵从OMG的XMI标准,从而使验证过程适用于不同的UML建模环境。     

BOX: Browsing objects in XML

The latest Internet markup languages support the representation of structured information and vector graphics. In this paper we describe how these languages can be used to publish software engineering diagrams on the Internet. We introduce BOX, a portable, distributed and interoperable approach to browsing UML models with off‐the‐shelf technology. Our approach to browsing UML models leverages XML and related specifications, such as the Document Object Model (DOM), the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) and the Vector Markup Language (VML). BOX translates a UML model that is represented in XMI into VML. VML can be directly displayed in Internet browsers, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer 5. BOX enables software engineers to access and review UML models without the need to purchase licenses of tools that produced the models. BOX has been successfully evaluated in two industrial case studies. The case studies used BOX to make extensive domain and enterprise object models available to a large number of stakeholders over corporate intranets and the Internet. We show how XML and the BOX architecture can be applied to other software engineering notations. We also argue that the approach taken in BOX can be applied to other domains that have already started to adopt XML and have a need for graphic representation of XML information. These include browsing gene sequences, chemical molecule structures and conceptual knowledge representations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Towards clone detection in UML domain models

Code clones (i.e., duplicate fragments of code) have been studied for long, and there is strong evidence that they are a major source of software faults. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this phenomenon occurs similarly in models, suggesting that model clones are as detrimental to model quality as they are to code quality. However, programming language code and visual models have significant differences that make it difficult to directly transfer notions and algorithms developed in the code clone arena to model clones. In this article, we develop and propose a definition of the notion of “model clone” based on the thorough analysis of practical scenarios. We propose a formal definition of model clones, specify a clone detection algorithm for UML domain models, and implement it prototypically. We investigate different similarity heuristics to be used in the algorithm, and report the performance of our approach. While we believe that our approach advances the state of the art significantly, it is restricted to UML models, its results leave room for improvements, and there is no validation by field studies.     

预训练增强的代码克隆检测技术

代码克隆检测是软件工程领域的一项重要任务, 对于语义相似但语法差距较大的四型代码克隆的检测尤为困难. 基于深度学习的方法在四型代码克隆的检测上已经取得了较好的效果, 但是使用人工标注的代码克隆对进行监督学习的成本较高. 提出了两种简单有效的预训练策略来增强基于深度学习的代码克隆检测模型的代码表示, 以减少监督学习模型中...     

CCFinder: a multilinguistic token-based code clone detection system for large scale source code

A code clone is a code portion in source files that is identical or similar to another. Since code clones are believed to reduce the maintainability of software, several code clone detection techniques and tools have been proposed. This paper proposes a new clone detection technique, which consists of the transformation of input source text and a token-by-token comparison. For its implementation with several useful optimization techniques, we have developed a tool, named CCFinder (Code Clone Finder), which extracts code clones in C, C++, Java, COBOL and other source files. In addition, metrics for the code clones have been developed. In order to evaluate the usefulness of CCFinder and metrics, we conducted several case studies where we applied the new tool to the source code of JDK, FreeBSD, NetBSD, Linux, and many other systems. As a result, CCFinder has effectively found clones and the metrics have been able to effectively identify the characteristics of the systems. In addition, we have compared the proposed technique with other clone detection techniques.     

Implementing associations: UML 2.0 to Java 5

A significant current software engineering problem is the conceptual mismatch between the abstract concept of an association as found in modelling languages such as UML and the lower level expressive facilities available in object-oriented languages such as Java. This paper introduces some code generation patterns that aid the production of Java based implementations from UML models. The work is motivated by a project to construct model driven development tools in support of the construction of embedded systems. This involves the specification and implementation of a number of meta-models (or models of languages). Many current UML oriented tools provide code generation facilities, in particular the generation of object-oriented code from class diagrams. However, many of the more complex aspects of class diagrams, such as qualified associations are not supported. In addition, several concepts introduced in UML version 2.0 are also not supported.The aim of the work presented in this paper is to develop a number of code generation patterns that allow us to support the automatic generation of Java code from UML class diagrams that support these new and complex association concepts. These patterns significantly improve the code generation abilities of UML tools, providing a useful automation facility that bridges the gap between the concept of an association and lower level object-oriented programming languages.     

基于XMI的UML模型到XML文档转换的实现

为了充分利用软件开发过程中处在需求分析阶段的UML(Unified Modeling Language)模型图的信息,在分析XMI(XML Metadata Interchange)文档特点基础上,实现了把UML模型转换成基于XML Schema规范的XML文档。从转换的必要性出发,详述了基于XMI的这种模型转换过程及基于XML Schema规范的XML文档的生成规则。     

克隆代码分析方法研究

针对已有克隆代码检测工具只输出克隆组形式的检测结果,而无法分析克隆代码对软件质量的影响问题,提出危害软件质量的关键克隆代码的识别方法。首先,定义了克隆代码的统一表示形式,使之可以分析各种克隆检测工具的检测结果;接下来,解析源程序和克隆检测结果,识别标识符命名不一致性潜在缺陷;然后,定义了克隆关联图,在此基础上检测跨越多个实现不同功能的文件、危害软件可维护性的克隆代码;最后,对检测结果进行可视化统计分析。本文的克隆代码分析工具被应用于分析开源代码httpd,检测出了1组标识符命名不一致的克隆代码和44组危害软件可维护性的关键克隆类,实验结果表明,本文方法可以有效辅助软件开发和维护人员分析、维护克隆代码。     

On challenges of model transformation from UML to Alloy

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the de facto language used in the industry for software specifications. Once an application has been specified, Model Driven Architecture (MDA) techniques can be applied to generate code from such specifications. Since implementing a system based on a faulty design requires additional cost and effort, it is important to analyse the UML models at earlier stages of the software development lifecycle. This paper focuses on utilizing MDA techniques to deal with the analysis of UML models and identify design faults within a specification. Specifically, we show how UML models can be automatically transformed into Alloy which, in turn, can be automatically analysed by the Alloy Analyzer. The proposed approach relies on MDA techniques to transform UML models to Alloy. This paper reports on the challenges of the model transformation from UML class diagrams and OCL to Alloy. Those issues are caused by fundamental differences in the design philosophy of UML and Alloy. To facilitate better the representation of Alloy concepts in the UML, the paper draws on the lessons learnt and presents a UML profile for Alloy.     

Toward the Reverse Engineering of UML Sequence Diagrams for Distributed Java Software

This paper proposes a methodology and instrumentation infrastructure toward the reverse engineering of UML (Unified Modeling Language) sequence diagrams from dynamic analysis. One motivation is, of course, to help people understand the behavior of systems with no (complete) documentation. However, such reverse-engineered dynamic models can also be used for quality assurance purposes. They can, for example, be compared with design sequence diagrams and the conformance of the implementation to the design can thus be verified. Furthermore, discrepancies can also suggest failures in meeting the specifications. Due to size constraints, this paper focuses on the distribution aspects of the methodology we propose. We formally define our approach using metamodels and consistency rules. The instrumentation is based on aspect-oriented programming in order to alleviate the effort overhead usually associated with source code instrumentation. A case study is discussed to demonstrate the applicability of the approach on a concrete example     

基于分组的代码克隆增量检测方法

代码克隆是指软件程序中一组相同或相近的代码片段,它广泛存在于软件中,因此如何发现代码克隆成为软件维护的一个重要问题。目前已有的克隆检测工具大多针对单一版本进行完整的克隆检测,然而对于大规模、复杂软件系统而言,在软件演化过程中随着代码的改变,不断重新检测代码克隆将花费较高的代价。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于分组的增量克隆检测方法。该方法根据前后两个版本的差异将源代码分为发生变化和未发生变化的两组,通过组内和组间的克隆分析实现增量的克隆检测。基于所提出的方法,在克隆检测工具CCFinderX的基础上实现了一个名为ICDBG（incremental clone detector based on grouping）的原型工具。实验证明,在变更较小时,该方法能够在保证正确性的同时显著减少克隆检测时间。     

Tools for secure systems development with UML

For model-based development to be a success in practice, it needs to have a convincing added-value associated with its use. Our goal is to provide such added-value by developing tool-support for the analysis of UML models against difficult system requirements. Towards this goal, we describe a UML verification framework supporting the construction of automated requirements analysis tools for UML diagrams. The framework is connected to industrial CASE tools using XMI and allows convenient access to this data and to the human user. As a particular example, we present plugins for verifying models defined using the security extension UMLsec of UML. The verification framework allows advanced users of the UMLsec approach to themselves implement verification routines for the constraints of self-defined stereotypes. In particular, we focus on an analysis plug-in that utilizes the model-checker Spin to verify security properties of cryptography-based systems.     

基于 UML的嵌入式软件测试用例生成方法研究 *

基于嵌入式软件实时性、嵌入式和反应式等特点 ,对 UML进行了实时性扩展 ,运用多种 UML视图描述嵌入式系统的结构和行为 ,提出了如何从基于 UML的模型中自动生成测试用例的设计思路。     

基于版本间克隆映射的演化模式识别及谱系构建

针对当前克隆谱系的构建方法较为复杂、演化模式亟需扩充等问题,提出了新的克隆代码演化模式,并根据软件版本间的克隆代码映射关系自动构建了克隆谱系。首先,针对软件每一版本进行克隆检测并利用潜在狄利克雷分配（LDA）抽取克隆代码的主题信息;然后,根据克隆代码主题的相似度确定版本间克隆代码的映射关系;进而,根据已有的映射关系为克隆代码添加演化模式并分析演化特征;最终,结合映射信息与演化模式信息完成克隆谱系的构建。针对4款开源软件进行了克隆谱系的构建实验,实验结果表明所提克隆谱系构建方法可行,证实了新提出的演化模式在克隆代码演化过程中确实存在。实验发现约90%的克隆代码在软件演化过程中比较稳定,约67%的克隆群经历的发布版本数不超过发布版本总数的一半。实验结论及理论分析将为克隆代码的后续研究及克隆代码的维护与管理提供有力支持。     

代码克隆检测研究进展

代码克隆（code clone）,是指存在于代码库中两个及以上相同或者相似的源代码片段.代码克隆相关问题是软件工程领域研究的重要课题.代码克隆是软件开发中的常见现象,它能够提高效率,产生一定的正面效益.但是研究表明,代码克隆也会对软件系统的开发、维护产生负面的影响,包括降低软件稳定性,造成代码库冗余和软件缺陷传播等.代码克隆检测技术旨在寻找检测代码克隆的自动化方法,从而用较低成本减少代码克隆的负面效应.研究者们在代码克隆检测方面获得了一系列的检测技术成果,根据这些技术利用源代码信息的程度不同,可以将它们分为基于文本、词汇、语法、语义4个层次.现有的检测技术针对文本相似的克隆取得了有效的检测结果,但同时也面临着更高抽象层次克隆的挑战,亟待更先进的理论、技术来解决.着重从源代码表征方式角度入手,对近年来代码克隆检测研究进展进行了梳理和总结.主要内容包括：（1）根据源代码表征方式阐述并归类了现有的克隆检测方法;（2）总结了模型评估中使用的实验验证方法与性能评估指标;（3）从科学性、实用性和技术难点这3个方面归纳总结了代码克隆研究的关键问题,围绕数据标注、表征方法、模型构建和工程实践4个方面,阐述了问题的可能解决思路和研究的未来发展趋势.     

Regression test case selection and prioritization for object oriented software

In software maintenance, after modifying the software a system needs regression testing. Execution of regression testing confirms that any modified code has no adverse effect as well as does not introduce new faults in the existing functionality of the software. When working with object-oriented programming code-based testing is generally expensive. In this study, we proposed a technique for regression testing using unified modeling language (UML) diagrams and code-based analysis for object-oriented software. In this research work, the design and code based technique with an evolutionary approach are presented to select the best possible test cases from the test suite. We used the dependency graph for intermediate representation for the objectoriented program to identify the change. The selection of test cases is done at the design level using the UML model. The models are compared to identify the change between these two models. The proposed approached maximizes the value of APFD.

     

基于UML的面向方面建模方法

面向方面编程（AOP）技术通过横切关注来实现软件系统.面向方面建模可通过扩展UML来实现,在元模型层次上设计面向方面软件开发（AOSD）模型框架.从结构建模、行为建模、方面织入以及代码产生几个方面实现面向方面的建模方法.利用UML类图实现方面的结构模型,方面与核心组件及方面之间的静态模型关系.协作图表达方面与核心组件及方面之间的动态行为,并通过状态图细化方面和核心组件的动态行为,实现状态图的方面与核心组件及方面之间的织入关系,最终实现方面代码的自动生成.基于UML的方面建模填补AOP与OOP技术之间的空白,提高软件设计的模块化,增强代码的重用性、维护性.     

面向高级别代码克隆检测方法的设计与实现

代码克隆检测是软件工程中的基础研究，在软件分析和维护方面有着广泛应用。目前对于有文本差异的高级别（即学术界定义的级别3和级别4）克隆检测，现有方法存在检出率（回收率）不高的问题。基于程序依赖图PDG的检测方法是高级别克隆检测的一类重要方法，但这类方法依赖子图同构的精确图匹配算法，算法时间复杂度高且回收率较低。为此，提出了一种新的高级别代码克隆检测方法，使用基于 Weisfeiler-Lehman图核的非精确图匹配算法进行代码克隆检测。实验结果表明，与已有的代码克隆检测方法相比， 该方法可以检出更多的高级别克隆且计算时间较短。     

A systematic literature review on the use of machine learning in code clone research

Context:Research related to code clones includes detection of clones in software systems, analysis, visualization and management of clones. Detection of semantic clones and management of clones have attracted use of machine learning techniques in code clone related research.Objective:The aim of this study is to report the extent of machine learning usage in code clone related research areas.Method:The paper uses a systematic review method to report the use of machine learning in research related to code clones. The study considers a comprehensive set of 57 articles published in leading conferences, workshops and journals.Results:Code clone related research using machine learning techniques is classified into different categories. Machine learning and deep learning algorithms used in the code clone research are reported. The datasets, features used to train machine learning models and metrics used to evaluate machine learning algorithms are reported. The comparative results of various machine learning algorithms presented in primary studies are reported.Conclusion:The research will help to identify the status of using machine learning in different code clone related research areas. We identify the need of more empirical studies to assess the benefits of machine learning in code clone research and give recommendations for future research.