假塑性流体雾化研究：Ⅰ.雾化特性的研究

本文采用二流式气动喷嘴，通过激光衍射粒径分布测量系统对假塑性流体料液的雾化特性进行了试验研究，得到了物料特性（主要指粘度）和操作参数（主要指气液质量比和空气速度）以及喷嘴液气出口面积比对雾滴平均直径和尺寸分布参数的影响，并进行回归，得到预测雾滴平均直径及尺寸分布参数的关联式。     

转炉蒸发冷却器换热效率数值模拟

基于国内某钢厂65 t转炉蒸发冷却器运行参数,采用CFD方法的离散相模型模拟了蒸发冷却器内雾化液滴与高温烟气间的换热效率,考察了单个液滴粒径、雾化液滴粒径分布对换热效率的影响。结果表明,模拟结果与实际运行参数吻合较好,计算的出口温度为468 K,实际为483 K,相对误差为3.1%,模型可靠。粒径小于300 μm的雾滴均能在0.62 s内蒸发完全,不同粒径的雾滴完全蒸发所需时间最高相差20多倍。液滴与高温烟气的换热效率受粒径分布影响较大,中位粒径d50=340 ?m和d50=95 ?m的雾滴在同一截面的平均温度可相差70 K。烟气温度下降先快后慢,最后趋于平稳,烟气主要降温区域为喷嘴下游3.5 m内。     

提升管内颗粒团聚行为的离散颗粒模拟

采用计算流体力学和离散单元方法对二维提升管气固流动过程进行了数值模拟。采用大涡模拟方法模拟气体湍流流动,采用离散单元方法模拟颗粒碰撞过程。基于网格内流体能量守衡,提出了动能加权平均法,实现Euler坐标与Lagrange坐标的耦合与分解。模拟计算得到的瞬态流型揭示了颗粒聚团的合并和破碎过程及颗粒的详细运动行为,定性地揭示了提升管内气体-颗粒两相流动过程。     

团聚液雾化气泡粒径分布特性的可视化研究

泡沫团聚法是有效脱除细颗粒物PM_2.5的方法。本文对团聚液的雾化粒径进行了研究,筛选出适于团聚PM_2.5的气泡粒径的溶液及喷雾条件。文中首先对气泡粒径与团聚颗粒物的能力进行估算,进而通过CCD拍摄精细雾化喷嘴喷出的团聚液泡沫的流动过程,利用MATLAB处理图片,得出雾化气泡粒径和密度大小。实验结果表明,发泡剂会使团聚液的雾化液滴形成气泡,增大雾化颗粒直径;PAM团聚液形成的气泡粒径偏小,且雾化颗粒密度大,粒径主要分布在小于200μm范围;XTG团聚液气泡粒径偏大,CMC团聚液气泡粒径介于两者之间;0.2% CMC团聚液气泡粒径均匀,颗粒数量大;在距喷口轴向20cm处,气泡破碎和聚合趋于稳定;喷口直径0.5mm时,气泡雾化粒径大多分布在100~300μm粒径范围内,符合团聚脱除PM_2.5的气泡条件;随着温度的升高,直径在0~300μm内的气泡颗粒数量增大明显。     

水力喷射空气旋流器中射流雾化过程模拟及其机理

水力喷射空气旋流器(WSA)是一种新型高效的气液传质反应设备。采用雷诺应力模型和VOF两相流模型较好地模拟了WSA的气相压降特性、液相回流比和射流雾化过程,并讨论分析了雾化过程的机理。模拟和实验研究表明,WSA的气相压降随着进口气速的增加先后出现低压降区、压降突跳区、压降过渡区和高压降区4个特征区域,并给出了不同压降区域之间转折点气速的计算方法。射流在这4个压降区域里,分别表现为稳态射流、变形与袋式破碎、袋式破碎与剪切雾化和剪切雾化与离心分离等流态。射流在压降过渡区与高压降区的转折点左右实现充分雾化并达到最大相间传质面积。研究结果为建立基于WSA压降特性的射流雾化与流场调控方法提供了理论依据。     

连续液相碎化过程数值模拟研究

针对目前雾化研究尚未有能够模拟从入口连续相到雾化场全过程的数值模拟方法的现状,提出了一种全流场的液相雾化破碎数值模拟方法。该方法基于最大不稳定波增长率破碎理论,在喷雾头出口位置构建液膜初级破碎模型-PBM,链接VOF和DPM模型,从而形成全流场的数值模拟方法。本文使用VOF+PBM+DPM模型,基于FLUENT求解器,对一种旋流式大型喷雾头进行了数值模拟。全流场模型计算得到的喷雾场流量密度分布与实验结果进行比较,两者符合较好,表明了该模型计算雾化全过程的有效性。     

石灰石-石膏法脱硫过程中浆液雾化夹带与细颗粒排放的关系

脱硫浆液的雾化夹带是导致石灰石-石膏法脱硫过程中细颗粒物排放特征发生显著变化的主要原因。利用相位多普勒粒度分析仪(PDA)、电称低压冲击器(ELPI~+)在线测试分析了脱硫浆液雾化、夹带特性及其与细颗粒物排放的关系。结果表明,石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫过程中浆液雾化夹带可导致脱硫净烟气中含大量细小雾滴及亚微米级细颗粒,脱硫净烟气中雾滴粒径与喷嘴的雾化效果有关,主要集中在20μm以下,雾滴含固量为脱硫浆液的20%~40%。脱硫操作参数如空塔气速、液气比和浆液浓度对脱硫净烟气中的雾滴夹带量存在显著影响,适当降低空塔气速、液气比及浆液浓度,优化喷淋工艺如增加喷淋层、合理布置脱硫喷嘴,能够有效抑制浆液夹带作用,进而降低脱硫净烟气中细颗粒物的排放浓度。     

石灰石-石膏法脱硫过程中浆液雾化夹带与细颗粒排放的关系

脱硫浆液的雾化夹带是导致石灰石-石膏法脱硫过程中细颗粒物排放特征发生显著变化的主要原因。利用相位多普勒粒度分析仪（PDA）、电称低压冲击器（ELPI⁺）在线测试分析了脱硫浆液雾化、夹带特性及其与细颗粒物排放的关系。结果表明,石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫过程中浆液雾化夹带可导致脱硫净烟气中含大量细小雾滴及亚微米级细颗粒,脱硫净烟气中雾滴粒径与喷嘴的雾化效果有关,主要集中在20 μm以下,雾滴含固量为脱硫浆液的20%～40%。脱硫操作参数如空塔气速、液气比和浆液浓度对脱硫净烟气中的雾滴夹带量存在显著影响,适当降低空塔气速、液气比及浆液浓度,优化喷淋工艺如增加喷淋层、合理布置脱硫喷嘴,能够有效抑制浆液夹带作用,进而降低脱硫净烟气中细颗粒物的排放浓度。     

旋流分离器在乙二醇脱盐过程中的模拟研究

应用计算流体力学(CFD)模拟研究了旋流分离器内液固(乙二醇-NaCl)两相分离过程.应用RSS雷诺应力湍流模型、DPM离散相颗粒模型,建立液固两相分离模型,研究了旋流器结构、固相颗粒粒径、操作条件对颗粒分离效率、压降的影响.结果表明:采用优化的旋流分离器,粒径大于35μm的NaCl颗粒分离效率可以达到99.6％以上.     

固-液微型水力旋流器的实验研究与数值模拟

采用正交试验和计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,对固-液微型水力旋流器进行了初步研究。实验采用的微米级固体颗粒分别为1250目和2500目的滑石粉颗粒。首先通过正交试验研究了微型旋流器处理量和进料浓度对两种粒径的滑石粉溶液的分离效率的影响,得到较优的分离操作条件。然后利用CFD的方法对微型水力旋流器的内部流场进行数值模拟,湍流相采用雷诺应力(RSM)模型,再加入离散颗粒进一步模拟微型水力旋流器内颗粒运动,其中离散相采用离散相(DPM)模型。最终得到水力旋流器的流场的压力和速度分布云图及固体颗粒运动轨迹,为进一步优化微型水力旋流器的结构参数提供了参考。     

Spray and mixing characteristics of liquid jet in a tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer

For the design and optimization of a tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer,the atomization and mixing characteristics of liquid jet breakup in the limited tube space is a key problem.In this study,the primary breakup process of liquid jet column was analyzed by high-speed camera,then the droplet size and velocity distribution of atomized droplets were measured by Phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA).The hydrodynamic characteristics of gas flow in tubular gas–liquid atomization mixer were analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation.The results indicate that the liquid flow rate has little effect on the atomization droplet size and atomization pressure drop,and the gas flow rate is the main influence parameter.Under all experimental gas flow conditions,the liquid jet column undergoes a primary breakup process,forming larger liquid blocks and droplets.When the gas flow rate (Q_g) is less than 127 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup of large liquid blocks and droplets does not occur in venturi throat region.The Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of droplets measured at the outlet is more than 140μm,and the distribution is uneven.When Q_g127 m~3·h~(-1),the large liquid blocks and droplets have secondary breakup process at the throat region.The SMD of droplets measured at the outlet is less than 140μm,and the distribution is uniform.When 127Q_g162 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup mode of droplets is bag breakup or pouch breakup.When 181Q_g216 m~3·h~(-1),the secondary breakup mode of droplets is shear breakup or catastrophic breakup.In order to ensure efficient atomization and mixing,the throat gas velocity of the tubular atomization mixer should be designed to be about 51 m·s~(-1)under the lowest operating flow rate.The pressure drop of the tubular atomization mixer increases linearly with the square of gas velocity,and the resistance coefficient is about 2.55 in single-phase flow condition and 2.73 in gas–liquid atomization condition.     

气泡雾化喷嘴泡状流出口喷雾脉动特征

采用实验和仿真方法,对一特定气泡雾化喷嘴泡状流时混合室内的气液两相混合形态以及喷孔出口喷雾脉动特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,泡状流时气泡尺寸呈近似正态分布,气泡尺寸随液相质量流量和气液质量比增大而减小;喷雾形态和喷孔出口气液流动参数存在较大脉动,喷雾锥角脉动超过20°;气泡数量密度小且气泡直径较大时,喷雾平均锥角相对较小,且喷雾脉动现象比较严重;随着气泡数量密度增加,喷雾平均锥角呈现先快速增大后缓慢增大趋势,而喷雾锥角变异系数先快速增大随后逐渐减小并趋于稳定;复杂的流场结构是喷孔内气泡表观形态发生较大变化以及喷孔出口气液流动参数产生较大脉动的主要原因。     

转炉一次除尘新OG系统高效喷淋塔喷嘴雾化特性的模拟

利用离散相模型对转炉一次除尘新OG系统高效喷淋塔内喷嘴的雾化特性进行模拟,分析了喷射角度、喷射压力、喷射流量及喷嘴水平间距等因素对雾化场索太尔平均直径(SMD)和蒸发效率的影响. 结果表明,在一定范围内随喷射角度增加,液滴在雾化场中的覆盖面增大,液滴驻留时间变长,蒸发效率增加,雾化场SMD减小,喷射角度大于60o时,SMD值减小缓慢. 随喷射压力增大,液滴蒸发效率增加,雾化场SMD减小,压力大于1.0 MPa时对SMD的影响较小. 随喷射流量增加,液滴蒸发效率减小,雾化场SMD增加,流量小于0.15 kg/s时,SMD增加幅度偏小. 两喷嘴水平间距越大,液滴分布面积越大,但对雾化场SMD影响较小. 在一定条件下,喷嘴间距约为800 mm时,截面速度分布较均匀.     

Numerical simulation of heavy fuel oil atomization using a pulsed pressure-swirl injector

It is known that increasing the injection pressure reduces the breakup length and the droplet size. Adding pulses, on the other hand, helps to atomize the liquid into finer droplets, similar to air-assisted injectors but without altering the air-to-fuel concentration.To further reduce the droplet size and breakup length, a novel injector type, called ‘‘Pulsed Pressure-Swirl"(PPS), is introduced in this work, which is a combination of pressure-swirl and ultrasonic pulsed injectors. A pressure-swirl atomizer was designed and fabricated specifically for Mazut HFO(Heavy Fuel Oil). The droplet formation process and droplet size distribution have been studied experimentally(by shadowgraphy high speed imaging) and numerically(with the open-source Volume-of-Fluid code Gerris).Changing liquid injection pressure effect on the spray angle and film thickness has been quantified.These simulations have been used to study the primary breakup process and quantify the droplet size distributions, using different injection pulse frequencies and pressures.The numerical results have revealed that the new injector concept successfully produces finer droplets and results in a decrease in the breakup length, especially when applying high pulse frequencies, with no significant changes in the spray angle.     

Microscopic and macroscopic atomization characteristics of a pressure-swirl atomizer,injecting a viscous fuel oil

Combustion of heavy fuels is one of the main sources of greenhouse gases, particulate emissions, ashes, NOxand SOx. Gasification is an advanced and environmentally friendly process that generates combustible and clean gas products such as hydrogen. Some entrained flow gasifiers operate with Heavy Fuel Oil(HFO) feedstock. In this application, HFO atomization is very important in determining the performance and efficiency of the gasifiers.The atomization characteristics of HFO(Mazut) discharging from a pressure-swirl atomizer(PSA) are studied for different pressures difference(Δp) and temperatures in the atmospheric ambient. The investigated parameters include atomizer mass flow rate( _m), discharge coefficient(CD), spray cone angle(θ), breakup length(Lb), the unstable wavelength of undulations on the liquid sheet(λs), global and local SMD(sauter mean diameter) and size distribution of droplets. The characteristics of Mazut sheet breakup are deduced from the shadowgraph technique. The experiments on Mazut film breakup were compared with the predictions obtained from the liquid film breakup model. Validity of the theory for predicting maximum unstable wavelength was investigated for HFO(as a highly viscous liquid). A modification on the formulation of maximum unstable wavelength was presented for HFO. SMD decreases by getting far from the atomizer. The measurement for SMD and θ were compared with the available correlations. The comparisons of the available correlations with the measurements of SMD andθ show a good agreement for Ballester and Varde correlations, respectively. The results show that the experimental sizing data could be presented by Rosin-Rammler distributions very well at different pressure difference and temperatures.     

Influence of atomizer exit area ratio on the breakup morphology of coaxial air and round water jets

The goal of this article is to study the effect of atomizer exit area ratio on atomizer performance. The experiments are performed on the round liquid jet breakup of seven coaxial air‐blast atomizers with water–air systems. The breakup morphology of liquid jet is observed first. The membrane‐type breakup can be divided into two subregimes called bag‐type breakup and membrane‐fiber breakup, and a correlation of characteristic length on bag‐type breakup regime is obtained. Then, we analyze the influence of atomizer exit area ratio on the breakup morphology of water‐air jets. To obtain reasonable atomization morphology criterions, the atomizer exit area ratio is used to modify the Weber number and momentum flux ratio per unit volume. This method is found to be able to explain different experimental results in the literature, which is also close to the results of round liquid jet in cross air flow and secondary atomization. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2335–2345, 2014     

Accurate level set method for simulations of liquid atomization☆

Computational fluid dynamics is an efficient numerical approach for spray atomization study, but it is chal enging to accurately capture the gas–liquid interface. In this work, an accurate conservative level set method is intro-duced to accurately track the gas–liquid interfaces in liquid atomization. To validate the capability of this method, binary drop collision and drop impacting on liquid film are investigated. The results are in good agreement with experiment observations. In addition, primary atomization (swirling sheet atomization) is studied using this method. To the swirling sheet atomization, it is found that Rayleigh–Taylor instability in the azimuthal direction causes the primary breakup of liquid sheet and complex vortex structures are clustered around the rim of the liq-uid sheet. The effects of central gas velocity and liquid–gas density ratio on atomization are also investigated. This work lays a solid foundation for further studying the mechanism of spray atomization.     

生物柴油雾化特性仿真模拟及实验研究

为了研究风量对地沟油生物柴油在旋流喷嘴中雾化特性的影响规律,本文采用Fluent数值模拟与实验相结合的方法,在供给不同一二次风量的条件下,对地沟油生物柴油进行雾化过程分析。结果表明,在等温等压条件下,控制进入燃油燃烧器的总气量为定值429L/min时,不同一二次风量对油束雾滴的索特平均直径（D₃₂）、雾滴速度、雾化锥角和雾化贯穿距有较大的影响。随着一次风量的增大,雾滴的破碎时间变短,D₃₂逐渐减小,速度逐渐增大;雾化贯穿距和雾化锥角呈现先增大后减小的趋势,一次风量50L/min时达到最大值;且湍动能与一次风量大小成正比关系。风量对D₃₂影响存在一定限度,当一次风量达到30L/min时,D₃₂基本趋于稳定。对不同粒径的雾化液滴数量统计分析,得到了生物柴油的不同粒径数量密度分布及拟合经验公式,颗粒直径主要集中在25～75μm之间。     

FACTORS INFLUENCING FLOW PATTRENS, TEMPERATURE FIELDS AND CONSEQUENT DRYING RATES IN SPRAY DRYING

The PSI-Cell model is used to predict flow patterns and drying rates for laboratory-scale spray dryers. The liquid feed is water, with atomization producing a spectrum of droplet sizes. An analysis of the cause-and-effect relationships determining droplet trajectories, temperature fields, the location and magnitude of the backflow recirculation effect, and drying rates provides insight into the factors governing spray-air contacting and dryer performance. Independent effects are assessed for spray angle, dryer column diameter, initial droplet size distribution and droplet velocity (separately and as linked through atomizer pressure), air/water flow ratio, and liquid volatility. Inferences are made for effective dryer design, selection of operating conditions, and logic for scale-up.     

转盘离心雾化高黏非牛顿流体薄液膜纤维化特性

高黏性流体经转盘离心雾化以液滴形式进入气相可显著改善气液相间接触,其纤维化特性直接决定了雾化液滴的尺寸,是影响物料品质的关键因素。针对转盘离心雾化器,对非牛顿黏性液膜失稳纤维化过程的物理机制进行了分析,分析了高黏度流体,仅考虑黏性作用时,黏性力对纤维间距的贡献,建立了黏性力与表面张力耦合作用下液膜破碎的纤维间距预测模型,探讨了液膜纤维化的一般规律。结果表明,黏性对液膜的失稳纤维化起抑制作用,黏度提高,纤维数量减小,纤维间距增大。纤维数量与转盘边缘液膜线速度相关。进入完全纤维状模式后,纤维数量趋于稳定,提高转速引起纤维数量稳定的流量范围缩小,不利于雾化,可采用低转速、大直径转盘改善雾化效果。非牛顿高黏流体液膜破碎后的纤维数量与Weber数、等效Reynolds数和流变指数直接相关。研究结果对高黏流体的转盘离心雾化系统设计与优化提供了可借鉴的理论与应用基础。