反射圆锥几何参数对半球形吸热器光学性能的影响

基于Tracepro光学分析软件,以实验室自行研发的碟式太阳能聚光器-半球形腔式吸热器系统为对象进行三维实体建模,探寻放置腔体穹顶的反射圆锥几何参数(圆锥锥角)对吸热器性能影响规律,同时探讨吸热器采光口距聚光器焦点平面距离L对吸热器性能影响。模拟结果表明:反射圆锥半径为20 mm,锥角α=120°时,半球形腔式吸热器光学性能最优;吸热器采光口距离聚光器焦点前后变化时得出各参数呈正态分布。可为碟式太阳能聚光反射系统的设计和优化提供参考,并为下一步的实验研究提供基础。     

凹形球面石英窗对碟式系统腔体吸热器光学性能的影响

吸热器表面非均匀且高强能流载荷会降低其工作效率、安全性和服役寿命。提出一种凹形球面石英窗用于太阳能碟式聚光系统的腔体吸热器,可改善吸热器的能流均匀性、降低最大局部聚光比等光学性能指标。基于蒙特卡洛光线追迹法,考虑腔体吸热器由等开口、等面积和等高度三者共同约束,研究圆柱形、圆台形、圆柱-圆台形和球形4种腔体结构吸热器的光学性能。研究表明:采用平面石英窗时4种腔体结构吸热器的非均匀系数分别为0.60、0.86、0.70和0.74,最大局部聚光比分别为1050.0、1350.0、1190.0和1080.0;而采用凹形球面石英窗时4种腔体结构吸热器光学效率和采用平面石英窗时基本相同,但吸热器的非均匀系数分别下降到0.36、0.62、0.54和0.60,最大局部聚光比分别下降到743.7、922.2、916.5和1000.4,采用凹形球面石英窗比平面石英窗对各吸热器的光学性能均有明显提高,且其中圆柱形腔体吸热器比另外3种结构吸热器具有更好的光学性能。     

盘式聚光系统吸热器热性能实验研究

该文研究设计制作了平顶锥形吸热器,安装在一部盘式聚光系统上,利用水作工质,进行了热性能实验研究.按照定流量、变流量及当地天气情况,测试了一段时间内吸热器进出口的温度变化,分析了吸热功率和热效率.实验显示,当太阳直射辐射的辐照度升高,不论是定流量还是变流量状态,吸热功率变化趋势相同(均增加);热效率变化趋势则不同,定流量状态下降低,变流量状态下升高.研究表明,利用盘式聚光系统通过吸热器对水进行加热,所涉及的太阳直射辐射辐照度和工质状态是影响盘式聚光系统吸热器的吸热功率和热效率的重要因素.以上研究,对太阳能中高温利用及实际研发一套盘式太阳能热发电系统有一定参考作用.     

吸热器二次反射锥对太阳能斯特林热机吸热性能的影响研究

分析太阳能斯特林热机腔式吸热器的结构特点,建立以二次反射锥结构参数为变量的腔式吸热器性能参数模型。以38 kW碟式太阳能斯特林热机为研究对象,采用光线追迹法模拟分析不同二次反射锥结构对腔式吸热器表面能流等性能参数的影响。结果表明:二次反射锥对吸热器表面能流密度分布和光能利用效率有着重要影响,其中外抛物面、双曲面、球面等反射锥能显著提高吸热器表面能流分布的均匀性,同时吸热器表面光能利用率分别提高25.6%、27.3%和28.6%,但存在光线溢出吸热器表面的现象;平顶圆锥和现有38 kW热机所采用的内抛物面二次反射锥虽不能改善吸热器表面能流分布均匀性,但光能利用率能分别提高30.5%和33.0%且无光线溢出。     

聚光太阳能热发电中吸热器吸收涂层的选择

对各类聚光比的聚光太阳能热发电中的吸热器吸收涂层进行了研究,同时对耐高温太阳吸收涂层进行了高温热处理和辐射性能测试.研究表明,菲涅耳线式和抛物面槽式聚光吸热器由于聚光比较小,吸热体表面温度较低,主要采用选择性涂层以提高吸热表面温度和吸热效率;而塔式和抛物面碟式聚光吸热器由于聚光比大,吸热体表面温度较高,高温时的吸收涂层在红外波段的吸收率下降,因此主要采用高吸收率的耐高温涂料为太阳吸收涂层.     

球形腔式太阳能吸热器性能的数值研究

利用蒙特卡洛光线追踪法分析了6种不同开口比(D/d)的球形腔式吸热器的光学性能,并以光学模拟所得壁面能流作为热分析的边界条件导入CFD软件中,运用CFD软件对6种不同开口比的球形腔式吸热器进行流固耦合传热计算,获得了球形腔式吸热器和内部流体的温度场分布。通过计算球形腔式吸热器的反射光损失、对流热损失和热辐射损失,得到聚光器/球形腔式吸热器系统的光热转化效率为81.9%～84.4%,球形腔式吸热器的最佳开口比1相似文献   

超临界二氧化碳太阳能腔式吸热器数值模拟研究

针对太阳能碟式聚光器,设计了一种工质为超临界二氧化碳的圆台形腔式吸热器,建立了腔式吸热器的光热模型。采用蒙特卡洛光线追踪法分析了腔式吸热器的光学特性,并基于相关理论,将热边界条件导入Ansys Fluent软件中,对腔式吸热器的光学特性及流动传热特性进行了计算流体力学(CFD)仿真模拟,得到腔式吸热器内工质出口温度、工质流动压降、光学效率、热效率以及散热损失随着工质进口温度(100～200℃)和太阳光辐射强度(400～1 200 W/m²)的变化规律。结果表明：不同太阳光辐射强度下,吸热器的光学效率基本不变;太阳光辐射强度对腔式吸热器热效率的影响不明显;工质进口温度越高,吸热器的热效率越低;腔式吸热器散热损失中,自然对流散热损失最大,其次是辐射散热损失及导热散热损失。     

基于镜面积尘的线性菲涅尔系统聚光性能研究

针对线性菲涅尔反射式（LFR）聚光集热系统镜面积尘所引起的光学损失问题,建立镜面积尘的系统三维模型,利用蒙特卡洛光线追迹法进行光学仿真模拟,研究灰尘颗粒形状、粒径以及镜面积尘密度对光线路径、系统能流密度和聚光效率的影响,并利用LFR能流密度测试系统来验证仿真模拟方法的可靠性。结果表明,球体颗粒对光线有汇聚作用,入射至正方体颗粒的光线会被完全吸收,镜面积尘密度增加1 g/m²,吸热管周的平均能流密度降低625.17 W/m²,系统的聚光效率下降5.53%,且镜面积尘颗粒的粒径越小,吸热管周的能流密度下降越严重,不同积尘密度下仿真模拟与试验测试的能流密度变化趋势一致,两者之间误差为9.6%。     

基于碟式聚光的太阳能盘管吸热试验与模拟

为开发适合太阳能布雷顿循环的压缩空气吸热器,利用碟式聚光系统,在实际太阳辐射下研究盘管式空气吸热器运行特性。试验表明,压缩空气出口温度可达800℃以上,最高热效率达到61.2%,最大吸热功率为30.6 kW。利用Fluent建立吸热器的三维稳态模型,获得吸热器内的温度分布,指出减小采光孔尺寸,可大幅降低吸热器的辐射和对流损失,将吸热效率从56.8%提高到75.8%。建立吸热器的一维瞬态模型,阐明实际太阳辐射波动条件下吸热器的瞬态运行特性,模拟结果与试验结果的最大平均相对误差为10.7%,结果可为太阳能布雷顿循环系统的高温气体吸热器的设计与运行提供重要参考。     

一种新型腔式吸热器的设计与实验研究

根据碟式聚光镜聚光后的焦平面处辐射能能流分布图以及关键尺寸对各种热量损失的影响，设计出一种新型高效腔式吸热器，专门用于太阳能中高温热利用与热发电。利用数学模型模拟出吸热器的热效率，并运用实验手段加以论证。计算与实验结果表明，该吸热器热效率在内部壁面温度达到400℃，热效率能达到85％以上，且工作性能稳定，完全达到预期的设计要求。     

Ray tracing and simulation for the beam-down solar concentrator

The ray tracing equations for the beam-down solar concentrator have been derived in this paper. Based on the equations, a new module for the simulation of the beam-down solar concentrating system has been developed and incorporated into the code HFLD. To validate the ray tracing equations, a simple beam-down solar concentrating system consisting of 3 heliostats and a hyperboloid reflector is simulated. The concentrated spots at the lower focal point of the hyperboloid reflector for the beam-down system are calculated by the modified code HFLD and then compared with that calculated by the commercial software Zemax. It is found that the calculated results coincide with each other basically. Furthermore, a beam-down solar concentrator consisting of 31 heliostats, a tower reflector and a CPC is designed and simulated by using the modified code HFLD. The concentrated spots of the beam-down solar concentrator are calculated.     

Stretched tape design of fixed mirror solar concentrator with curved mirror elements

The optical design of a fixed mirror line-focus solar concentrator, using curved mirror elements whose radius of curvature is matched to the radius of the reference cylinder of the concentrator, is presented. It is shown that this design leads to a considerable decrease in the transverse width of the focal intensity profile as compared with a fixed mirror solar concentrator of similar design made of flat mirror elements, and thus enables reduction in the cost of the heat receiver assembly. The development of a stretched tape construction of a 12 m × 3 m fixed mirror solar concentrator, conforming to the above design by using cold rolled steel tapes with constant levels of curvature across their width as substrates for the curved mirror elements, is briefly reported. Results from optical tests on the concentrator, which confirm the predictions from the theoretical model of the optics of the concentrator, are presented.     

太阳能会聚器的优化设计

讨论了用光学设计软件CODE V对太阳能会聚器进行优化设计的问题。在描述了太阳能会聚器的主要设计参数后，我们分析了抛物型会聚器的特性。利用光学设计软件，设计出一类新的高次非球面会聚器。实验结果表明，此类会聚器可实行间断跟踪太阳，且接收面光能量分布均匀，提高了系统转换效率，还具有节约能量、降低成本等优点。     

Mirror rearrangement optimization for uniform flux distribution on the cavity receiver of solar parabolic dish concentrator system

The nonuniform and high‐gradient solar radiation flux on the absorber surface of solar dish concentrator/cavity receiver (SDCR) system will affect its operational reliability and service lifetime. Therefore, homogenization of the flux distribution is critical and important. In this paper, 2 mirror rearrangement strategies and its optimization method by combining a novel ray tracing method and the genetic algorithm are proposed to optimize the parabolic dish concentrator (PDC) so as to realize the uniform flux distribution on the absorber surface inside the cavity receiver of SDCR system. The mirror rearrangement strategy includes a mirror rotation strategy and mirror translation strategy, which rotate and translate (along the focal axis) each mirror unit of the PDC to achieve multipoint aiming, respectively. Firstly, a correlation model between the focus spot radius and mirror rearrangement parameters is derived as constraint model to optimize the PDC. Secondly, a novel method named motion accumulation ray‐tracing method is proposed to reduce the optical simulation time. The optical model by motion accumulation ray‐tracing method and optimization model of SDCR system are established in detailed, and then, an optimization program by combining a ray‐tracing code and genetic algorithm code in C++ is developed and verified. Finally, 3 typical cavity receivers, namely, cylindrical, conical, and spherical, are taken as examples to fully verify the effectiveness of these proposed methods. The results show that the optimized PDC by mirror rearrangement strategies can not only greatly improve the flux uniformity (ie, reduce the nonuniformity factor) and reduce the peak local concentration ratio of the absorber surface but also obtain excellent optical efficiency and direct useful energy ratio. A better optimization results when the PDC is optimized by mirror rotation strategy at aperture radius of 7.0 m, focal length of 6.00 m, and ring number of 6; the nonuniform factor of the cylindrical, conical, and spherical cavity receivers is greatly reduced from 0.63, 0.67, and 0.45 to 0.18, 0.17, and 0.26, respectively; the peak local concentration ratio is reduced from 1140.00, 1399.00, and 633.30 to 709.10, 794.00, and 505.90, respectively; and the optical efficiency of SDCR system is as high as 92.01%, 92.13%, and 92.71%, respectively. These results also show that the dish concentrator with same focal length can match different cavity receivers by mirror rearrangement and it can obtain excellent flux uniformity.     

Progress in beam-down solar concentrating systems

Concentrating solar technologies are promising renewable energy systems for exploiting incident beam solar irradiation with high exergy efficiency values. These systems provide the possibility for producing useful heat at high temperatures that can be utilized by highly efficient power cycles or producing directly solar fuels with receiver reactor technology. In the last years, the concept of beam-down concentrating solar technology gains more and more attention due to a series of advantages associated with this idea. This concept is based on the use of two-stage reflectors for concentrating solar irradiation close to the ground, something that leads to a more compact system with reduced height. Furthermore, the high-temperature heat production and the chemical processes take place on the ground and not at a great height, increasing the safety levels of the system. Moreover, this design leads to compact configurations with lower materials use, lower wind loads and without the need to move the receiver for tracking the sun.The objective of this review is to present the recent progress on beam-down solar concentrating technology and to highlight the need for giving attention to this direction. Critical advantages of this technology are demonstrated and the associated limitations are discussed. The emphasis is on the presentation of the different technologies that can be coupled with the beam-down technology. Thermodynamic power cycles (Brayton, Rankine and Stirling), photovoltaics, thermochemical processes, as well as other applications are included and discussed. Practically, power production and solar fuels are the major useful outputs that can be generated by beam-down solar concentrating configurations. The reviewed technologies are critically discussed and compared in terms of energy, economic and environmental aspects. Future steps in the field are suggested based on the existing literature.     

Study on design of molten salt solar receivers for beam-down solar concentrator

Systems using molten salt as thermal media have been proposed for solar thermal power generation and for synthetic fuel production. We have been developing molten salt solar receivers, in which molten salt is heated by concentrated solar radiation, in the Solar Hybrid Fuel Project of Japan. A cavity shaped receiver, which is suitable for a beam-down type solar concentration system, was considered. In order to design molten salt solar receivers, a numerical simulation program for the prediction of characteristics of receivers was developed. The simulation program presents temperature distributions of a receiver and molten salt with the use of heat flux distribution of solar radiation and properties of composing materials as input data. Radiation to heat conversion efficiency is calculated from input solar power and heat transferred to molten salt. The thermal resistance of molten salt and the maximum discharge pressure of molten salt pumps were taken into account as restrictions for the design of receivers. These restrictions require control of maximum receiver temperature and pressure drop in the molten salt channel. Based on the incident heat flux distribution formed with a 100 MWth class beam-down type solar concentration system, we proposed a shape of solar receiver that satisfies the requirements. The radiation to heat conversion efficiency of the designed receiver was calculated to be about 90%.     

Optimized variable-focus-parabolic-trough reflector for solar thermal concentrator system

A solar thermal concentrator system is proposed comprising a cylindrical heat-pipe receiver and a variable-focus-parabolic-trough (VFPT) reflector in which the focal length varies as a function of the vertical displacement of the incidence point relative to the horizontal centerline of the receiver. The light ray paths within the concentrator system are analyzed using a skew-ray tracing approach. A method is then proposed for optimizing the geometry of the concentrator system in such a way as to optimize the uniformity of the irradiance distribution on the heat-pipe surface. The validity of the proposed optimization method is demonstrated by means of ZEMAX/SolidWorks-Flow simulations. It is shown that the optimized VFPT concentrator yields a significant improvement in both the irradiance uniformity and the heating efficiency compared to conventional cylindrical-trough and parabolic-trough concentrators.     

Optimal geometries of plane mirror solar collectors

This paper presents an analytical study of a stationary plane mirror solar concentrator. It is composed of an array of East-West oriented trapezoidal channels with two sided reflecting walls and a tubular absorber as a receiver at the base. We have analysed and identified the most practical design parameters for a trough like concentrator. The one- and two-faceted plane side wall configurations with tubular receiver at the base of the trough have been studied in detail. It has been concluded that large savings in reflecting surfaces are possible while sacrificing some reduction in concentration. A theoretical prediction for the dependance of absorber efficiency on temperature has been obtained.     

Conical receiver for a paraboloidal concentrator with large rim angle

The design and optimization of novel type of receiver for a paraboloidal concentrator with 90° rim angle is carried out by means of detailed ray tracing simulations. Cylindrical, conical, and spherical geometries are compared and their dimensions optimized. The chosen design is based on a conical cavity, which differs from similar receivers developed for concentrators with smaller rim angles. In particular, the receiver is able to catch concentrated solar energy both on its outer side and on the inner walls. Water flows inside the receiver along the conical geometry, in a double layer configuration. The receiver was built and implemented in a 90° rim angle paraboloidal concentrator. Thermal efficiency of the system is evaluated for different flow rates and inlet temperatures, both in stationary and in transient regimes, and results for fluid temperatures are compared with the results predicted by a thermal model. The time constant is evaluated.     

Effects of geometrical parameters of a dish concentrator on the optical performance of a cavity receiver in a solar dish‐Stirling system

Dish‐Stirling concentrated solar power (DS‐CSP) system is a complex system for solar energy‐thermal‐electric conversion. The dish concentrator and cavity receiver are optical devices for collecting the solar energy in DS‐CSP system; to determine the geometric parameters of dish concentrator is one of the important steps for design and development of DS‐CSP system, because it directly affects the optical performance of the cavity receiver. In this paper, the effects of the geometric parameters of a dish concentrator including aperture radius, focal length, unfilled radius, and fan‐shaped unfilled angle on optical performance (ie, optical efficiency and flux distribution) of a cavity receiver were studied. Furthermore, the influence of the receiver‐window radius of the cavity receiver and solar direct normal irradiance is also investigated. The cavity receiver is a novel structure that is equipped with a reflecting cone at bottom of the cavity to increases the optical efficiency of the cavity receiver. Moreover, a 2‐dimensional ray‐tracking program is developed to simulate the sunlight transmission path in DS‐CSP system, for helping understanding the effects mechanism of above parameters on optical performance of the cavity receiver. The analysis indicates that the optical efficiency of the cavity receiver with and without the reflecting cone is 89.88% and 85.70%, respectively, and former significantly increased 4.18% for 38 kW XEM‐Dish system. The uniformity factor of the flux distribution on the absorber surface decreases with the decreases of the rim angle of the dish concentrator, but the optical efficiency of the cavity receiver increases with the decreases of the rim angle and the increase amplitude becomes smaller and smaller when the rim angle range from 30° to 75°, So the optical efficiency and uniformity factor are conflicting performance index. Moreover, the unfilled radius has small effect on the optical efficiency, while the fan‐shaped unfilled angle and direct normal irradiance both not affect the optical efficiency. In addition, reducing the receiver‐window radius can improve the optical efficiency, but the effect is limited. This work could provide reference for design and optimization of the dish concentrator and establishing the foundation for further research on optical‐to‐thermal energy conversion.