改进风力机三维尾流模型及其风速预测准确性研究北大核心CSCD

针对大型风力机受来流风切变影响,风速差最大达到30%的问题,文章以2D_K Jensen尾流模型为基础,提出了一种改进的三维尾流模型。该模型基于质量守恒理论,通过综合考虑入流的风切变效应、尾流区域的湍流强度分布和各异性的尾流扩展率等因素,修正垂直剖面尾流速度的非对称分布,提高了尾流模型在近尾流区的预测精度。通过与风洞实验测试数据进行对比分析,发现文章提出的修正模型在近尾流区与风洞测试数据吻合较好。该模型能够较好地预测单个风力机尾流区域的速度分布,且无需数值模拟确定经验参数,可用于风电场的微观选址和发电量评估。     

基于2D Frandsen模型的风力机尾流数值模拟

针对二维尾流模型计算精度不高的问题,基于Frandsen模型和径向尾流速度亏损呈高斯分布假设,提出一种2D Frandsen模型,该模型同时考虑环境湍流强度和地表粗糙度对尾流的影响。通过2D Frandsen模型对单台风力机尾流场进行模拟,并将模拟结果与风场实测数据和风洞实验数据进行对比,结果表明,该文的2D Frandsen模型可准确预测多种工况下尾流区域的各点风速,在径向分布上更符合真实流场,计算精度优于修正Frandsen模型和2D_k Jensen模型。     

两种新修正工程模型对多台风力机尾流数值模拟分析

基于Park模型尾流区线性膨胀假设、径向风速呈高斯分布和多项式分布假设,提出两种新的修正工程尾流模型Park-Gauss模型和Park-polynomial模型,并对两台风力机全尾流和偏尾流效应进行数值模拟研究。分别对Park模型、2D Jensen模型、Park-Gauss模型以及Park-polynomial模型进行对比研究。经过与LES数值结果比较,结果表明,新修正的Park-Gauss模型可很好模拟全尾流效应,其计算精度要优于Park模型、2D Jensen模型以及Park-polynomial模型;Park-Gauss和Park-polynomial模型均能比较好地模拟偏尾流效应,但Park-polynomial模型更优于前者;两种新的修正工程尾流模型在精度上不仅与LES结果接近一致,而且在径向分布上也更符合真实流场。     

计及能量掺混的风电机组尾流叠加模型研究

风电机组可能受上游多台机组尾流共同影响,工程中一般应用叠加模型来模拟这种尾流叠加效应。尾流区与周围大气的能量掺混导致了尾流恢复,目前常用的尾流叠加模型无法体现这个效应。应用一维动量理论计算风电机组尾流区从周围大气吸收的能量,在能量守恒叠加模型的基础上,通过补充这部分掺混能量对其进行修正,从而提高了尾流场模拟精度。在Lillgrund海上风电场应用能量掺混叠加模型,流场模拟结果与实测数据对比表明,该模型可以准确模拟风电场内机组功率变化趋势,且相较于传统模型计算精度更高,对风电场发电量计算具有一定的参考价值。     

涡模型对风力机气动特性的影响研究

比较了4种涡模型的诱导速度分布特征,包括两种层流涡模型和两种湍流涡模型。分别将4种涡模型应用至自由涡尾迹方法的尾涡诱导速度计算中,分析涡模型对风力机低速轴扭矩和尾流的影响。研究表明,在大风速下,湍流涡模型更能真实地反映流动状态;各个模型均能较好地捕捉流场结构和叶尖涡,层流涡模型的尾流涡量更集中,但耗散更快,湍流涡模型的涡量分布均匀,且耗散慢;涡模型对风力机近尾迹区域的尾流风速影响,比对远尾迹区域尾流风速的影响大。     

基于Park-Gauss模型的风场尾流数值模拟

基于Park模型尾流区线性膨胀假设和径向风速呈高斯分布假设,提出一种新型工程尾流模型Park-Gauss模型,对单台风力机尾流场进行数值模拟研究。采用两种初始尾流半径(风轮半径和紧靠风轮下游处的尾流半径),分别对Park模型、2D Jensen模型以及Park-Gauss模型进行对比研究。经过与风场实测数据和风洞试验的比较,结果表明:以紧靠风轮下游处的尾流半径作为初始尾流半径会明显提高尾流场的预测精度;新提出的ParkGauss模型计算精度优于2D Jensen模型和Park模型;Park-Gauss模型可很好模拟尾流区的风速,不仅在精度上与试验结果接近,而且在径向分布上也更符合真实流场。     

基于Frandsen尾流半径假设的风力机尾流模型研究

在Frandsen非线性尾流半径假设的基础上,推导得出考虑环境湍流强度和风力机推力系数影响的Frandsen高斯修正尾流速度模型,并提出Frandsen双高斯湍流强度模型。以600 kW单风力机为案例,通过开展风洞试验和大涡模拟2种研究手段验证2个修正模型的预测效果。结果表明,Frandsen高斯修正尾流速度模型在径向尾流上预测效果更好,模型平均误差下降至7%,优于Frandsen速度模型。Frandsen双高斯湍流强度模型则能更好反映实际湍流强度在尾流场的变化特征。2种修正模型均比传统模型具有更好的预测效果,为风力机设计提供了新的尾流模型。     

计及风向不确定性的海上风电场年发电量计算

以欧洲Lillgrund海上风电场为例,建立基于Larsen尾流模型及线性叠加模型的风电场输出功率及发电量计算模型;考虑风电机组偏航偏差等风向不确定性的影响,建立基于高斯平均方法的风电场计算功率修正模型;结合风电场实测数据及发电量计算收敛过程分析,研究了修正模型对风电场功率及发电量计算的影响。结果表明,所建立的尾流作用下的风电场功率计算模型能够较好地反应实际风电场的尾流影响特征,高斯平均修正方法进一步提高了尾流作用下风电场功率计算精度,并提高了发电量计算的收敛速度。在风电场年发电量计算中考虑风向不确定性的影响,对于提高模型评估与验证的准确性具有重要意义。     

基于改进k-ω SST模型的风力机尾流数值模拟

基于双方程k-ω SST模型提出两种改进湍流模型,采用丹麦科技大学的自编求解器EllipSys3D结合致动盘方法,对单台风力机尾流流场进行数值模拟。该文将SST-sust模型引入到风力机尾流的数值研究中,为了更进一步增大预测到的湍流强度和提高尾流恢复速度,提出SST-Csust模型和SST-Dsust模型,它们是在SST-sust模型的基础上分别调整湍流模型的封闭常系数、修正ω方程的耗散项。通过与理论、实验以及LES模型进行对比分析,结果表明该文提出的改进模型在尾流区速度分布和湍流强度分布的预测方面可取得较好的应用效果。     

基于改进的Jensen模型尾流数值模拟研究

为提高垂直方向尾流速度的预测精度，基于尾流速度在垂直方向呈现多项式分布的假设，考虑不同高度自然风速对尾流速度的影响，提出一种改进的Jensen尾流模型。以单台风力机作为研究对象，采用Jensen模型、高斯模型和改进的Jensen模型分别对风力机尾流速度进行数值模拟，并基于改进的Jensen模型分析大气稳定性对尾流速度恢复的影响。仿真结果表明，改进的尾流模型精度优于Jensen模型和高斯模型，在下游2.5D、4.0D和8.0D(D为风轮直径)距离处的误差低至7.35%、2.82%和3.44%。尾流速度恢复和大气稳定性密切相关，越稳定的大气层湍流强度越小，越不利于尾流速度恢复。     

Self‐similarity and turbulence characteristics of wind turbine wakes via large‐eddy simulation

Mean and turbulent properties of the wake generated by a single wind turbine are studied in this paper with a new large eddy simulation (LES) code, the wind turbine and turbulence simulator (WiTTS hereafter). WiTTS uses a scale‐dependent Lagrangian dynamical model of the sub‐grid shear stress and actuator lines to simulate the effects of the rotating blades. WiTTS is first tested by simulating neutral boundary layers without and with a wind turbine and then used to study the common assumptions of self‐similarity and axisymmetry of the wake under neutral conditions for a variety of wind speeds and turbine properties. We find that the wind velocity deficit generally remains self similarity to a Gaussian distribution in the horizontal. In the vertical, the Gaussian self‐similarity is still valid in the upper part of the wake, but it breaks down in the region of the wake close to the ground. The horizontal expansion of the wake is always faster and greater than the vertical expansion under neutral stability due to wind shear and impact with the ground. Two modifications to existing equations for the mean velocity deficit and the maximum added turbulence intensity are proposed and successfully tested. The anisotropic wake expansion is taken into account in the modified model of the mean velocity deficit. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets show that production and advection exceed dissipation and turbulent transport. The nacelle causes significant increase of every term in the TKE budget in the near wake. In conclusion, WiTTS performs satisfactorily in the rotor region of wind turbine wakes under neutral stability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validation of four LES and a vortex model against stereo-PIV measurements in the near wake of an actuator disc and a wind turbine

In this paper we report the results of a workshop organised by the Delft University of Technology in 2014, aiming at the comparison between different state-of-the-art numerical models for the simulation of wind turbine wakes. The chosen benchmark case is a wind tunnel measurement, where stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry was employed to obtain the velocity field and turbulence statistics in the near wake of a two-bladed wind turbine model and of a porous disc, which mimics the numerical actuator used in the simulations. Researchers have been invited to simulate the experimental case based on the disc drag coefficient and the inflow characteristics. Four large eddy simulation (LES) codes from different institutions and a vortex model are part of the comparison. The purpose of this benchmark is to validate the numerical predictions of the flow field statistics in the near wake of an actuator disc, a case that is highly relevant for full wind farm applications. The comparison has shown that, despite its extreme simplicity, the vortex model is capable of reproducing the wake expansion and the centreline velocity with very high accuracy. Also all tested LES models are able to predict the velocity deficit in the very near wake well, contrary to what was expected from previous literature. However, the resolved velocity fluctuations in the LES are below the experimentally measured values.     

Synthetic atmospheric turbulence and wind shear in large eddy simulations of wind turbine wakes

A method of generating a synthetic ambient wind field in neutral atmosphere is described and verified for modelling the effect of wind shear and turbulence on a wind turbine wake using the flow solver EllipSys3D. The method uses distributed volume forces to represent turbulent fluctuations, superimposed on top of a mean deterministic shear layer consistent with that used in the IEC standard for wind turbine load calculations. First, the method is evaluated by running a series of large‐eddy simulations in an empty domain, where the imposed turbulence and wind shear is allowed to reach a fully developed stage in the domain. The performance of the method is verified by comparing the turbulence intensity and spectral distribution of the turbulent energy to the spectral distribution of turbulence generated by the IEC suggested Mann model. Second, the synthetic turbulence and wind shear is used as input for simulations with a wind turbine, represented by an actuator line model, to evaluate the development of turbulence in a wind turbine wake. The resulting turbulence intensity and spectral distribution, as well as the meandering of the wake, are compared to field data. Overall, the performance of the synthetic methods is found to be adequate to model atmospheric turbulence, and the wake flow results of the model are in good agreement with field data. An investigation is also carried out to estimate the wake transport velocity, used to model wake meandering in lower‐order models. The conclusion is that the appropriate transport velocity of the wake lies somewhere between the centre velocity of the wake deficit and the free stream velocity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风力机三维尾流模型的提出与校核

针对大型风力机叶轮范围内风剪切效应突出以及当前工程尾流模型局限于二维空间而忽略垂直方向风速变化的问题,该文综合考虑风速和湍流强度切变效应对尾流的影响,在前期所发展的二维2D_K Jensen尾流模型的基础上,提出一种新型三维尾流模型。之后,新模型被应用于多种工况条件、多种类型的风力机尾流计算中,较为全面地验证其精度及适用性。通过与外场实测和其他高精度数值模拟的结果进行对比,表明新模型对流向、横风向和垂直向的尾流速度均具有良好的预测精度,将来可应用于大型风电场发电量评估和微观选址工作。     

A stochastic wind turbine wake model based on new metrics for wake characterization

Understanding the detailed dynamics of wind turbine wakes is critical to predicting the performance and maximizing the efficiency of wind farms. This knowledge requires atmospheric data at a high spatial and temporal resolution, which are not easily obtained from direct measurements. Therefore, research is often based on numerical models, which vary in fidelity and computational cost. The simplest models produce axisymmetric wakes and are only valid beyond the near wake. Higher‐fidelity results can be obtained by solving the filtered Navier–Stokes equations at a resolution that is sufficient to resolve the relevant turbulence scales. This work addresses the gap between these two extremes by proposing a stochastic model that produces an unsteady asymmetric wake. The model is developed based on a large‐eddy simulation (LES) of an offshore wind farm. Because there are several ways of characterizing wakes, the first part of this work explores different approaches to defining global wake characteristics. From these, a model is developed that captures essential features of a LES‐generated wake at a small fraction of the cost. The synthetic wake successfully reproduces the mean characteristics of the original LES wake, including its area and stretching patterns, and statistics of the mean azimuthal radius. The mean and standard deviation of the wake width and height are also reproduced. This preliminary study focuses on reproducing the wake shape, while future work will incorporate velocity deficit and meandering, as well as different stability scenarios. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于非均匀致动盘的风力机尾流模拟分析

针对常规致动盘方法中诱导因子均匀分布，而实际叶片的诱导因子沿径向变化的问题，提出了诱导因子非均匀分布的方法来模拟风力机的尾流流场。先以常规致动盘方法进行计算，根据理论和试验数据对比验证流场参数；在此基础上由叶片翼型参数求出诱导因子，根据其沿径向非均匀分布的特点进行计算，定性分析其尾流流场的特点及发展变化过程；最后，应用该方法分析两台同轴风力机在不同间距下所受到的影响。该研究结果可为风电场微观选址提供参考。     

基于非均匀致动盘的风力机尾流模拟分析

针对常规致动盘方法中诱导因子均匀分布,而实际叶片的诱导因子沿径向变化的问题,提出了诱导因子非均匀分布的方法来模拟风力机的尾流流场。先以常规致动盘方法进行计算,根据理论和试验数据对比验证流场参数;在此基础上由叶片翼型参数求出诱导因子,根据其沿径向非均匀分布的特点进行计算,定性分析其尾流流场的特点及发展变化过程;最后,应用该方法分析两台同轴风力机在不同间距下所受到的影响。该研究结果可为风电场微观选址提供参考。     

Wake impacts on downstream wind turbine performance and yaw alignment

Aerodynamic wake interaction between commercial scale wind turbines can be a significant source of power losses and increased fatigue loads across a wind farm. Significant research has been dedicated to the study of wind turbine wakes and wake model development. This paper profiles influential wake regions for an onshore wind farm using 6 months of recorded SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) data. An average wind velocity deficit of over 30% was observed corresponding to power coefficient losses of 0.2 in the wake region. Wind speed fluctuations are also quantified for an array of turbines, inferring an increase in turbulence within the wake region. A study of yaw data within the array showed turbine nacelle misalignment under a range of downstream wake angles, indicating a characteristic of wind turbine behaviour not generally considered in wake studies. The turbines yaw independently in order to capture the increased wind speeds present due to the lateral influx of turbulent wind, contrary to many experimental and simulation methods found in the literature. Improvements are suggested for wind farm control strategies that may improve farm‐wide power output. Additionally, possible causes for wind farm wake model overestimation of wake losses are proposed.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.