新型絮凝剂APPFS的制备及在生活污水中的应用

本文采用碱化法,在引入PO_4~(3-)制备聚合磷硫酸铁的过程中加入改性凹凸棒,制备出新型无机高分子絮凝剂聚合磷硫酸铁-凹凸棒(APPFS)。生活污水处理结果表明:APPFS投加量32mg/L,废水p H值为8左右,沉降10min为最佳絮凝条件,除浊率达到94.91%,CODCr去除率达到63.40%。在最佳絮凝条件下,絮凝剂APPFS的絮凝性能明显优于PFS。     

含硼聚硅酸硫酸铁锌复合絮凝剂的制备及性能

制备了含硼聚硅酸硫酸铁锌复合絮凝剂(PSFZB),研究了硅酸钠溶液浓度、硅酸聚合时间、Fe／Si、Zn／Si、 B／Si等因素对絮凝效果的影响,通过正交试验确定最佳制备工艺条件。试验结果表明,研制的PSFZB絮凝剂具有很好的稳定性和较佳的处理效果,适用的pH范围广,是一种较PAC、PFC优良的絮凝剂。     

DMDAAC复配改性PFSS处理高砷、镉废水的研究

以中高浓度As、Cd废水为处理对象,探讨了二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)复配改性聚合硅酸硫酸铁(PFSS)的絮凝性能。PFSS与DMDAAC复配形成稳定的均相复合溶液,当温度为100℃、DMDAAC投加量为200 mL/L、复配时间为5 min时制备的液态复合絮凝剂的絮凝效果最佳。复合絮凝剂在投加量为12.5 mL/L、pH值为8的条件下,能够有效去除废水中的Cd、As,出水中的Cd、As含量满足试验设计要求(Cd≤0.05 mg/L、As≤0.5 mg/L)和《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准》(GB 25466—2010)的要求。FT-IR和SEM检测结果表明,复合絮凝剂是相互融合的复合体系,PFSS改变了DMDAAC所处的化学环境,使其中一些官能团的特征吸收峰发生位移。     

炼油厂剩余污泥絮凝效果的影响因素研究

研究了絮凝剂的投加顺序、温度、pH对絮凝效果的影响.结果表明,当复合投加聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)/聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)时,应先投加PAFC再投加PAM,此时的絮凝效果较好.PAFC的絮凝性能受pH的影响较大,其最适pH值为7.5～8.5;PAM和复合絮凝刺PAFC/PAM的絮凝性能受pH的影响均较小,二者的适应性均很强,其最适pH值均为8.0～8.5.当污泥温度为30～55℃时,各絮凝剂的絮凝性能随温度的升高而增强,对复合絮凝剂PAFC/PAM来说,应将水温控制在40～55℃之间,此时的絮凝效果比较理想.     

壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝性能中试研究

以长江镇江段原水为处理对象,在中试规模下通过正交试验方法研究了壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝性能,并考察了不同因素对其絮凝效果的影响。结果表明,不同因素对该絮凝剂絮凝效果的影响程度为:絮凝剂投量絮凝时间絮凝搅拌速度;当絮凝剂投量为0.5 mg/L,絮凝时间为20 min,三联机械搅拌絮凝池的搅拌速度依次为150、100和50 r/min时,絮凝效果最佳,此时砂滤出水浊度1 NTU,满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的要求;与现行使用的聚合硫酸铁相比,使用该絮凝剂时砂滤出水浊度略高,但其用量远低于聚合硫酸铁的(平均约为25mg/L)。另外,壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝效果随接枝率的增大而先升后降,当接枝率为286%时,絮凝效果最好。     

响应面法优化光聚合CMCTS-g-CPAM及其污泥脱水性能

以羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCTS)为主链模板、丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为共聚单体,通过紫外光引发聚合法制备新型阳离子絮凝剂CMCTS-g-CPAM。采用响应曲面法(RSM)得到CMCTS-g-CPAM的最佳制备条件:光照时间为2h、光引发剂质量分数为0.04%、pH值为8。接枝共聚物CMCTS-g-CPAM的红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振(~1H-NMR)表征表明AM、DMC和CMCTS已成功聚合。污泥脱水实验验证其具有良好的污泥脱水性能:在絮凝剂投加量和pH值分别为30mg/L和10时,污泥比阻(SRF)由9.10×10~(13) m/kg降至1.96×10~(13) m/kg,滤饼含水率(FCMC)从90.15%降至79.28%,其污泥脱水效果和经济效益均优于市售CPAM。同时,此研究在污泥脱水中的应用为污泥脱水领域的絮凝处理和改性壳聚糖提供了一定参考。     

聚磷硫酸铁混凝去除邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素

基于磷酸根对聚合硫酸铁（PFS）的强增聚作用,以聚合硫酸铁、Na 2HPO 4为原料,研制出一种新型复合絮凝剂聚磷硫酸铁（PPFS）。通过红外图谱（IR）和电镜扫描（SEM）分析,对PPFS的结构进行了表征,对其絮凝机理进行了探讨,并考察了PPFS的投加量、nPO 43-/nFe3+和碱化度对邻苯二甲酸酯类去除效果的影响。结果表明：PPFS对邻苯二甲酸酯类具有良好去除效果,当投加量为70 mg·L-1、nPO 43-/nFe3+为0.3、碱化度为30%时,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯的去除率分别为67.93%、84.55%、90.88%和88.69%。     

PBC/PLA/凹凸棒土纳米复合材料的制备与性能研究

将聚碳酸丁二醇酯(PBC)/聚乳酸(PLA)全生物降解材料与凹凸棒土制备成PBC/PLA/凹凸棒土纳米复合材料,研究了凹凸棒土对共混材料性能的影响。采用热失重(TG)、差热扫描量热法(DSC)等测试分析方法,分别对全生物降解材料的热性能及结晶性能进行分析和研究。结果表明,加入凹凸棒土制备的全生物降解材料的热稳定性及结晶度都有所提高,改善了材料的性能,扩大了其应用领域。     

新型无机絮凝剂——聚合氯化硫酸铁铝(PAFCS)

新型无机絮凝剂——聚合氯化硫酸铁铝（ＰＡＦＣＳ）ＰＡＦＣＳ不但具有聚合铝的优良混凝性能和聚合铁的强吸附性、快速沉淀及适用范围宽等特性，而且原料易得，成本低、更加经济实用。更重要的是投药所带入的杂质和处理后留下的铝大大减少，这对饮用水水质的提高，保证人...     

絮凝剂对打桩废弃泥浆的处理研究

采用两步絮凝法,详细考察了几种无机絮凝剂和有机絮凝剂对泥浆絮凝效果的影响,实验表明,在泥浆固液分离实验中,阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)对泥浆的絮凝效果最好;在泥浆废水的絮凝实验中,最优絮凝剂为聚合氯化铝,其最佳浓度为0.01 g/L,絮凝处理后COD为85.71 mg/L,SS去除率为99.60%,上清液SS为0.91 mg/L,满足GB 8978—1996污水综合排放标准中的一级排放标准。     

The heterogeneous coagulation and flocculation of brewery wastewater using carbon nanotubes

Coagulation and flocculation treatment processes play a central role in the way wastewater effluents are managed. Their primary function is particle removal that can impart colour to a water source, create turbidity, and/or retain bacterial and viral organisms. This study was carried out to investigate whether carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be used as heterogeneous coagulants and/or flocculants in the pretreatment of brewery wastewater. A series of experiments were conducted in which the efficiencies of pristine and functionalised CNTs were compared with the efficiency of traditional ferric chloride in a coagulation/flocculation process. Turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD), including the zeta potential were used to monitor the progress of the coagulation/flocculation process. Both pristine and functionalised CNTs demonstrated the ability to successfully coagulate colloidal particles in the brewery wastewater. Overall, ferric chloride was found to be a more effective coagulant than both the pristine and functionalised CNTs.     

给水厂投药系统技术改造及应用

针对水厂投药系统存在混合絮凝效果差、自动化程度低、投药量大等问题,对投药系统进行了技术改造,并且将混凝剂由聚合硫酸铁更换为聚合铝铁,提高了自动化水平,药耗降低22%,节约药剂费用为34万元/a,节约了制水成本,在很大程度上降低了工人的劳动强度。     

聚合氯化铝铁适宜水力条件的研究

通过沉淀后水浊度,研究了影响聚合氯化铝铁混凝效果的水力条件因素,发现:混合强度为100 s-1～170 s-1及1 min左右的混合时间时,混凝效果较好;而絮凝时间和絮凝强度对混凝效果的影响相互制约。     

无机高分子复合絮凝剂的研制趋向

复合型无机高分子絮凝剂的研制在我国成为一种发展趋势,对其需要有科学的认识,以聚硅酸加强铝,铁聚合物的粘结聚集能力时,要同时考虑其电中和能力的减弱,达到净增絮凝效果。实验表明,聚合硅酸铁、聚合硅酸铝都符合这一规律,它们大多是以卷扫絮凝方式发挥作用。     

The impact of ferrous ion reduction of chlorite ion on drinking water process performance

The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) as a primary disinfectant and pre-oxidant in drinking water treatment is being explored as an alternative to chlorine for reducing disinfection by-product formation and to assure compliance with United States Environmental Protection Agency's Stage 1 Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products Rule. However, the ClO₂ by-product chlorite ion (ClO₂⁻) is also regulated by the same regulation. Ferrous iron (Fe(II)) has been shown to effectively reduce chlorite ion to chloride ion (Cl⁻) and this study was conducted to evaluate the impact on overall treatment process performance due to the ferric hydroxide solids that form from the reaction. Ferrous iron application was explored at three different points in a pilot-scale water treatment system: pre-rapid mix, pre-settling and pre-filter. Chlorite ion concentrations were effectively reduced from 2 mg/L to less than 0.3 mg/L using an Fe(II) dose of approximately 6 mg/L for all trials. Fe(II) addition at the rapid mix caused no adverse effects and, in fact, allowed for reduction of the alum dose due to the newly formed ferric hydroxide acting as a supplemental coagulant. An increase of 241 and 247% of total suspended solids influent to the filter process was observed when Fe(II) was applied at the pre-settling and pre-filter locations. Pilot-scale filter runs during these trials were less than 2 h and never obtained true steady state conditions. Jar testing was performed to better understand the nature of the ferric hydroxide solids that are formed when Fe(II) was oxidized to Fe(III) and to explore the effectiveness of Fe(II) addition at intermediate stages in the flocculation process.     

Pre-coagulation for microfiltration of an upland surface water

The effect of different coagulants on cake formation and hydraulic resistance in membrane filtration of strongly coloured (SUVA> or =4.8) upland surface water has been studied at bench-scale under constant pressure conditions. Coagulants used were aluminium sulphate, polyaluminium chloride, ferric chloride and ferric sulphate. Optimisation of coagulation parameters was carried by conventional jar testing. The R'c (specific cake resistance in m(-2)) values were determined for all coagulants over a range of coagulant doses and slow mixing flocculation periods. Experiments indicated slight differences in cake formation trends between ferric- and aluminium-based coagulants and chloride and sulphate counterions, but that the range of measured R'c values was small (0.9 and 2.6 x 10(18) m(-2)) over the range of doses studied. Greater than 99% UV(254) removal was achieved with every coagulant, whereas dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal ranged from 78% to 88%. Optimisation of the pre-coagulation-membrane filtration process suggests ferric chloride to be slightly superior for the feedwater matrix studied on the basis of DOC removal, whereas ferric sulphate gave slightly lower filter cake specific resistance values.     

Interaction between Cryptosporidium oocysts and water treatment coagulants

The electrokinetic properties of gamma-irradiated Cryptosporidium oocysts in the presence of coagulants (ferric chloride and alum) and coagulant aids (DADMAC based cationic polyelectrolytes) have been studied. The zeta potential of the oocysts was unaffected by the addition of ferric chloride at all pH values (3-10) studied. Addition of alum resulted in reversal of the oocysts charge, which suggests that the initial stage in the coagulation process leading to floc formation proceeds via the adsorption of hydrolysed aluminium species. The cationic polyelectrolyte Magnafloc LT35 was adsorbed onto iron flocs at doses of 0.1 mg/L even against an electrostatic barrier. The cationic polyelectrolyte only adsorbed and caused charge reversal at the oocyst surface at around 0.4 mg/L, suggesting a lower affinity for this surface. These results indicate that the oocysts, unlike inorganic colloidal materials such as metal oxides, appear to possess a lower surface density of active or charged sites. The lower density of sites, combined with the rapid precipitation of iron salts, may be responsible for the lack of specific adsorption of either hydroxylated ferric species or primary iron hydroxide particles on the oocysts. Further, this suggests that a process of sweep flocculation, where oocysts are engulfed in flocs during coagulation and floc formation, is the more likely mechanism involved. By comparison, it is likely that the specific interaction of hydrolysed aluminium species with the oocysts surface would result in a stronger link at the oocyst-floc interface and that the flocculation process may initially proceed via charge neutralisation.     

Destabilisation of oil-water emulsions and separation by dissolved air flotation

The roles of aluminium and ferric sulphates as destabilising agents for oil-water emulsions that have been stabilised by a non-ionic surfactant (Span 20) are investigated in terms of oil removal. The effects of coagulant dose, pH, and the duration and intensity of both slow and fast mixing are considered. Electrokinetic measurements indicate that oil droplets have a negative zeta potential that is weakly dependent on pH. The chosen coagulants are shown to be effective in reducing the zeta potential of the oil droplets, and charge reversal was observed for aluminium sulphate. Oil removals up to 99.3% at pH 8 and 99.94% at pH 7 are seen for aluminium sulphate and ferric sulphate respectively. Rapid mixing times of around 120 s and flocculation times ranging from 15 to 20 min appear to be optimal for the DAF separation. It is concluded that relatively low average mixing speeds for coagulation and flocculation are essential for efficient operation.     

絮凝过程中的高密度微分场理论及其应用研究

首次提出强化絮凝过程的高密度微分场理论，运用该理论设计了微分旋流絮凝池，并对其进行了生产性试验；此外还分析了传统絮凝池和微分旋流絮凝池中的微分场特性。结果表明，与目前水厂运行的絮凝池相比，在原水浊度为60～320NTU时，经8min的絮凝、15min的沉淀后，微分旋流絮凝反应池可使浊度降至2NTU以下，絮凝时间减小了近50％或更多，说明该絮凝池具有混凝速度快、絮凝效果好的优势。