液氮制冷低气压试验箱的仿真设计

在采用液氮制冷的低气压试验箱的设计中，用常规工程设计方法计算的降温过程冷负荷过大，从而导致真空系统设计容量过大。本采用分布参数模型对试验箱低气压条件下降温过程的冷负荷进行了精确仿真模拟，以此作为真空系统容量设计的基础，减小了设计规模，取得了良好的效果。     

－100～170℃超高低温试验箱的性能及其设计特点

本文介绍了ＧＤ－４２０－１００～１７０℃超高低温试验箱的性能，并论述了避免超高低温试验箱开始降温阶段降温过快的方法。     

—100～170℃超高低温试验箱的性能及其设计特点

本文介绍ＧＤ－４２０－１００～１７０℃超高低温试验箱的性能，并论述了避免超高低温试验箱开始降温阶段降温过快的方法。     

井下移动式局部降温系统设计

结合皖北煤电集团有限责任公司任楼煤矿的井下移动式局部降温系统设计工程实例,分析矿井生产环境、矿井热环境、地质地热因素;阐述井下降温冷负荷计算,矿井气温预测计算,工作面需、配冷量计算等;介绍移动式局部降温系统的工艺流程和系统布置的特点及其具体设计过程。     

环境试验设备实用检测技巧

本文主要讲述了环境试验箱检测中接线的改进及低气压的密封技术.     

低温试验箱隔热层传热特性的实验研究

研究了1台在给定时间内达到-30 ℃的低温型试验用小型制冷低温试验箱,该试验箱配有全自动的微机控制系统能完成各项试验的数据记录.主要针对低温箱围护结构(隔热层)在降温阶段非稳态传热特性进行了实验研究.通过试验数据分析,对隔热层在降温过程的一维大平板非稳态传热问题进行了内部温度场随时间变化关系的的讨论,同时对低温箱隔热层随时间变化的放热量进行了数据拟合并得出了简化公式,为这类有特殊要求的制冷装置在节能节材方面的设计提供了的一定的参考数据.     

速冷冷柜设计开发

传统冷柜内部以空气为载冷介质,储物降温速度慢,无法达到速冷的目的,且在储物较多时,压缩机会出现频繁启停现象,缩短压缩机使用寿命。随着冷柜市场的进一步细分,我们有针对性地设计开发了速冷型冷柜,本文详细介绍了设计依据、思路和过程,主要包括新型速冷冷柜的热负荷计算、制冷系统循环设计、主要部件选型;完成了主要部件的三维布局设计;简单介绍了主要测试结果。     

冷阱温度对蒸煮肉制品真空冷却效果的影响

真空冷却技术具有降温速度快、运行能耗低等优点,在食品冷链中得到了应用并迅速发展。本文以蒸煮肉制品为研究对象,开展蒸煮肉制品真空冷却效果实验,分析不同冷阱温度对冷却速率、质量变化和真空室内压力对冷却效果的影响。结果表明:不同的冷阱温度对蒸煮肉制品冷却速率、冷却前后的质量变化,以及对冷却过程中真空室内的压力产生不同的影响。另外,并非冷阱温度越低冷却效果越好,实验对比了冷阱温度为-15℃、-25℃和-35℃下的真空冷却过程,冷阱温度的最佳值为-25℃,冷却时间最少为320s。     

DN1250液氮屏蔽型制冷机低温泵的研制与性能测试

北京卫星环境工程研究所研制了四台DN1250口径的液氮屏蔽型制冷机低温泵。该低温泵已经作为大型空间环境模拟系统的高真空主泵投入使用,满足了热真空试验对高真空的需求,取得了良好的效果。本文主要针对该低温泵的三种主要性能指标(抽速、降温时间和渡越容量)的设计方法、性能测试方法以及结果进行介绍,测试结果表明该系列低温泵对氮气的抽速达到了57000L/s,降温时间约330min,渡越容量达到3.0×10~5Pa·L。     

我国五大气候区办公建筑夜间空调冷负荷比较

对全国五大气候区的16个主要城市办公建筑的白天及夜间空调冷负荷进行计算,得到夜间空调冷负荷占白天空调冷负荷比例随气候区的南移逐渐增大的变化规律。研究结果可为不同气候区太阳能空调系统中蓄能装置容量匹配提供设计依据,同时为制冷空调系统优化运行提供理论指导。     

连续式高速风洞液氮降温供配气系统设计与实现

研制低温高雷诺数风洞对我国国防工业的发展具有重要战略意义和工程应用价值。通过喷注液氮的方式,建成了国内第一套适用于连续式高速风洞的降温系统。介绍了NF-6连续式高速风洞降温系统的总体方案和主要技术指标,重点论述了其中供配气系统结构和技术原理,并给出了运行调试结果。测试结果表明:NF-6风洞降温系统的液氮需求量计算方法正确,液氮存储装置工作稳定,液氮存储量和驱动气源的能力满足降温实验要求;配气系统设计合理,预增压装置工作稳定,喷前压和挤推压控制平稳;供配气系统与整体降温系统匹配良好,总温、总压、马赫数及运行时间等关键指标达到设计要求,风洞实验雷诺数提高近50%。     

Effects of injection pressure difference on droplet size distribution and spray cone angle in spray cooling of liquid nitrogen

Spray cooling with liquid nitrogen as the working fluid has been widely employed in a plenty of fields requiring cooling at cryogenic temperature, such as the cryogenic wind tunnels and cooling super-conducting magnets. In this study, we built a liquid nitrogen spray system and experimentally investigated the influence of injection pressure difference on the droplet size distribution and the spray cone angle. The measurements using particle size analyser show increasing the injection pressure difference improves the atomization, as indicated by the homogenization and reduction of the droplet size. The initial spray cone angle is insensitive to the injection pressure difference. However, the far-field spray cone angle decreases dramatically with increasing the injection pressure difference. The results could enrich our knowledge of spray cooling of cryogenic fluids and benefit the design of cryogenic spray cooling systems.     

Improved pressure–volume–temperature method for estimation of cryogenic liquid volume

One of the most important issues in a liquid propellant rocket is to measure the amount of remaining liquid propellant under low gravity environment during space mission. This paper presents the results of experiment and analysis of a pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) method which is a gauging method for low gravity environment. The experiment is conducted using 7.4 l tank for liquid nitrogen with various liquid-fill levels. To maximize the accuracy of a PVT method with minimum hardware, the technique of a helium injection with low mass flow rate is applied to maintain stable temperature profile in the ullage volume. The PVT analysis considering both pressurant and cryogen as a binary mixture is suggested. At high liquid-fill levels of 72–80%, the accuracy from the conventional PVT analysis is within 4.6%. At low fill levels of 27–30%, the gauging error is within 3.4% by mixture analysis of a PVT method with specific low mass flow rate of a helium injection. It is concluded that the proper mass flow rate of a helium injection and PVT analyses are crucial to enhance the accuracy of the PVT method with regard to various liquid-fill levels.     

Liquid nitrogen injection into water: Pressure build-up and heat transfer

This paper is concerned about the expansion of a small amount of liquid nitrogen injected into a relatively large pool of water and the heat transfer behaviour during the process. Both the transient pressure and temperature profiles are experimentally measured and analysed. The results show that the pressure and the rate of pressure rise increase approximately linearly with increasing injection pressure and reach, respectively, to 284 kPa and 500 kPa/s at a liquid nitrogen injection velocity of ∼0.85 m/s. The temperature varies little during the injection process due to relatively small amount of liquid nitrogen injected. A comparison of the experimental results with related work on surface boiling of cryogen suggests that the heat transfer of direct mixing be much stronger than boiling on smooth surfaces and flow boiling through smooth pipes, but comparable to the boiling on very rough surfaces and flow boiling in pipes with porous inserts. A comparison with the results generated by injecting a small amount of water into liquid cryogens shows that a higher pressure increase rate could be achieved if operating conditions are optimised to induce fragmentation. Implications of the results to cryogenic engine work output and ways to improve the performance of cryogenic engines are also discussed.     

液氮纯度分析的偏差及修正

液氮纯度是液氮产品非常关键的一个技术指标.液氮纯度的在线跟踪测量是通过测量液氮中的氧含量来实现的.在多年来的液氮在线分析及液氮出库分析过程中,发现氧含量测量结果普遍偏低.本文通过理论分析及大量的实验数据,找到了数据产生偏差的原因,并给出了科学的修正办法,为以后液氮生产过程中更加有效地控制产品质量打下了基础.     

Influence of barrier on partial discharge activity by a conducting particle in liquid nitrogen under AC voltages adopting UHF technique

The UHF signals are generated due to PD formed by particle movement in liquid nitrogen under AC voltages. The levitation voltage of a particle in liquid nitrogen measured through UHF technique and by conventional PD measurement technique is the same, confirming the sensitivity of UHF technique for identification of PD activity. The frequency content of UHF signal generated due to particle movement in liquid nitrogen, under AC voltages, lies in the range 0.5–1.5 GHz. The characteristics of UHF signal generated due to particle movement between the barrier and high voltage/ground electrode is much similar to the signal generated by particle movement in clean electrode gap. Pseudo resonance phenomena can occur in liquid nitrogen due to particle movement. It is also observed that the partial discharge magnitude, in general, be high when the particle moves between the barrier and high voltage electrode when compared to the barrier and the ground electrode. Percentage of clay in epoxy nanocomposites has not altered the levitation voltage of the particle in the electrode gap. Zero span analysis clearly indicates that pseudo resonance occurs when particle moves (in a short gap) between the barrier and high voltage/ground electrode.     

Design and development of a helium injection system to improve external leakage detection during liquid nitrogen immersion tests

The testing of assemblies for use in cryogenic systems commonly includes evaluation at or near operating (therefore cryogenic) temperature. Typical assemblies include valves and pumps for use in liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen rocket engines. One frequently specified method of cryogenic external leakage testing requires the assembly, pressurized with gaseous helium (GHe), be immersed in a bath of liquid nitrogen (LN₂) and allowed to thermally stabilize. Component interfaces are then visually inspected for leakage (bubbles). Unfortunately the liquid nitrogen will be boiling under normal, bench-top, test conditions. This boiling tends to mask even significant leakage.One little known and perhaps under-utilized property of helium is the seemingly counter-intuitive thermodynamic property that when ambient temperature helium is bubbled through boiling LN₂ at a temperature of −195.8 °C, the temperature of the liquid nitrogen will reduce.This paper reports on the design and testing of a novel proof-of-concept helium injection control system confirming that it is possible to reduce the temperature of an LN₂ bath below boiling point through the controlled injection of ambient temperature gaseous helium and then to efficiently maintain a reduced helium flow rate to maintain a stabilized liquid temperature, enabling clear visual observation of components immersed within the LN₂. Helium saturation testing is performed and injection system sizing is discussed.     

Effects of liquid refrigerant injection on the performance of a refrigeration system with an accumulator heat exchanger

Liquid refrigerant injection technique can be a very effective method for controlling subcooling and the compressor discharge temperature of a refrigeration system at high ambient temperatures. In this study, the effects of liquid refrigerant injection on the performance of a refrigeration system with an accumulator heat exchanger were investigated by varying the liquid injection rate at the conditions of constant expansion valve opening in the evaporator and constant total flow rate. During the tests, the ambient temperature was maintained at 43 °C. With the increase of the liquid injection rate, the subcooling at the inner heat exchanger outlet increased and the superheat at the accumulator outlet decreased. However, unacceptable results such as the increase of the compressor discharge pressure and decrease of the system performance were also observed depending on the control method applied. To obtain high system performance and reliability, optimum control methods for liquid injection in the accumulator heat exchanger are suggested. The liquid injection technique for the refrigeration system with an accumulator heat exchanger was found to be an effective method for controlling adequate subcooling and the compressor discharge temperature of the refrigeration system at high ambient temperatures.     

液氮洗冷箱的制造技术

详细介绍了杭氧在液氮洗冷箱国产化制造过程中所进行的氮洗塔选材论证和制造技术攻关的内容,分析了液氮洗冷箱组装时为保证产品质量所采取的措施。     

Cryogenic leak test procedure for a large superconducting cyclotron helium vessel

A procedure for testing the vacuum integrity of very large stainless steel weldments used at cryogenic temperatures has been developed at Michigan State University. This development, which uses large quantities of liquid nitrogen, is a modification of a technique commonly applied to small devices and involves cooling the cryostat's liquid helium vessel (bobbin) to liquid nitrogen temperature, and then proceeding immediately with leak testing. This method was applied to the K800 superconducting magnet helium vessel, which seemed leak tight at room temperature, but was found to have an easily detectable helium leak when cooled. After repairing the leak, retesting revealed no leaks, where upon the K800 cryostat construction was completed; i.e. the bobbin was wrapped with superinsulation, a liquid nitrogen radiation shield was added, and the assembly was inserted into the vacuum jacket. The final leak test occurred when the cryostat was cooled to liquid helium temperature and was found to be helium leak tight.