可加工变形的Au-Cu-Zn-Al形状记忆合金

报道了一种新的金基形状记忆合金(Au-Cu-Zn-Al)的初步研究,结果表明,成分配比合适的合金可以用常规的方法加工变形,有典型的热弹性马氏体相变及良好的单程和双程形状记忆效应。合金的金含量可达50wt％。     

高温形状记忆合金

马氏体逆相变开始温度As点稳定在120℃以上的形状记忆合金称之为高温形状记忆合金,有多种合金系可供选择。本文综述了现有的各种高温形状记忆合金系的研究现状。     

高强度金银钯铂铜合金的性能与应用研究

介绍了金银钯铂铜合金系列的成分、组织、性能及其应用研究。其综合性能优于国内外同类材料,等体积材料的成本低于同类材料的40～80％。该系列合金适用于航空、航天和航海技术中的各类线绕传感器、电位器,电阻器的绕组和电刷以及电接触器的接点、导电环和电刷。     

Stability of protective oxide films on Ti-base alloys

Thermodynamic calculations are performed to estimate isothermal sections of Ti-Al-O, Ti-Si-O, and Ni-Al-O phase diagrams. Very small aluminum levels (<10^–10 at. %) are needed to stabilize alumina on Ni-Al alloys. However, much higher aluminum (50%) and silicon (40%) levels are needed to stabilize alumina and silica on Ti-Al and Ti-Si alloys, respectively. These calculations suggest that the mechanism of formation of the protective oxide films on titanium-based alloys is radically different from that on nickel-based alloys. The aluminum levels needed to form a continuous film of alumina on nickel-based alloys are dominated by kinetic factors. On the other hand, thermodynamic factors appear to dominate the alloy compositions needed to form protective films of alumina and silica on titanium-based alloys. Further work is needed to evaluate any possible role of kinetic factors.     

Further aspects of the oxidation of binary two-phase alloys

The corrosion behavior of binary, two-phase alloys is considered in which the matrix contains mostly the less-noble metal that forms a fast-growing oxide, while the second phase is rich in a component that forms a more stable but slowly-growing oxide. It is assumed that the second phase exists as a dispersion of isolated, rod-like particles. It is further assumed that both phases form external films with no internal oxidation. It is shown that the oxidation behavior of this type of alloy depends on both the oxidation time and the size of the second-phase particles. In particular, for short oxidation times and large second-phase particles the matrix will oxidize faster than the dispersed phase, so that the dispersed particles will be only partly corroded or even incorporated into the matrix-oxide scale as unoxidized islands, forming an irregular alloy-scale interface. On the contrary, for long times and small particle sizes the two phases will tend to oxidize at approximately the same rate, leading to the formation of regular alloy-scale interfaces. The time for the transition between the two corrosion regimes depends not only on the ratio between the rate constants for the growth of the two oxides but also on the size of the dispersed-phase particles, smaller sizes producing shorter transition times. Eventually, under favorable conditions the formation of the fast-growing oxide may even stop, leading to the formation of a protective layer of the most-stable oxide.     

Compressive training of the shape memory alloy washer

This paper evaluates the performance and engineering aspects of 44Ti-47Ni-9Nb alloy in a pretensioning washer application. Previously the behavior of this alloy has mainly been studied for tensile predeformation with wires and strips up to 1 mm thickness. The present work investigated the effect of compression deformation and different homogenization temperatures on ring-shaped washers with larger dimensions. The best results with the compression-trained washer were achieved after homogenization at 1073 K where the compression training deformation was -10.4%, the lowest applied. The deformation training was carried out at 213 K near the martensitic reaction start temperature of the material. The expansion method, applied to the commercial reference ring, seemed to be a fairly efficient training method for the studied application, even though the parallel course of the radial surfaces was poor.     

钛加工技术—接合篇8

本文简要地介绍了TiAl有序合金的发展历史,较为系统地概述了国内外在制备TiAl合金、克服其室温脆性及难加工成形性方面所开展的研究工作以及TiAl有序合金研究今后的发展趋势。     

Corrosion of iron-, nickel-, and cobalt-base alloys in atmospheres containing carbon and oxygen

The corrosion of iron-, nickel-, and cobalt-base alloys has been studied in atmospheres containing carbon and oxygen in the temperature range 894–1366 K. It was observed that preformed Cr₂O₃ films are not effective barriers to carbon transport in atmospheres in which the oxide is not stable but that stable, growing Cr₂O₃ films are excellent barriers to carbon penetration. The presence of Fe-containing oxides on Fe-Ni-Cr and Fe-Cr alloys cause the scales to be permeable to carbon. This phenomenon was found to be sensitive to alloy surface preparation. Carbon transport through oxide scales may occur by two mechanisms: diffusion or molecular transport through physical defects. The present work has evidence of the latter but cannot rule out the former in cases where the carbon activity is sufficiently large. In gases containing CO and CO₂ in which Cr carbide is stable Cr₂O₃ was found to form at the carbide-alloy interface by oxygen transport through the carbide. In A-CH₄ Fe-Ni-Cr were found to undergo graphitization attack. The results were consistent with the formation and subsequent decomposition of metastable carbides, as proposed by Hochmann.     

铸造Al-Si系铝合金强韧化研究进展

综述了合金元素、过滤技术、晶粒细化、变质处理和热处理工艺因素对铸造Al-Si合金的影响。探讨了提高这类合金机械性能的一些途径。     

Pt—Rh合金的高温挥发

研究了Pt-7Rh和Pt-Rh-Au合金的高温挥发行为.在1200～1350℃合金按抛物线-直线规律失重,且在高温下抛物线-直线失重规律的转换时间变快.在Pt-Rh合金中增加Rh含量和添加Au增大挥发率.Pt-7Rh-3Au合金的挥发激活能为167kJ/mol;Au降低Pt和Pt-7Rh合金的发挥激活能.还讨论了挥发过程的物理机制.     

The transition from the formation of mixed scales to the selective oxidation of the most-reactive component in the corrosion of single and two-phase binary alloys

The conditions for the transition from the formation of mixed scales to the exclusive oxidation of the component B, forming the most stable oxide, are examined for both single-phase and two-phase binary A-B alloys by taking into account the displacement of the alloy-scale interface due to the growth of the protective oxide. This procedure eliminates the inconsistencies arising from Wagner's classical treatment for single-phase alloys when the interdiffusion coefficient in the alloy is small with respect to the parabolic rate constant for outer-scale growth; but the same procedure leads to a significantly-improved treatment also for two-phase alloys. For the latter systems, the transition is shown to depend also on the solubility of B in the A-rich phase.Moreover, the exclusive growth of the most-stable oxide is more difficult than for single-phase alloys because it requires higher average concentrations of B in the alloy and may even become impossible if the parabolic rate constant of oxidation is large with respect to the interdiffusion coefficient in the alloy.     

Pd—40Ag—1RE（Sm,Eu,Gd）合金的内氧化及其性能

研究了φ0.1～2.0mm Pd-40Ag-1RE(Sm,Eu,Gd)合金丝在800～1200℃大气气氛下的内氧化行为及其性能,其内氧化深度ξ与反应时间t的关系是ξ=kt~n,在低温下,符合内氧化抛物线规律.随反应时间延长,温度升高,n增大,对此规律偏离越大,三个合金内氧化n=0.5～0.75,Pd-40Ag-1Sm和Pd-40Ag-1Gd晶界局部超前氧化,合金内氧化由体扩散控制.     

The oxidation of Ni-70 wt.%Cr in oxygen between 1073 and 1473°K

Oxidation of the relatively simple, two-phase alloy Ni-70 wt.%Cr in oxygen between 1073 and 1473°K results in the formation of a Cr₂O₃ scale containing less than O.5 wt.% Ni in solid solution. The oxidation kinetics are irreproducible for an initial period, which is brief at 1073 and 1273°K but much more pronounced at 1473°K, both in duration and degree. This behavior is associated with the failure of the protective Cr₂O₃ scale. However, after longer periods a compact layer of Cr₂O₃ becomes established under isothermal conditions and results in a change to more reproducible kinetics, especially at 1073 and 1273°K. Oxidation causes chromium depletion and the formation of a single-phase zone which separates the scale and the two-phase bulk alloy. The depth of Cr₂O₃ internal oxide coincides with this zone. The oxidation behavior is compared with that of more Ni-rich, single-phase Ni-Cr alloys, with particular reference to the effects of the constitution of the underlying alloy and the integrity of the protective oxide.     

The internal oxidation of two-phase binary alloys beneath an external scale of the less-stable oxide

The internal oxidation of two phase binary A-B alloys by a single oxidant at high temperatures, under partial pressures sufficient to also form external scales of the less-stable oxide, is examined by means of quantitative models and compared with the corresponding behavior of single-phase alloys. It is shown that, depending on various factors, particularly on the solubility and diffusivity of the most-reactive component B in the most-noble component A, this process may or may not involve a diffusion process of the alloy components, leading to different scale morphologies. It is also concluded that even when the solubility and diffusivity of B in A are sufficiently high, so that the internal oxidation of the common type occurs, the restriction to the diffusion of B in the alloy due to its limited solubility affects the kinetics of internal oxidation, producing an increase of the rate of internal oxidation and of the critical concentration of B in the alloy required for the transition to the external oxidation of B with respect to single-phase alloys under the same values of all the relevant parameters. The lower the solubility of B in A, the larger these effects.     

微量稀土元素对钯的组织结构之影响

微量稀土元素加入钯中,使Pd的晶格点阵膨胀,增大成分过冷,改变铸态组织,细化晶粒,净化杂质,提高位错密度,降低层错能,如Eu使Pd的层错能由113×10~(-7)J/cm~2降低到65×10~(-7)J/cm~2。     

我国钛及钛合金研发与进展

我国材料工作者对不同领域使用的钛合金进行了卓有成效的研究工作。经过近50年的发展,我国的钛工业在科技和生产上都取得了长足进步。概述了我国自主研发的各种钛及钛合材料,包括高温钛合金、高强钛合金、低温钛合金、耐蚀钛合金、船用钛合金、医用钛合金等。最后对我国钛工业进行了简要的展望。     

阻尼减振合金的研究现状

本文综述了阻尼减振合金的研究现状。包括几种典型的阻尼减振合金的成分和特点，以及使用过程中应注意的问题，还简要的说明了它们的阻尼机制。最后展望了阻尼减振合金的发展和应用前景。     

金银钯及其合金的化学研磨及金相制样

采用浸蚀剂与金刚石抛光膏混合抛光样品,可同时显现其组织。该法对银金钯及其合金进行化学研磨抛光和浸蚀,可去除机械抛光时残留的划痕和形变层,并去除其浸蚀膜而得到良好的金相表面。     

The present and future of the magnesium alloy researches

This paper gave a brief discussion on the characteristics of Mg alloys and gave a brief review in the Mg alloys researches, with emphasis on the research progress and fabrication technology. Several vital directions for the future development were pointed out.     

The phase diagrams of the Sc---Sn and Sc---Pb systems

The phase diagrams of the Sc---Sn and Sc---Pb systems have been investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA), metallographic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy.

The Sc-rich side of both systems (0–30 at.% Sn or Pb) has not been studied owing to the high melting temperatures of the corresponding alloys and contamination of the samples by the container material (Mo).

The two systems are very similar to one another; with tin, however, two more intermediate phases are formed. Sc₅X₃ and Sc₆X₅ compounds are isomorphous, Mn₅Si₃ and Ti₆Ge₅ types respectively. ScSn₂ is a new intermetallic compound with a new structure type. The impossibility of finding single crystals for XRD prevented the determination of the structure and then of the exact stoichiometry for ScSn which was assigned taking into account the results of DTA, XRD, optical and electronic microanalysis. Sc₅X₃, different from the other intermediate phases, shows appreciable solid solution range towards compositions richer in X.