纯铝板搅拌摩擦焊温度场数值模拟

建立了搅拌摩擦焊热源模型,利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS模拟了搅拌摩擦焊的温度场,研究了焊接速度、搅拌头轴肩尺寸和垫板材质对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中试板的温度场的影响。结果表明：随着焊接速度的提高,焊件上各点的峰值温度降低,经历高温区的时间减少;轴肩摩擦热是热输入的主要来源,随着搅拌头轴肩尺寸的增加,焊缝中心高温区同一等温线上宽下窄的分布特征越来越明显;垫板材质明显影响焊件底部的温度和分布;适当的焊接参数、搅拌头尺寸及散热条件对获得较好的焊缝质量极为重要。     

瓷质焊接衬垫包装生产线的设计

目的开发一套瓷质焊接衬垫全自动包装生产线,以降低企业生产压力,提高生产效率。方法基于衬垫的物性,采用输送带分隔提升,消除瓷质焊接衬垫多块重叠问题;利用模式识别技术,提出输送带上8种姿态的瓷质焊接衬垫的外形识别方法;根据辊盘划线原理,提出瓷质焊接衬垫组中心线绘制的工艺方法。结果将20块同向瓷质焊接衬垫有序排列且粘贴在基材上,实现了衬垫组粘贴的自动化。结论通过对瓷质焊衬垫包装技术的研究,提出了外形复杂且同向排序的工艺方法。     

WQT-1衬垫单面焊接工艺研究

采用CO_2气体保护焊,通过x射线探伤,拉伸、弯曲、冲击试验、研究了WQT-1陶质衬垫的单面焊接工艺,反面焊缝成形质量以及焊缝化学成分与接头的机械性能。研究结果表明:烧结型WQT衬垫抗潮性能好,焊前不需烘干;焊接工艺的合理规范区间较宽,便于选择;反面焊缝成形美观,焊接质量稳定、可靠;接头性能优异。     

双丝埋弧焊FCB法单面焊双面成形工艺研究

埋弧焊FCB法单面焊双面成形工艺在船厂已有大量应用,针对国内单面焊工艺应用现状和高强钢的特点研制了高强钢双丝埋弧焊单面焊工艺配套焊丝与焊剂,同时系统分析了焊接规范、坡口形式、背面焊剂对焊道成形的影响。通过调整工艺使其接头性能达到技术要求,该技术有望实现埋弧焊FCB法单面焊工艺的国产化应用。     

Process optimization in the self-reacting friction stir welding of aluminum 6061-T6

Self-reacting friction stir welding (SR-FSW), also called bobbin-tool friction stir welding (BT-FSW), is a solid state welding process similar to friction stir welding (FSW) except that the tool has two opposing shoulders instead of the shoulder and a backing plate found in FSW. The tool configuration results in greater heat input and a symmetrical weld macrostructure. A significant amount of information has been published in the literature concerning traditional FSW while little has been published about SR-FSW. An optimization experiment was performed using a factorial design to evaluate the effect of process parameters on the weld temperature, surface and internal quality, and mechanical properties of self-reacting friction stir welded aluminum alloy 6061-T6 butt joints. The parameters evaluated were tool rotational speed, traverse speed, and tool plunge force. A correlation between weld temperature, defect formation (specifically galling and void formation), and mechanical properties was found. Optimum parameters were determined for the welding of 8-mm-thick 6061-T6 plate.     

590 MPa级高强钢双面双弧立焊焊缝组织性能

为研究590 MPa级高强钢双面双弧工艺得到的焊接接头组织与性能的关系,采用钨极氩弧焊(TIG)与熔化极气体保护焊(MAG)方法获得成型良好的焊接接头,经过拉伸、冲击、弯曲试验及光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EBSD分析,对590 MPa级高强钢双面双弧立焊打底焊与盖面焊焊接接头的组织及性能进行了研究.结果表明:打底焊缝组织主要为贝氏体,盖面焊缝组织以贝氏体与针状铁素体为主;打底焊缝经历过一次热循环后组织得到一定程度的细化;打底焊缝硬度值与盖面焊缝相近,盖面焊缝热影响区最高硬度值高于打底焊缝热影响区最高硬度;2 mm坡口间隙性能较5 mm坡口间隙有较大提高,2 mm坡口间隙断口以韧窝断裂为主,5 mm坡口间隙断口以解理断裂为主.     

SA240-S31803双相不锈钢焊接接头组织研究

研究了SA240-S31803双相不锈钢的焊接工艺,分析了双相不锈钢的相组织,结果表明,焊接接头的铁素体相比例约为35%～69%,焊缝打底层的铁素体含量比盖面层降低约15%,同焊接位置的焊缝比较,热影响区铁素体含量降低约20%。     

不清根手工双面焊材料及工艺研究

本文分析了中厚板传统手工双面焊存在的诸如打底焊焊缝质量无法保证，需用碳弧气刨清根；工人劳动强度大；生产效率低；焊接质量不稳定等主要问题。为提高打底焊焊道质量，不用清根使背面得到良好的凹成形，研制了适合Ｘ形坡口的梯形体陶瓷衬垫。探讨了焊缝背面成形的主要影响因素及控制方法。     

Effect of the wall thickness on the forming behavior and welding result during magnetic pulse welding

Magnetic pulse welding is a promising technology for the joining of dissimilar metals. Since the input of thermal energy is significantly reduced compared to conventional fusion welding technologies, critical intermetallic phases can largely be avoided. Therefore, proper collision conditions are necessary. Those require a careful adjustment of the energetic and geometric parameters at the impact welding setup. The thickness of the accelerated joining partner (flyer) determines the necessary energy input for a successful weld. However, at the same time, it has an effect on the weld formation. This study utilizes a novel optical measurement system to explain these findings and to gain insights into the forming behavior of the flyer parts. It is shown that the collision angle depends on the flyer tube thickness and, thus, directly has an effect on the welding result.     

基于机器学习的薄板等离子弧搭接焊的熔深预测

在等离子弧搭接焊中,搭接焊接头的焊缝熔深是评价焊接质量的关键指标之一,而焊接过程中的热输入信息和熔池图像信息都与焊缝熔深有密切关系。本文通过建立304L不锈钢薄板等离子弧搭接焊数据采集系统,利用LabVIEW实时检测电信息,采用视觉传感技术实时获取薄板等离子弧搭接焊过程中的熔池图像,并通过图像处理方法获得熔池的几何参数信息,结合焊接工艺参数,选择峰值电流、峰值电压、焊接速度、离子气流量、保护气流量、熔池宽度和熔池后端长度作为输入量,焊缝熔深作为输出量,建立了基于支持向量机回归和BP神经网络的熔深预测模型。实验验证表明,采用径向基函数的支持向量机回归模型可以有效地对焊缝熔深进行预测,并具有很好的泛化能力,可为进一步实现在线优化焊接工艺参数提供依据。     

Electron beam weld parameters and thermal efficiency improvement

Thermal efficiency is considered in connection with welding regimes and seam parameters by applying a statistical approach. This approach allows one to establish empirically (by fitting a mathematical model) the type of relationship that is present between performance characteristics and its influencing factors. Optimal regimes are found through thermal efficiency optimisation. The study leads to new proposals for the position of the focus with respect to the surface of the welded material, under conditions of maximum thermal efficiency or maximum welding depth. The values of the ratio of power to weld depth (P/H) and weld width times velocity of weld front (vB) are confirmed to be the main characteristic parameters of electron beam welding, considered as a self-organising process.     

Process parameter influence on performance of friction taper stud welds in AISI 4140 steel

Friction taper stud welding is a new variant of friction welding which has been developed from the principles of friction hydro-pillar processing. This paper considers the effect of weld process parameters on weld defects, macrostructure and mechanical properties in AISI 4140 steel. It also presents 3D residual stress data for a typical friction taper stud weld. Applied downwards force, rotational speed and plunge depth (equivalent to consumable length) of the stud tool were systematically varied whilst measuring tool torque and temperature at several locations during welding. A simple Taguchi analysis was then used to relate process parameters and weld tensile strength. The combinations of parameters leading to high tensile strength are identified and linked to the occurrence of specific weld defects.     

Qualitätssicherung von Widerstandspunktschweißverbindungen mit Hilfe der Schallemissionsanalyse (SEA)

Quality Control of Spot Weldings by Acoustic Emission The quality control of spot weldings has to be performed continuously during welding. Acoustic Emission (AE) is a suitable method for online surveillance of the welding process. Several measuring parameters of AE are tested with regard to the characterization of the spot weld quality during the welding process. It is shown that the quality of the spot weld can be evaluated by measuring the energy of the AE signals during the welding process. This parameter can be applied also for controlling the welding time of each spot weld under constant current load. On the other hand, the quality of the spot welds can be estimated by measuring the AE count during cooling after finishing the weld spot. By this method the welding process can be controlled with regard to the tendency in the long run.     

Numerical simulation of three-dimension stress field in double-sided double arc multipass welding process

A new high-efficiency method for welding thick plates of low-alloy high-tensile steel which does not require back chipping – double-sided arc welding (DSAW) – is provided in this paper. Backing run adopts double-sided pulse gas tungsten arc welding, and other passes adopt double-sided gas metal arc welding. Three-dimensional numerical models of DSAW with 50 mm plates are developed to predict the stress distribution by using finite-element analysis, computer parallel processing technology and multiple jobs design, and are compared with single arc welding (SAW). The analysis of the interpass stresses indicates that the stresses of the back and cover pass are to be regarded as the key point in multipass welding. To verify the calculated results, the residual stresses and transient temperature of back run weld measured individually agree approximately with the calculated results, which illustrates that the backing run and residual stresses of DSAW are lower than those of SAW.     

Effect of ultrasonic welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar joints

Ultrasonic spot welding has received significant attention during past few years due to their suitable applications in comparison to conventional fusion welding techniques. Fusion welding of dissimilar Aluminum and Stainless steel alloys is always a challenging task because of poor control on grain size and formation of undesirable brittle intermetallic compounds in the weld metal, which have deleterious effect on mechanical properties. In the past, welding of dissimilar alloys has been performed using electron beam welding, laser beam welding and friction stir spot welding, resistance spot welding, etc. However, little work has been reported on dissimilar welding of Aluminum and Stainless steel alloys using ultrasonic spot welding. The objective of the present work is to optimize ultrasonic spot welding parameters for joining 3003 Aluminum alloy with 304 Stainless steel. Welding was performed at various clamping pressures (i.e. 30, 40, 50 and 60 psi) and energy levels for investigating its effect on microstructure, mechanical properties and bond quality of the weld. Different levels of weld quality i.e. ‘under weld’, ‘good weld’ and ‘overweld’ were identified at various welding parameters using physical attributes. The weld specimens prepared with energy 125 and 150 J showed the maximum bond strength and were rated as “good” weld. It was also revealed that for a good quality weld, the maximum tensile strength is achieved once a reasonable amount of bond density and material thinning (required for the formation of metallurgical bonds) is attained.     

Manual metal arc weld modelling: Part 1 Effect of process parameters on dimensions of weld bead and heat-affected zone

Abstract

The properties of a weldment are determined largely by the size and distribution of microstructural regions within the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ). It has been appreciated for some time that these properties may be controlled by adjusting the parameters of the welding process, although until recently this was done mainly qualitatively. Means of achieving more quantitative control are now beginning to be applied. In this paper measurements of the sizes of the weld bead and HAZ are presented for single manual metal arc weld beads. The process variables investigated were electrode type, gauge size, welding position, polarity, welding current, preheat, and welding velocity. Functional relationships between the process variables and the size of the weld bead and HAZ are determined. The generality of these relationships is examined by analysing measurements made previously on other materials. The results are discussed in terms of the theory of the welding process and, as shown in two accompanying papers, they can be used to develop models of multipass manual metal arc welding on which a practical welding procedure may be based.

MST/193a     

Effects of external electric field on microstructure and property of friction welded joint between copper and stainless steel

Formability is a key factor which influences the friction weldability of dissimilar materials. Resistance to formability of metals can be reduced by the electric induced plasticity under an external electric field. Friction welding of T2 Copper and 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel was carried out under the electric fields with an attempt to improve the friction weldability of these two materials. Effects of different types of external electric field on the microstructure of the welded joints were investigated and distributions of the dominating elements in the weld zone were analyzed using EDX. Torsion strength of the joints obtained from different welding parameters was tested. It was indicated that the dynamic recrystallization of the weld metal was enhanced by the applying electric fields. For the specimen connected to the cathode of the power supply (referring to negative field), much homogenous distribution of the recrystallized grains in the weld zone appeared. The diffusion distance of the dominating elements increased under either an AC electric field or a negative field. The torsion strength of the welding joints was improved with applying the external electric field, especially with the AC electric field.     

电弧增材制造成形工艺影响因素研究

采用Ti6321A焊丝进行电弧增材制造,研究了焊枪姿态和摆动参数等工艺因素对成形的影响。结果表明,不同的焊枪角度对增材制造焊缝堆焊成形形貌具有显著的影响,当焊枪姿态由推焊变化到拉焊时,焊缝熔宽减小,余高变高,即焊缝表面铺展能力减弱;焊缝熔深在焊枪垂直时达到最大值。焊枪摆动会使增材制造表面呈现纹路特征,纹路之间的宽度直接由摆长参数决定,摆宽对焊缝熔宽有显著影响,呈近似线性关系。     

A Novel Control Unit for a Friction Welding Machine Based on Computer

Typical friction welds are made by holding a non-rotating sample in contact with a rotating sample under constant or gradually increasing pressure until the interface reaches the welding temperature and then stopping pressure rotating to complete the weld. This process requires additional time and is labor intensive. Recently, several control systems have been introduced to the industry for improving the welding process such as conventional automatic control, microcontroller control, and Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). However, these processes have limitations either on materials selection or on visualization. In this study, continuous monitoring, control and recording are implemented. Computer-controlled platform for the simulation and control of mechanisms is based on a Microsoft Visual Basic environment. Welding parameters such as friction time, forge time and breaking time are entered with a keyboard and can be saved and used again. To show the feasibility and versatility of the study, the evaluation is used for sample joining. It has been observed that this system works successfully and gives good performance.     

Effect of heat input and weld chemistry on mechanical and microstructural aspects of double side welded austenitic stainless steel 321 grade using tungsten inert gas arc welding process

Stainless steel 321 is a stabilized austenitic grade that prevents the formation of chromium carbides at the grain boundaries and subsequently reduces the risk of corrosion attack at the weld surface by forming titanium carbide. It is primarily used in industries such as pressure vessels, boilers, nuclear reactors, carburetors and car exhaust systems. In order to assess the effect of gas tungsten arc welding process parameters on weld penetration, the proposed Taguchi L₉ orthogonal matrix has been selected with two factors and three levels for welding austenitic stainless steel 321 by adjusting the welding current and welding speed. Bead-on-plate experiments were performed on base metal of 6 mm thick plate by changing the process parameters, and corresponding weld bead measurement and macrostructure images are examined. Maximum depth of penetration −3.3017 mm is achieved with a heat input −1.4058 kJ/mm, i. e., welding current-220 A and welding speed-120 mm/min. Double-side arc welding technique is used to obtain full penetration on 6 mm thick plate. The quality of the weldment was assessed using non-destructive radiography inspection. Mechanical integrity and microstructural characteristics of the weldments were studied using tensile (transverse and longitudinal), bend, impact, microhardness, optical microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis, ferrite number measurement and scanning electron microscope. The results reveal that the double side-tungsten inert gas weldment have better mechanical properties. It is corroborated from the weld metal microstructure that it contains γ-austenite, δ-ferrite and titanium carbides (intermetallic compounds). X-ray diffraction analysis and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy plots confirm the increase in the ferrite phase in weld metal. The ferrite measurement results show that the ferrite volume in the base metal and weld metal is 1.2 percent and 6.1 percent respectively. In addition, the higher δ-ferrite volume in the weldment helps in attaining superior mechanical integrity. Fractography shows that the failure mode of the weld metal and the base metal is ductile.