生酮饮食在神经系统疾病中的临床应用

生酮饮食(ketogenic diet,KD)是一种由高脂肪、低碳水化合物和适量蛋白质及营养素组成的配方饮食。传统上KD主要用于癫痫的治疗,近年来越来越多的研究表明,KD对神经系统也具有一定的保护作用,可用于多种神经系统疾病的临床治疗。KD不仅在Dravet综合征、结节性硬化症和葡萄糖载体蛋白Ⅰ型缺陷综合征等有较好的疗效,对其他神经系统疾病如创伤性颅脑损伤及脑胶质瘤等也具有明显的改善症状的作用。KD治疗神经系统疾病的作用机制尚不明确,可能涉及的神经保护机制包括抗氧化应激、抗炎、抗细胞凋亡、维持能量供应、调节去乙酰化酶活性等。本文综述了KD在神经系统疾病中的作用机制及其应用。     

芹菜、洋葱与葡萄酒

我们日常吃的芹菜、洋葱是对人体有益的好蔬菜。它们不单口味鲜美,而且有防治人体某些疾病而有利人体健康的良好作用。 芹菜为伞形科植物芹菜的全称,我国全国各地都有生产。性味甘凉,有祛风利痰,平肝清热作用。芹菜中含有有机酸、芹菜素、芹菜苷及挥发油等,从中还可分离出芹菜甲素和芹菜乙素等成分。芹菜具有保护脑细胞的作用,在动物实验中可使颠痫的发作明显减轻,还能增强实验动物的记忆力。芹菜有明     

植源肽对啮齿动物神经退行性疾病的影响

神经退行性疾病是世界主要公共卫生问题之一,然而,目前缺乏治疗神经退行性疾病的有效药物,膳食营养干预是目前最受欢迎的干预手段之一。植源肽通过诸多途径在人类健康中发挥重要作用,如抗氧化、抗炎、保护神经系统等。本文综述植源肽对啮齿动物神经退行性疾病的作用机制,并展望其在神经退行性疾病应用中的机遇与挑战。     

芹菜素对慢传输型便秘小鼠的通便作用

通过小鼠实验和菌群体外培养实验探究芹菜素对慢传输型便秘小鼠的通便作用及其对肠道菌群的调节作用。将Balb/c小鼠分为空白组、模型组和芹菜素干预组,用洛哌丁胺建立慢传输型便秘模型,给予200 mg/kg?BW芹菜素干预便秘,观测首粒黑便时间、6 h排便粒数、粪便重量、墨汁推进率、粪便含水率等指标,评价芹菜素的通便效果。通过体外分离培养各组小鼠的肠道细菌并进行菌落计数,评价芹菜素对便秘小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。与模型组相比,芹菜素干预后小鼠首次排黑便时间减少了25%（p<0.05）,6 h排便粒数增加了0.86倍（p<0.05）、粪便重量增加了1.21倍（p<0.05）、墨汁推进率增加了1.05倍（p<0.05）、粪便含水率增加了0.82倍（p<0.05）。体外培养实验发现芹菜素抑制有害菌（肠杆菌和肠球菌）的生长（p<0.05）,促进益生菌（乳杆菌和双歧杆菌）的生长（p<0.05）。芹菜素对慢传输型便秘小鼠具有通便作用,可能通过调节肠道菌群达到通便效果。     

芹菜素防治2型糖尿病的研究进展

本文拟整合目前关于芹菜素用于预防和治疗2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)和肥胖的研究成果,重点强调芹菜素可作用于β细胞、脂肪细胞、肝细胞以及骨骼肌细胞上的各种分子靶点,调节不同的信号转导,而保护β细胞功能和改善外周组织胰岛素敏感性,对进一步开发芹菜素衍生的一些功能性食物作为糖尿病的替代疗法具有指导意义。同时讨论芹菜素药理作用研究中存在的争议,以及后续研究中需要加强的方面。     

黄精改善神经功能及产业应用进展

作为一种传统的食药同源物质，黄精含有多糖、黄酮、甾体皂苷和生物碱等多种成分，化学组成丰富，具有抗氧化、免疫调节、神经保护等功效，生物活性广泛。近年来，黄精改善神经系统功能报道受到关注。本文对近十年黄精水提物、黄精多糖和黄精皂苷在改善认知、抗抑郁和改善睡眠方面的研究进行阐述，作用机制涉及调节神经递质表达、抑制脂质过氧化、提升中枢胆碱能系统功能、影响海马结构和功能等，同时分析了目前黄精产业开发现状，以期为黄精用于神经调节类功能产品的研发提供参考。     

芹菜中黄酮类化合物及其生物活性研究进展

芹菜是一种常见的蔬菜,在我国分布广泛.通常含有多种黄酮类物质,包括芹菜素及其糖苷、槲皮素、山奈酚、木犀草素等.本文综述了芹菜中的总黄酮含量与品种,取样部位,生长期等因素的关系.在生物活性方面,芹菜黄酮具有抗氧化、抗癌、抵抗心血管疾病功效,在生殖系统方面有抑制雌激素和孕激素分泌等作用.     

芹菜素对人脑胶质瘤细胞凋亡作用的研究

本文主要研究芹菜素对人脑胶质瘤细胞U87凋亡的影响及机制。方法:应用CCK8法检测细胞增殖抑制率。流式细胞术检测细胞周期。Western-blot检测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2及Bax的表达。结果:(1)芹菜素能抑制胶质瘤细胞U87的增殖。(2)不同浓度的芹菜素作用24h,G2期细胞所占比例呈下降趋势。(3)芹菜素处理组的细胞,Bcl-2蛋白的表达量随着芹菜素浓度的增加而降低,Bax蛋白的表达量则随芹菜素浓度的增加而升高。     

EPA、DHA改善神经系统的几种间接机制研究进展

EPA、DHA是两种最受重视的ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸,其对包括大脑在内的神经系统的保护作用已经反复被证实,但对于其作用机制尚且了解不够深入和全面。除了本身作为神经细胞的磷脂的重要成分发挥直接作用,近年来发现EPA、DHA还通过各种间接机制发挥了强大的调节效应。本文重点综述了EPA、DHA的各种衍生物在神经保护方面发挥效应的机制,包括前列腺素(PG)、白三烯(LT)、消退素(Rv)、神经保护素(NPD)、环氧二十碳四烯酸(EEQs)、环氧二十碳五烯酸(EDPs)、亲电脂肪酸氧合衍生物(EFOX)以及新发现的maresins(MaR)等炎症介质分子,这些分子主要以促进炎症消退效应为主。这些新的研究发现有助于将来更精准地将多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)应用于阿尔茨海默病(AD)、帕金森病(PD)等疾病的治疗。     

花青素对神经退行性疾病保护作用的研究进展

对近年来花青素在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展进行综述,并从抑制氧化应激、缓解神经炎症、缓解兴奋性毒性和抑制蛋白异常聚集等方面对花青素的神经保护作用机制进行探讨,为进一步了解和研究花青素类化合物在神经退行性疾病中的预防作用提供科学依据。     

Health functionality of apigenin: A review

Apigenin is being used by humans in the form of plant extract for the treatment of a number of disorders and inflammatory conditions, until its discovery as a core compound. Apigenin, chemically known as 4′, 5, 7,-trihydroxyflavone is a yellow crystalline powder belonging to the flavone class, that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. It is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Numerous pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-toxicant, anti-cancer, etc., are attributed to apigenin. Research has shown that apigenin has numerous molecular targets involved in inflammation. Based on the in vivo, in vitro, and clinical trial studies suggested that apigenin is a potent therapeutic agent to overcome diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune disorders, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and various type of cancers. Delayed plasma clearance and slow decomposition in liver increases its systemic bioavailability, and makes it a strong therapeutic agent in pharmaceutical studies. In the present review, detailed accounts of the properties of apigenin have been discussed.     

Effects of food formulation and thermal processing on flavones in celery and chamomile

Flavones isolated from celery varied in their stability and susceptibility to deglycosylation during thermal processing at pH 3, 5, or 7. Apigenin 7-O-apiosylglucoside was converted to apigenin 7-O-glucoside when heated at pH 3 and 100 °C. Apigenin 7-O-glucoside showed little conversion or degradation at any pH after 5 h at 100 °C. Apigenin, luteolin, and chrysoeriol were most stable at pH 3 but progressively degraded at pH 5 or 7. Chamomile and celery were used to test the effects of glycosidase-rich foods and thermal processing on the stability of flavone glycosides. Apigenin 7-O-glucoside in chamomile extract was readily converted to apigenin aglycone after combination with almond, flax seed, or chickpea flour. Apigenin 7-O-apiosylglucoside in celery leaves was resistant to conversion by β-glucosidase-rich ingredients, but was converted to apigenin 7-O-glucoside at pH 2.7 when processed at 100 °C for 90 min and could then be further deglycosylated when mixed with almond or flax seed. Thus, combinations of acid hydrolysis and glycosidase enzymes in almond and flax seed were most effective for developing a flavone-rich, high aglycone food ingredient from celery.     

Apigenin and its impact on gastrointestinal cancers

Apigenin (4′,5,7‐trihydroxyflavone, 5,7‐dihydroxy‐2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one) is a flavonoid found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs, the most abundant sources being the leafy herb parsley and dried flowers of chamomile. Present in dietary sources as a glycoside, it is cleaved in the gastrointestinal lumen to be absorbed and distributed as apigenin itself. For this reason, the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to higher concentrations of apigenin than tissues at other locations. This would also be true for epithelial cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. We consider the evidence for actions of apigenin that might hinder the ability of gastrointestinal cancers to progress and spread. Apigenin has been shown to inhibit cell growth, sensitize cancer cells to elimination by apoptosis, and hinder the development of blood vessels to serve the growing tumor. It also has actions that alter the relationship of the cancer cells with their microenvironment. Apigenin is able to reduce cancer cell glucose uptake, inhibit remodeling of the extracellular matrix, inhibit cell adhesion molecules that participate in cancer progression, and oppose chemokine signaling pathways that direct the course of metastasis into other locations. As such, apigenin may provide some additional benefit beyond existing drugs in slowing the emergence of metastatic disease.     

芹菜素对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖及分化作用研究

目的：研究芹菜素(apigenin,AP)对3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞增殖及分化的影响。方法：采用3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞,利用MTT 比色分析法检测不同质量浓度芹菜素对3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞增殖的影响;采用传统的鸡尾酒诱导剂诱导分化3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞,利用油红O 染色检测,通过比色分析法检测不同质量浓度芹菜素对3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞分化的影响。结果：30、50μg/mL 芹菜素相对于空白组和阳性对照组能够显著抑制3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞增殖和分化,提示其可能具有预防肥胖的作用。     

Quantitative variation in Brazilian vegetable sources of flavonols and flavones

Reliable data on the levels of flavonoids in foods are necessary to identify sources and establish better the association between consumption and incidence of diseases. The objective of this work was to determine the flavonols and flavones of major vegetable sources in Brazil, compare with data obtained in different countries and evaluate possible seasonal and processing effects. Quercetin was the most widely distributed flavonol in the vegetables analysed, onions, kale and rucula being the richest sources. Kaempferol had the highest level in rucula. Apigenin was found only in parsley, at high concentration. The flavonoid contents tended to be higher in the summer, but the difference was statistically significant only for quercetin in curly lettuce and kale. Dehydrated onion had widely varying within-brand and between-brand quercetin contents, indicating lack of quality control in the processing plants. Dehydrated parsley, on the other hand, did not have significant difference in the apigenin content among four brands.     

Identification of phenolic compounds and their relationships to in-vitro digestibility of sorghum leaves from bird-resistant and non-bird-resistant varieties

Soluble phenolics in leaf blades and sheaths from the crop residues of 24 sorghum varieties were studied. Apigenin, luteolin, apigenin and luteolin 7-O-glucosides, p-coumaric acid, butin and apigeninidin were identified. This is the first report of butin in sorghum tissues. Derivatives of the following compounds were also detected but not characterised further: apigeninidin, luteolinidin, chalcone, flavanone and/or dihydroflavonol, cinnamic acid, apigenin and luteolin. The composition of phenolics was clearly different between leaf blades (LB) and sheaths (LS), and also between leaf sheaths of bird-resistant (BR) and non-bird-resistant (NBR) varieties. Routes of flavonoid biosynthesis in BR and NBR varieties appear to diverge at the flavanone/dihydroflavonol level. Several negative correlations were found between HPLC peaks and in-vitro digestibilities, ie true dry matter and neutral-detergent fibre digestibility. These were highly significant with butin and significant with several luteolin derivatives but only with one apigenin derivative. Butin in turn was highly negatively correlated with colorimetric measurements of 3-desoxyanthocyanidins. This may suggest that butin—rather than the 3-desoxyanthocyanidins as previously reported—is implicated in reducing dry matter digestibility. Selecting varieties low in luteolin derivatives and butin and rich in apigenin should enhance the digestibilities of sorghum crop residues.     

Determination of flavone C-glycosides in tea

An HPLC method for the determination of flavone C-glycosides (FCG) from black tea has been developed. Sample clean-up was accomplished by means of polyamide column chromatography, followed by enzyme hydrolysis of interfering compounds such was flavonol glycosides and a second polyamide column Chromatographic step. Using HPLC with gradient elution and photodiode array detection eight FCG were separated. Seven FCG were isolated by means of preparative HPLC. Identification was carried out using co-chromatography, FAB(Fast Atom Bombardment)-mass spectrometry and various nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Apigenin 6-C-glucosyl-8-arabinoside (schaftoside) and apigenin 6-C-arabinosyl-8-C-glucoside (isoschafto-side) as well as luteolin 8-C-glucoside (orientin) and luteolin 6-C-glucoside (isoorientin) have been detected in tea for the first time. Three of the other compounds have been identified as apigenin 8-C-glucoside (vitexin), apigenin 6-C-glucoside (isovitexin) and apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside (vicenin-2). Their occurrence in tea has been previously reported. From its UV spectrum another compound was concluded to be an apigenin glycoside. The FCG were quantified in a variety of teas of different origins (16 black, two green and one oolong). The total amounts of the FCG were 0.48–2.69 g/kg dry weight. The FCG pattern of teas of different origins were similar to each other and no origin-dependent characteristics have yet been observed. Small amounts of FCG (1.2–2.2 mg/g) were detected in hydrolysates of high relative molecular mass fractions (Mr>5000) of a black tea liquor.     

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of 11 Celery Cultivars

ABSTRACT:  Eleven cultivars of celery, belonging to 2 species, were collected and analyzed for their phenolic compound composition and antioxidant activities. Major phenolic acids identified in the extracts of these celeries were caffeic acid,  p -coumaric acid, and ferulic acid, while the identified flavonoids were apigenin, luteolin, and kaempferol. The contents of total phenolics were measured using a Folin–Ciocalteu assay and the total antioxidant capacity was estimated by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS·⁺) methods. Apigenin was the major flavonoid in these samples and the most abundant phenolic acid was  p- coumaric acid. Many of the investigated cultivars had high levels of phenolics and exhibited high antioxidant capacity. Among these 11 cultivars, Shengjie celery had the highest antioxidant activity whereas Tropica had the lowest. An extremely significant positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and the contents of total flavonoids, total phenolic acids, or total phenolics was observed in this study.     

Preparative separation of flavonoids in Adinandranitida leaves by high-speed counter-current chromatography and their effects on human epidermal carcinoma cancer cells

Preparative separation of camellianins A and B in Adinandra nitida leaves, which is a flavonoid-rich plant source with great practical prospects, was conducted by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a solvent system composed of ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (5:1:5, v/v). Apigenin (their aglycone) was prepared by hydrolysing a water extract and recrystallising. The purity and identity of these flavonoids was confirmed by HPLC-ESI/MS, and ¹H and ¹³C NMR. These flavones were used in cultures of the A431 cell line. Their inhibitory effect was evaluated by using the MTT assay. The results showed that three flavones could significantly inhibit the growth of human epidermal carcinoma cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. After 48 h of treatment, IC₅₀ values of camellianin A, camellianin B and apigenin against A431 tumour cells were 9.09 μM, 12.5 μM, 21.0 μM, respectively.