铁路运输随机振动数据的分析与研究

通过使用SAVER这一数据采集设备来对铁路运输环境中的振动数据进行记录与分析.从空间三轴向来记录发生在列车运行方向、垂直地面方向和水平方向的振动信号,并拟合出每个方向的随机振动PSD曲线.所监测的铁路线包括京沪、京沈、京广、陇海,与ASTM、ISTA标准的PSD曲线对比,掌握国内铁路运输的振动强度水平,使产品包装设计能够更加适应国内运输环境,更加趋于合理化.     

典型弹药系统运输振动特性试验研究

目的研究公路运输条件下典型弹药系统的基本振动特性。方法以某典型弹药系统为对象,设计运输振动模拟试验测试弹体和关重件的振动加速度响应,进而分析各层弹药系统的功率谱密度和振动传递率。结果下层弹药和弹体振动响应激烈,振动传递具有多模态性,有明显的主次之分,最大传递率分别为5.681和4.054。结论试验结果为我军同类弹药系统运输包装的改进和设计提供了基本数据。     

分析天平包装件随机振动仿真分析及优化设计

将有限元分析方法应用于分析天平包装件的模态分析和随机振动的加速度PSD分析,以获得应力分布云图和加速度功率谱密度响应曲线;对缓冲衬垫进行多目标优化设计以获得低成本高性能的缓冲结构。在Solidworks中建立有限元模型,用Ansys Workbench进行动力学仿真,分析包装件运输过程中的变形和振动情况,找出缓冲衬垫的薄弱点,以响应加速度、最大变形量和包装件质量为目标函数对分析天平缓冲衬垫进行响应曲面优化设计。经过响应曲面优化分析,优化值与初始值相比,包装件各项性能得到了提升。通过对分析天平包装件的仿真分析和优化设计,可以对缓冲衬垫结构尺寸进行改进,降低产品运输途中的破损率,并实现缓冲结构轻量化。     

公路运输中自行车的随机激励振动

从理论上探讨自行车在公路运输中的损伤情况,并以此为基础,针对三种类型的运输卡车,计算出较多的数据并绘制曲线。这些数据和曲线对自行车包装设计具有参考价值。     

苹果运输包装振动损伤预测方法的研究

提出一种苹果运输包装振动损伤的预测方法,通过苹果在缓冲衬垫上的接触面积与所受载荷之间的关系预测苹果在振动情况下所承受的应力值,并判断是否达到苹果损伤的临界应力值。选用一定质量和果径的苹果,在不同密度与不同厚度的EPE衬垫上进行压缩实验,得到了苹果在不同EPE衬垫下的接触面积与衬垫相对变形量曲线(S-ΔX曲线)以及载荷与衬垫相对变形量曲线(F-ΔX曲线),并得到了相应的拟合方程,其拟合度均大于95%。在求得加载在苹果上的瞬时载荷值F后,通过F-ΔX曲线便可求出瞬时载荷值对应的材料相对变形量ΔX,以ΔX为索引,再通过S-ΔX曲线,便可得到相应的理论接触面积S,从而求出对应的理论应力值F/S,与苹果损伤的临界应力值对比,即可判断苹果是否发生振动损伤。该方法为苹果的运输包装设计提供参考。     

快递运输包装随机振动信号采集与分析

目的 研究中国南方快递运输包装车辆的随机振动特性,为随机振动试验研究提供理论指导.方法 实地采集快递运输包装终端配送车辆在实际工况中遭受的随机振动信号,通过经验模态分解,对各固有模态函数(IMF)的时域、功率谱密度、Hilbert时频谱、Hilbert边际谱等进行分析.结果 经验模态分解将运输包装随机振动信号按频率高低依次分解成若干IMF分量,前若干IMF分量代表原始信号中的高频瞬态振动信号,后若干IMF分量代表原始信号中的低频振动信号,进而实现高频与低频振动信号的有效分离.结论 希尔伯特-黄变换适用于快递运输包装随机振动信号的分析研究,将在振动信号中间歇性的、加速度幅值较大且持续时间短暂的高频冲击信号进行分离,为运输包装随机振动信号模拟提供新思路,并对产品包装防护设计具有一定的理论指导意义.     

基于物流运输环境的打印机包装方案分析

目的 研究打印机物流包装方案在运输过程中对打印机的防护性能。方法 对打印机整体包装件进行模拟公路运输路况的随机振动试验,得到产品的响应加速度谱密度曲线;然后建立打印机物流包装的三维模型,通过运用有限元软件Ansys Workbench中的随机振动分析模块（Random Vibration）对整体进行随机振动仿真分析,得到打印机的响应加速度谱密度、总位移、各向应力、等效应力等。结果 由仿真得到的响应加速度谱密度与试验结果相对比,其变化趋势一致,验证了仿真的可靠性,同时验证了该打印机包装方案具有良好的保护性能。结论 该打印机整体包装方案满足公路物流运输的防护要求,同时提供了一种物流运输包装方案的可靠性验证方法。     

随机振动下产品包装系统传递路径分析

实验研究不同激励谱型、不同振动等级、不同缓冲衬垫厚度和不同衬垫分配方式下产品包装系统的振动响应规律,利用工况传递路径分析法（OTPA）量化随机振动下产品包装系统各传递路径的振动贡献量。结果表明：当振动等级较高时,包装件出现轻微跳动现象,系统振动响应增大,共振频率略微减小;随着缓冲衬垫厚度的增加,系统共振频率减小,不同激励谱下关键元件的加速度响应功率谱密度（PSD）有所差异,振动响应与系统共振频率处的激励能量大小有关,衬垫厚度对各路径的振动贡献量影响较小;衬垫分配方式对关键元件上的响应 PSD 影响较大,不同衬垫分配方式可调节各传递路径的振动贡献量大小;当缓冲衬垫面积均匀分配时,利用 OTPA 方法识别出系统的主要振动贡献路径,将其定义为关键振动传递路径,关键元件的响应与关键振动传递路径在共振频率附近的振动贡献量紧密相关,缓冲包装设计应重点关注关键振动传递路径的减振设计。研究结果为进一步研究缓冲包装设计方法提供理论支撑。     

果品物流运输包装件堆码振动传递性能的实验研究

以贵妃富士苹果为测试对象,模拟了其在实际运输过程中的振动载荷,进行了运输包装单件扫频振动实验,测出了其固有频率;对10层堆码进行扫频振动传递性能实验,分别测出了底层、中间层(第6层)和顶层运输包装件的固有频率、最大响应加速度和振动传递率。最后探讨了最大响应加速度、振动传递率随时间的变化规律,分析了固有频率和振动传递率峰值与堆码高度之间的关系,研究了其在模拟振动条件下的损伤规律,找出了现有包装的不足,提出了合理的包装设计方案。     

冰箱的缓冲包装CAE分析

目的研究冰箱在运输过程中的振动和冲击特性。方法利用Pro/E建立冰箱缓冲包装模型,并对模型进行适当简化,然后利用有限元分析软件Ansys对冰箱缓冲包装的振动和冲击特性进行模拟分析计算。结果求出了冰箱缓冲包装的固有频率与固有振型,以及在公路运输过程中受到振动和冲击下的动态响应。结论所提出的模拟产品包装系统的振动和冲击特性的方法,不仅缩短了产品的设计周期,而且为电子产品的包装设计提供了依据。     

Measurement and analysis of truck transport vibration levels and damage to packaged tangerines during transit

The purpose of this study was to measure the vibration levels in commercial truck shipments in Thailand and observe the effects on packaged fruit. The study measured the vibration levels in two of the most commonly used truck types to ship packaged goods as a function of road condition and vehicle speed. The suspension type on the trailers studied was leaf‐spring. The results of damage to packaged tangerine fruit as a function of location in the payload are also presented. The data presented in this study will assist product and package designers to reduce damage in transit. The results showed that vibration levels increased with speed and as a result of road condition. Analysis of variance indicated that three controlling factors, road surface, truck speed and truck type, significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) peak PSD, PSD* (root mean square) over the frequency range 2–5 Hz, and fruit damage. As expected, based on previous work, an increase in truck speed resulted in an increase in vibration levels and damage to packaged fruit. The laterite road condition produced the highest vibration level for a given truck and travelling speed followed by concrete highway and asphalt road conditions. Fruit damage was found to be greatest in the uppermost container for every combination of road, truck type and travelling speed, which also corresponded to the highest vibration levels recorded. The results showed that a significant amount of damage can occur on unpaved roads (laterite), while the packages are transported from farms and harvesting areas to regional truck terminals. Damage on asphalt road conditions was minimal. This paper provides an updated history of measured and quantified levels of vibration for these specific trucks and road conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement and Analysis of Shocks on Small Packages in the Express Shipping Environment of China

The express shipping industry in China has developed rapidly in recent years. Express shipping is dedicated to small packages. This package type, which is classified as transport package, has a high risk of product damage because of its characteristics. The design of transport packages is closely related to the shipping environment and has been studied by many researchers. However, the reference value of these research results in the context of China is questionable because the logistics environment in the country varies greatly from that abroad. This issue has been the subject of limited research attention, on which convincing research is lacking. This study measures and analyzes the representative express shipping environment in China using the careful design of a test package. Furthermore, the drop height and orientation of the testing package are analyzed to clarified the shock level on the package during shipping. The findings of this research provide a valuable reference for the optimal design of the express packages in China and for packaging performance tests in the laboratory. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement and Analysis of Physical and Climatic Distribution Environment for Air Package Shipment

There has been a significant growth in the air package shipment business, which involves the multi‐modal movement of a package in transportation and material handling systems that encompass conveyors, carts, trucks, delivery vans and aircrafts of various sizes and shapes. This study was aimed at establishing the ‘air package shipment’ conditions experienced by packages transported by air under ‘normal conditions of transport’. Air package shipment data (temperature, humidity, pressure, shock and vibration) were collected for several domestic and international routes through instrumented packages. The collected data were supplemented by previous research to measure and quantify this multi‐modal shipping environment. This study also compared industry‐accepted American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) pre‐shipment test methods with the general requirements of package design qualification testing as outlined in 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 178, Subpart M. This review revealed that the design qualification testing for certain distribution‐related hazard elements is not currently representative of the normal conditions of air transport. The data gathered in this study were analysed to represent the current ‘normal conditions of transport’, i.e. beginning‐to‐end delivery of air packages. The study used the time spent by the package in each of the segments of transportation to determine a ‘single profile’ or ‘test’ that would represent the average and normal expected levels for each hazard element and would serve as the basis of a minimum level for performance testing to establish normal conditions of transport by air. The recommended test methods and levels can be easily adopted by existing distribution packaging testing labs globally. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement and analysis of delivery van vibration levels to simulate package testing for parcel delivery in Hungary

In the past several decades, there continues to be an increase in both domestic and international online and catalogue shipments that requires an increase in shipments and handling of parcels by single parcel delivery companies. This study measured the vibration levels that occur in parcel delivery shipments from pickup to delivery, especially the sections involving delivery vans and small vehicles over ground road transportation in Hungary. Goods that were shipped in the regions studied almost always travel at least once by van on varying road conditions such as motorways, main, side or city roads to deliver parcels to the final destination. The aim of this paper was to provide an understanding of vibration levels that occur during van transportation that can be used to pre‐shipment test new packages to prevent damage. The measured acceleration‐time data were analyzed in terms of power spectral densities (PSDs) and presented with statistical data to provide an understanding of the variability of intensity. The separated and averaged vibration levels that were measured in this study were compared with the American Society of Testing and Materials and the International Safe Transit Association vibration profiles for pickup and delivery vehicle in the form of PSD spectrums. Based on the analyzed data of this study, PSD spectra were provided for various route conditions as well as composite spectra, which can be used to simulate the measured vibration conditions representing van shipments.     

Vibration and acceleration levels of multimodal container shipping physical environment

In global supply chains, multimodal transportation plays a dominant role in worldwide shipping. The rail, truck, and vessel combination is the most commonly used mode for non‐time sensitive shipments between continents. This study focused on measuring the transportation environment effects (vibration and acceleration levels) in 40‐foot ISO container shipments using multiple modes of transport, originating in Hungary and destined for Mexico, India, and China over several weeks. The study also measured multimodal shipping routes without vessel transportation to China over Trans‐Siberian and Trans‐Manchurian railway lines. The transshipments and handling events in container hubs and terminals were separately analyzed. The results show the comparison of vibration intensity (in PSD) of different route conditions between various continents, and the possibility of acceleration levels during transshipments and handling events. The measured data show that extreme acceleration levels in vertical direction (9.37 G) occur while containers are handled in a seaport, and in lateral (4.45 G) and longitudinal (5.55 G) directions while they are transshipped by truck to rail container terminals. The rail vibration levels in Russia and China showed a lower intensity in the frequency range of 1 to 15 Hz, and higher between 15 and 200 Hz than in Europe; the lowest vibration levels occurred when the containers traveled on the sea, and truck vibration levels were very similar to previous research and ISTA protocols.     

基于路面等级匹配的重卡包装物运输激励研究

目的利用传感器搭配数据采集卡收集路面不平频谱,将路面信息匹配标准路面等级以及车辆行驶速度。方法通过Matlab将标准PSD与随机激励匹配路面等级,同时建立1/2四轴重卡动力学模型,并用能量法建立动力学方程。将收集的路面不平频谱对应到相应的路面等级,再结合车辆速度的设定,最后求解得到车辆受激励后轮胎的动载位移频谱,分析得出被运输包装物的半挂车平板动载位移。结果重卡运输前轴轮胎在A级路面以60 km/h的车速经过该路面的动载位移量在0.8和9.8 s时达到峰值,且路面响应位移不超过6 cm。结论求得被运输包装物的所受激励频谱,为被包装物的运输振动安全性研究提供支撑,可结合具体被运输包装物的脆值理论,提供被运输物品发生运输损坏的数值仿真。     

Analysis of in‐flight vibration of a twin‐engine turbo propeller aircraft

A data recorder was utilized to record in‐flight vibration of a twin engine turbo propeller (feeder) aircraft. The data recorded produced power spectral density (PSD) profiles which are currently used in laboratory settings to drive vibration tables in order to simulate a particular vehicle type. Overall Grms values were averaged and compared to previous research studies. The data collected from this research study could be utilized for packaging research when developing products and packages that will pass through a distribution cycle which includes transportation via a feeder aircraft. One example of this type of distribution cycle is the small parcel shipping environment. The PSD profiles which were analyzed from this research could simulate in‐flight aircraft vibration of the aircraft chassis in a laboratory environment. This will enable further research in the air transport environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of vehicle speed on shock and vibration levels in truck transport

An update on the nature of shock and vibration in truck transport was obtained by measuring and analysing the shock and vibration levels separately that occur during truck transportation in Japan. The effect of truck speed on the shock and vibration levels was mainly analysed. A significant difference was observed between the acceleration of vibration, and the acceleration including shock and vibration as a result of truck speed. The results indicated that the effect of truck speed on root mean square acceleration (Grms), including shock and vibration, was strong at a lower speed, but slight at a higher speed. The highest Grms, including shock and vibration, was found at 45–59.9 km/h on local roads, which was higher than that during highway driving. When the speed was below 45 km/h, the peak power spectral density (PSD) of acceleration including shock and vibration increased as truck speed increased; when the speed was above 45 km/h, no significant changes in peak PSD were found because of truck speed. At the same time, the effect of vehicle speed on the vibration acceleration was also studied. It was found that the higher the vehicle speed, the higher the Grms and peak PSD value of vibration in both the vertical and lateral directions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement and Analysis of Vibration Levels in Two and Three Wheel Delivery Vehicles in Southeast Asia

Different types of small vehicles such as two‐wheel and three‐wheel motorcycles are commonly used for domestic delivery in many countries in Asia, particularly in Southeast (SE) Asia. These types of vehicles are mostly used for delivery of packages in the last leg of the supply chain. This study was initiated at the Technical Council meeting of International Safe Transit Association to understand the vibration levels that exist in delivering packages in SE Asia for the ‘last leg’. The study measured the vibration levels that are experienced by packages in Thailand and Indonesia. The delivery process in these countries uses two‐wheel and three‐wheel light vehicles to deliver printers and small packages. However, this portion of data and testing has often been overlooked by packaging test standards used in North America and Europe to design and test packages during the development process. The ‘last leg’ delivery method discussed has generally been considered the fast, convenient and flexible way of product delivery. Data recorders were mounted on the vehicle floor to measure acceleration levels during delivery in commonly used routes in the major cities in these two countries. Measured data in this research show that the vibration levels in these ‘last leg’ delivery routes are actually lower than those measured in truck and container shipment across road and rail transportation in North America that has been previously studied by the authors. Vibration levels in the two‐wheel vehicles with rear trunk containers were higher than those in the three‐wheel vehicles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铁路非高斯随机振动的数字模拟与包装件响应分析

目的研究铁路振动环境的非高斯特性,并分析包装件在非高斯随机振动环境条件下的响应情况。方法结合离散傅里叶变换与EARPG(1)模型,模拟了铁路随机振动信号。根据采集的数据的PSD曲线计算幅值,利用EARPG(1)模型生成了具有尖峰特征的模拟信号,计算了相位并进行了相位整体平移,根据幅值和相位,合成了所需的非高斯随机振动信号。将包装件简化为单自由度系统,分析了包装件在非高斯振动条件下的响应情况。结果铁路随机振动的峭度大于3,偏斜度为0,属于对称超高斯随机振动,提出的模型可准确模拟出铁路振动的非高斯特性,峭度和偏斜度的误差均小于3%,包装系统的固有频率、阻尼比、激励峭度对系统的响应的峭度、均方根均有较大的影响。结论通过合理地选择包装系统的固有频率和阻尼比,可有效减小系统的响应峭度和均方根,提高包装系统的可靠性。