多孔生物镁的制备与力学性能研究

采用粉末冶金法制备多孔镁,孔隙率可在20%到55%范围内变化,并研究了多孔镁的压缩性能和抗弯强度与孔隙率之间的关系.结果表明,多孔镁的孔隙率、孔径可通过造孔剂的含量和粒度来控制,随着孔隙率的增加,抗压强度和杨氏模量变小,抗弯强度下降;采用粉末冶金方法制备的多孔生物镁不论是从压缩强度,杨氏模量还是从抗弯强度上来讲,都可以满足移植材料的要求.     

HD+SPS多孔镁的制备及其组织性能研究

利用氢化脱氢(HD)+放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺制备了多孔镁块体材料,研究了不同MgH_2含量下多孔镁孔隙率、孔结构及压缩和吸能性能。结果表明,HD+SPS法制备的总孔隙率分别为7.5%和17.8%的多孔镁,且其孔径尺寸细小,内部组织均匀;孔隙率为17.8%的多孔镁具有相对较低的压缩屈服强度43 MPa,单位体积吸能较高,为34.04 MJ/m~3,最大能量吸收效率为1.42。17.8%孔隙率的多孔镁压缩应力-应变曲线较7.5%孔隙率的多孔镁有相对较低的屈服强度及较长的应力平台阶段,在能量吸收材料应用上更具优势。     

多孔金属结合剂CBN砂轮孔隙结构对磨料层胎体力学性能的影响

为解决多孔金属结合剂CBN砂轮在高孔隙率下的强度下降问题,采用球形尿素颗粒为造孔剂,制作孔径、孔形和孔隙可控的多孔金属结合剂砂轮磨料层胎体,研究不同载荷情况下的孔隙率和孔隙排布等孔隙结构因素,对多孔金属结合剂磨料层胎体力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:孔隙有序排布时的胎体弹性模量要小于孔隙无序排布的;胎体材料的屈服强度随孔隙率增大而下降;在相同孔隙率下,孔隙有序排布的胎体,在纵向受压、孔隙正向排布的情况下屈服强度更高。      

泡沫镁宏微观结构表征及压缩性能研究

针对熔体发泡法制备泡沫镁存在的困难,使用包覆发泡剂及改进工艺成功制得泡孔均匀的泡沫镁试样。利用OM、SEM、EDS及XRD等分析手段对试样进行宏微观结构表征,结果表明：泡沫镁试样宏观孔以典型的闭孔结构为主,但也存在一些连通孔及少量大孔,它们多是宏观裂纹的产生及扩展位置。泡孔内壁存在一些褶皱缺陷,且弥散分布着许多反应产生的MgO和CaO颗粒,压缩变形过程中,这些部位易产生应力集中,促进微裂纹的形成与扩展。孔壁上主要分布着碳化硅颗粒及生成的Mg2Ca相。测试分析了孔隙率和孔径对泡沫镁压缩力学性能和能量吸收性能的影响,并深入研究其压缩破坏机理,研究发现：随着孔隙率的降低,泡沫镁弹性变形增大,屈服强度升高;随着孔径的增大,泡沫镁屈服强度及平台应力明显减小,表现出显著的孔径效应。随着孔隙率的升高或孔径的增大,泡沫镁的能量吸收性能显著降低。泡沫镁的破坏为解理脆性断裂,这与孔壁组织及镁基体性质有很大的关系。     

泡沫镁的宏微观结构表征及压缩性能

针对熔体发泡法制备泡沫镁存在的困难,使用包覆发泡剂及改进工艺成功制得泡孔均匀的泡沫镁试样。利用OM、SEM、EDS及XRD等分析手段对试样进行宏微观结构表征。结果表明:泡沫镁试样宏观孔以典型的闭孔结构为主,但也存在一些连通孔及少量大孔,它们多是宏观裂纹的产生及扩展位置。泡孔内壁存在一些褶皱缺陷,且弥散分布着许多反应产生的MgO和CaO颗粒,压缩变形过程中,这些部位易产生应力集中,促进微裂纹的形成与扩展。孔壁上主要分布着碳化硅颗粒及生成的Mg_2Ca相。测试分析了孔隙率和孔径对泡沫镁压缩力学性能和能量吸收性能的影响,并深入研究其压缩破坏机理。研究发现:随着孔隙率的降低,泡沫镁弹性变形增大,屈服强度升高;随着孔径的增大,泡沫镁屈服强度及平台应力明显减小,表现出显著的孔径效应。随着孔隙率的升高或孔径的增大,泡沫镁的能量吸收性能显著降低。泡沫镁的破坏为解理脆性断裂,这与孔壁组织及镁基体性质有很大的关系。     

合金元素及孔结构对Gasar镁合金力学性能及腐蚀性能的影响

采用金属-气体共晶定向凝固法(常称为Gasar工艺)成功制备藕状多孔Mg-Mn、Mg-Mn-Zn系合金,并研究合金元素及孔结构对藕状多孔镁合金力学性能及腐蚀性能的影响。研究结果表明：1wt.%Mn的添加,可以使藕状多孔纯镁的压缩强度从64MPa (孔隙率~36%)提升至74MPa (孔隙率~37%),而进一步添加1wt.%的Zn元素,材料的压缩强度增至115MPa (孔隙率~37%)。Zn 元素的加入可以提高藕状多孔 Mg-Mn合金的耐腐蚀性能,同时,藕状多孔Mg-1wt.%Mn-1wt.%Zn合金定向孔下方的圆锥状溶质富集区表现出良好的耐腐蚀性。孔径对藕状多孔材料腐蚀性能有一定的影响,当孔径尺寸为1026μm时,Gasar Mg-1wt.%Mn合金孔壁腐蚀较为严重,而当孔径降至306μm时,孔会被腐蚀产物封闭,孔壁的腐蚀程度较小。     

基于杨氏模量可控多孔钛微观组织和力学性能的研究

人体植入物的杨氏模量在减少因植入物杨氏模量远大于骨组织而带来的应力屏蔽,提高植入物器件在人体的服役寿命具有十分重要的作用。本文采用一种新型的钛网层叠烧结法制备多孔钛,研究多孔钛的微观孔形貌,压缩变形特点和具有可控性的多孔钛孔隙率、孔径大小和孔分布对多孔钛微观组织及力学性能的影响。研究结果表明：这种方法制备的多孔钛在微观结构上具有不同方向有不同的微观孔形貌,因而使多孔钛具有异性;轴向压缩应力应变曲线表明多孔钛具有平稳、光滑的弹性和塑性变形行为;当增加孔隙率,或相同孔隙率下,减小孔名义尺寸,改变孔分布由规则到错排时,均能降低多孔钛的弹性模量。因此,通过调控多孔钛的这些结构参数,可使其具有与不同骨组织相匹配的力学性能和利于骨组织长入的孔径尺寸。这种与骨组织适配的力学性能和孔结构,在提高植入物器件的服役寿命具有很大的潜力。     

基于杨氏模量可控多孔钛微观组织和力学性能研究（英文）

因为人体植入物的杨氏模量远大于骨组织将会带来应力屏蔽,所以降低人体植入物的杨氏模量对于提高植入物器件在人体的服役寿命具有十分重要的作用。采用一种新型的钛网层叠烧结法制备多孔钛,研究多孔钛的微观孔形貌,压缩变形特点和具有可控性的多孔钛孔隙率、孔径大小和孔分布对多孔钛微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:钛网层叠烧结法制备的多孔钛在微观结构上,不同方向具有不同的微观孔形貌,因而使多孔钛具有异性;轴向压缩应力应变曲线表明多孔钛具有平稳、光滑的弹性和塑性变形行为;当增加孔隙率,或相同孔隙率下,减小孔名义尺寸,改变孔分布由规则到错排时,均能降低多孔钛的弹性模量。因此,通过调控多孔钛的这些结构参数,可使其具有与不同骨组织相匹配的力学性能和利于骨组织长入的孔径尺寸。作为植入物材料的多孔钛具有的这种与骨组织适配的孔结构和力学性能,在延长植入物器件的服役寿命上具有很大的潜力。     

不同孔径分布多孔钛的力学性能

从生物学角度出发设计并制备2种不同孔径分布的多孔钛,并研究其力学性能。采用造孔剂烧结方法制备孔隙率为36%~63%的多孔钛,通过室温压缩测试其力学性能。多孔钛的弹性模量和抗压强度分别在2.662~18 GPa和94.05~468.57 MPa范围内,且都随着孔隙率的增加而降低。抗压强度和孔隙率的关系曲线呈现完全的线性特征,表明抗压强度主要受孔隙率的影响,几乎不受孔径的影响。Gibson-Ashby力学关系分析结果显示：常数项C值的差异说明孔径分布对多孔钛的屈服强度有一定的影响;密度指数n值均大于临界值3,表明这2种不同孔径的多孔钛的变形方式相同,为孔壁的屈曲作用。     

通孔多孔铝的压缩性能研究

在采用复模铸造工艺制备孔径d=2.5~3.50 mm,孔隙率P=56.8%~86.1%通孔多孔铝的基础上,通过单轴压缩试验,研究了通孔多孔铝的压缩性能和吸能能力。通孔多孔铝单轴压缩应力-应变曲线,呈现线弹性变形、平缓塑性变形和压缩紧实3个阶段。通孔泡沫铝的压缩屈服强度、吸能能力随孔隙率增大而减小,采用Gibson-Ashby的模型拟合通孔多孔铝的压缩屈服强度。     

Additive manufacturing technologies of porous metal implants

Biomedical metal materials with good corrosion resistance and mechanical properties are widely used in orthopedic surgery and dental implant materials,but they can easily cause stress shielding due to the significant difference in elastic modulus between the implant and human bones.The elastic modulus of porous metals is lower than that of dense metals.Therefore,it is possible to adjust the pore parameters to make the elastic modulus of porous metals match or be comparable with that of the bone tissue.At the same time,the open porous metals with pores connected to each other could provide the structural condition for bone ingrowth,which is helpful in strengthening the biological combination of bone tissue with the implants.Therefore,the preparation technologies of porous metal implants and related research have been drawing more and more attention due to the excellent features of porous metals.Selective laser melting（SLM）and electron beam melting technology（EBM）are important research fields of additive manufacturing.They have the advantages of directly forming arbitrarily complex shaped metal parts which are suitable for the preparation of porous metal implants with complex shape and fine structure.As new manufacturing technologies,the applications of SLM and EBM for porous metal implants have just begun.This paper aims to understand the technology status of SLM and EBM,the research progress of porous metal implants preparation by using SLM and EBM,and the biological compatibility of the materials,individual design and manufacturing requirements.The existing problems and future research directions for porous metal implants prepared by SLM and EBM methods are discussed in the last paragraph.     

钛合金变形Gyroid单元梯度多孔结构设计与分析

研究一种具有径向和轴向孔径梯度的变形Gyroid单元多孔结构参数化设计方法,采用激光选区熔化成形(selective laser melting, SLM)技术,制备出孔隙率为60%和75%的钛合金变形Gyroid单元梯度多孔结构样件。使用有限元法(finiteelementmethod,FEM)对4组梯度多孔支架模型及2组均质模型进行静力学仿真分析,对制备的钛合金梯度多孔样件进行力学性能测试,并与已测试过的均质样件进行力学性能对比分析。有限元计算结果与力学性能试验结果共同表明：变形Gyroid单元多孔结构力学性能随孔隙率的升高而降低,孔隙率相同时,径向梯度多孔支架力学性能优于均质多孔支架,更适用于皮质骨的骨缺损修复,轴向梯度多孔支架力学性能相比均质多孔支架有所减弱,更适用于松质骨。     

Preparation of porous Ta-10%Nb alloy scaffold and its in vitro biocompatibility evaluation using MC3T3-E1 cells

A highly porous Ta-10%Nb alloy was successfully prepared for tissue engineering via the methods of the sponge impregnation and sintering techniques. The porous Ta-10%Nb alloy offers the capability of processing a pore size of 300-600 μm, a porosity of (68.0±0.41)%, and open porosity of (93.5±2.6)%. The alloy also shows desirable mechanical properties similar to those of cancellous bone with the elastic modulus and the comprehensive strength of (2.54±0.5) GPa and (83.43±2.5) MPa, respectively. The morphology of the pores in the porous Ta-Nb alloy shows a good interconnected three-dimension (3D) network open cell structure. It is also found that the rat MC3T3-E1 cell can well adhere, grow and proliferate on the porous Ta-Nb alloy. The interaction of the porous alloy on cells is attributed to its desirable pore structure, porosity and the great surface area. The advanced mechanical and biocompatible properties of the porous alloy indicate that this material has promising potential applications in tissue engineering.     

Preparation and characterization of porous magnesium materials

The proper spacer material and the preparation technology for biological compatible porous magnesium materials were explored by the powder metallurgy method, and microstructures, porosity and mechanical properties of sintered porous magnesium were investigated. The results show that compared with spacer materials of NH4CO3, NH3Cl and carbamide, NI-I4CO3 is the best one for preparation of sintered porous magnesium, and the worst one is NH3Cl. The isolated blind pores are formed mainly by the particle interval of the magnesium powders. Adding spacer material favors the formation of open pores, while has little contribution to the formation of blind pores. The overall porosity and porosity of open pore of the sintered porous magnesium increase with the increase of added spacer material, while decrease with the increase of the molding stress. The mechanical properties of sintered porous magnesium increase with decreasing addition of spacer material and increasing molding stress.     

医用多孔镁基合金材料制备技术的研究进展

介绍了医用多孔镁合金的优势,综述了当前多孔镁基合金制备技术的研究进展。阐述了粉末冶金法制备医用多孔镁合金工艺中存在的问题。指出提高多孔镁合金材料骨架部分强度可显著改善其力学性能。在保证医用多孔镁合金具有大量孔隙的同时,使材料骨架部分的晶粒细化,才能制备出高质量多孔镁基合金材料。     

藕状多孔金属Mg的Gasar工艺制备

金属／气体共晶定向凝固(Gasar)是一种制备规则多孔金属的新工艺．本文利用自行开发的Gasar装置，成功制备了具有规则气孔分布的藕状多孔金属Mg，并研究了气体压力对气泡形核、气孔率、气孔大小和分布的影响。     

Corrosion behavior of porous magnesium coated by plasma electrolytic oxidation in simulated body fluid

Porous magnesium has a great potential to be used as degradable bone scaffolds. In this study, porous magnesium with 35% percolating porosity has been successfully fabricated through powder metallurgy route utilizing space holders. The intrinsic mechanical properties of the porous magnesium were measured by nanoindentation testing and analyzed with the Oliver–Pharr method. Afterward, a ceramic coating on the surface of the porous magnesium was performed by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment in a silicate‐based solution. The morphology and composition results of the PEO coatings indicated that it is possible to apply a homogenous and adhesive ceramic coating layer on all free surface of the porous magnesium through PEO method. The protective performance of the PEO coatings was evaluated using by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests in simulated body fluid. The results revealed the PEO coating significantly improves biocorrosion resistance of the porous magnesium. Therefore, it can be used as an effective method to control the degradation rate of porous magnesium implants in the human body.     

Characterization of porous Ti-bioglass composite produced by mechanical milling and space holder sintering

In this study, porous titanium-10 wt% bioglass(BG) composites were fabricated by the process of combining mechanical alloying with space holder sintering. The pore morphology and phase constituents of the milled powders and porous compacts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffractometry(XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR). The mechanical properties were determined by running compression test. The porosity of the sintered samples shows a downward trend with the increase of milling time. As the porosity increases, both the compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease. The results illustrate that the fabricated porous compacts with high porosity and suitable mechanical properties have the potential application in bone tissue engineering.     

组织工程化三维仿骨支架重建股骨头坏死区研究

首先研制出具有取向性类骨结构的β-TCP三维仿骨支架,经过仿生类骨处理和组织工程化后,植入犬的股骨头坏死区,30周后取出股骨头进行分析研究.与此同时开展了几种支架材料重建股骨头坏死区的力学性能分析和模拟.结果显示,具有取向性类骨结构的β-TCP三维仿骨支架具有很好的生物相容性和力学相容性.动物实验研究表明:组织工程化三维仿骨支架诱导生长出新的骨小梁,并伴有β-TCP降解,这为修复或重建股骨头局部坏死区提供了一种有希望的新途径.     

Tantalum-45S5Bioglass composite foams prepared in thermal dealloying process

This paper presents a promising method of tantalum – bioglass porous composites preparation by thermal dealloying. The first step of this study was the Ta-Bioglass-Mg nanopowder preparation using the mechanical alloying process in a Spex shaker type mill. The next step was the formation of the green compacts by cold pressing and then sintering and dealloying of magnesium. During the dealloying process, the magnesium diffuses from the middle to the surface of the sample, leaving open spaces surrounded by the composite scaffold. The porosity, pores morphology, structure, phase and chemical composition as well as cytotoxic activity have been investigated. The biocompatible Ta-2.5 wt% 45S5 Bioglass foam composites, of high porosity and wide pore size distribution have successfully been prepared as promising candidates for hard tissue implant applications.