面向下肢功能障碍者的厨房家具设计研究

目的 以用户行为和需求为导向,寻找功能组合最佳的下肢功能障碍者厨房家具设计方法。方法 首先,收集用户初始需求,根据Kano模型进行聚类,确定各需求项的类别和重要性,筛选出影响用户满意度的关键需求项;其次,利用模糊行为阶段,对用户使用厨房的过程进行分解,得到用户在各阶段的行为情景;再次,将情感三层次的共性需求与模糊行为阶段的个性需求结合考量,进行针对性分析,定位产品设计要素;最后,归纳设计点,应用于设计实践。结论 通过结合以上研究方法开展面向下肢功能障碍者的厨房家具设计,充分掌握用户的真实需求,建立用户需求与设计要素之间的联系,有效解决下肢功能障碍者在使用传统厨房时所遇到的问题,使其平等地参与社会生活,也为同类的设计提供一定的方法依据。     

未来厨房系统的情感交互设计研究

目的研究信息时代未来厨房系统中用户与厨房间的人机交互和情感交互。方法分析未来厨房系统的内涵、组成元素和设计原则,总结人机交互及人际交互中情感的交流方式。结果绿色商业厨房与家庭成长模块化厨房设计实例进行的情感交互设计能使未来厨房系统的操作变得更加人性化,为人们的生活创造更好的体验价值和人机、人际情感交互,构建和谐稳定的家庭关系。     

Numerical solution of the dynamic stability problems

A novel integral equation technique is employed for the analysis of dynamic stability problems. The governing equation of the linearized parametric resonance problem is transformed into an integral equation. The kernel of the integral equation is computed as the influence function for the deflection and/or bending moment of a corresponding beam. The highest derivative of the governing function (in our case fourth derivative of the displacement function) is chosen as the basic unknown. Using the formal analogy with the differential equation of the beam flexure this highest derivative is comprehended as some unknown transverse ‘load’. The distribution of this ‘load’ is a priori assumed to be polygonal. Using elementary methods of structural analysis, the displacements due to the assumed ‘load’ are determined. These displacements, arrayed into a square matrix, approximate the kernel of the governing integral equation. The subsequent procedure via Hill's determinant is a conventional one. The results prove to be accurate enough even for a very modest number of points of integration. This reflects the fact that the method is based on numerical integration rather than on numerical differentiation.     

Analysis of Categorical Response in Small Sample Experiments

Statistical design of experiments (DOE) is widely used today for process and product characterization and optimization. Owing to cost and time considerations, sometimes only a minimum number of experimental runs can be conducted, with added challenges in analysis when the experimental outcomes cannot be measured on a continuous scale and are expressed only in qualitative terms such as ‘excellent’, ‘satisfactory’ and ‘poor’: such outcomes are variously described as ‘categorical’, ‘attribute’, ‘qualitative’, ‘discrete’ or ‘counted’ in nature. This paper offers practical techniques of handling small experiments with such non‐standard DOE response data which are otherwise impossible to analyze by standard statistical software. The suggested procedures, built upon what is called a Likelihood Transfer Function (LTF), do not require complex data analysis but would yield results consistent with the constraints of experimental conditions as well as the objectives of stakeholders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulated experimental design used to define the characteristic curves of car shock‐absorbers

This paper introduces a special ‘quality’ parameter on automotive perspective, i.e. the quality index in order to measure the customer satisfaction with car manoeuvrability. In particular, it describes how the characteristic setting curves of a car shock‐absorber can be optimized using subjective customer assessment of three categories of perception: handling, steering quality and ride‐comfort. These, called manoeuvrability indices, were used to represent the assessment of customer satisfaction with car manoeuvrability. The characteristic curves for each shock‐absorber setting were defined using parameters which uniquely determined their shape. Subsequent analysis was carried out using simulated experimental design which adopts a numeric model of vehicle simulation thereby enabling experimental costs to be reduced. This analysis made it possible to ascertain which setting parameter values provided the best compromise among the three categories of required performance. A codified method of optimization was then developed. This method, which includes the three categories of perception, will be extended to all new projects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Towards automating the discovery of certain innovative design principles through a clustering-based optimization technique

In this article, a methodology is proposed for automatically extracting innovative design principles which make a system or process (subject to conflicting objectives) optimal using its Pareto-optimal dataset. Such ‘higher knowledge’ would not only help designers to execute the system better, but also enable them to predict how changes in one variable would affect other variables if the system has to retain its optimal behaviour. This in turn would help solve other similar systems with different parameter settings easily without the need to perform a fresh optimization task. The proposed methodology uses a clustering-based optimization technique and is capable of discovering hidden functional relationships between the variables, objective and constraint functions and any other function that the designer wishes to include as a ‘basis function’. A number of engineering design problems are considered for which the mathematical structure of these explicit relationships exists and has been revealed by a previous study. A comparison with the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) approach reveals the practicality of the proposed approach due to its ability to find meaningful design principles. The success of this procedure for automated innovization is highly encouraging and indicates its suitability for further development in tackling more complex design scenarios.     

传统文化与现代厨卫设计——以欧派厨卫产品设计为例

现代厨卫设计风格代表着一个国家一个民族的一个文化侧面,反映着一个民族的艺术爱好。受染于浮躁文化的中国厨卫设计在＂拿来＂的沾沾自喜中逐渐疏离了它本应特有的传统内涵。该文以欧派厨卫产品设计为例,论述在现今时代中国传统文化对现代厨卫设计的意义,以及如何将传统文化与现代厨卫设计相融合并创新。     

A sequential approximation method using neural networks for engineering design optimization problems

There are three characteristics in engineering design optimization problems: (1) the design variables are often discrete physical quantities; (2) the constraint functions often cannot be expressed analytically in terms of design variables; (3) in many engineering design applications, critical constraints are often ‘pass–fail’, ‘0–1’ type binary constraints. This paper presents a sequential approximation method specifically for engineering optimization problems with the three characteristics. In this method a back-propagation neural network is trained to simulate a rough map of the feasible domain formed by the constraints using a few representative training data. A training data point consists of a discrete design point and whether this design point is feasible or infeasible. Function values of the constraints are not required. A search algorithm then searches for the optimal point in the feasible domain simulated by the neural network. This new design point is checked against the true constraints to see whether it is feasible, and is then added to the training set. The neural network is trained again with this added information, in the hope that the network will better simulate the boundary of the feasible domain of the true optimization problem. Then a further search is made for the optimal point in this new approximated feasible domain. This process continues in an iterative manner until the approximate model locates the same optimal point in consecutive iterations. A restart strategy is also employed so that the method may have a better chance to reach a global optimum. Design examples with large discrete design spaces and implicit constraints are solved to demonstrate the practicality of this method.     

Deriving a context

A framework for focussig discussion is built upon past events and present concerns. What happened about design thinking in the past is partly mythical and partly obtained from writings of the time and recent accounts by participants. Present concerns are largely about ‘wholeness’, the nature of design, and how best to teach it. Models form a principal part of design problem-solving. The application of computers and better use of human response offer directions for improvement of design activity. Each can be facilitated through richer models of designing. Are such available and are there any problems which arise? Can computers and human response be fruitfully coupled?     

离散支承梁分段动力学建模方法

摘 要：为改善某汽车乘坐舒适性,采用滤波白噪声法建立四轮路面激励模型,根据拉格朗日方程和达朗贝尔原理建立8自由度整车平顺性模型,在Matlab/Simulink中进行仿真实验。利用田口方法,综合考虑随机干扰因素与可控设计变量对汽车平顺性的影响,设计正交表;通过对实验数据进行信噪比计算和方差分析,得到各随机干扰因素对汽车平顺性的影响规律与各可控设计变量对汽车平顺性的贡献率,优选出最佳参数组合。优化后,座椅垂向加速度均方根值在各工况下均明显减小,汽车的平顺性及其稳健性显著提高;操纵稳定性也有较小幅度的提升,验证了平顺性稳健优化的可行性。     

基于傅里叶幅值检验扩展法的轨道车辆垂向模型全局灵敏度分析

为筛选明显影响轨道车辆垂向振动特性的设计参数,简化车辆模型参数优化设计过程,采用傅里叶幅值灵敏度检验扩展法对典型轨道车辆垂向模型进行参数灵敏度分析。研究结果表明,二系悬挂与一系悬挂阻尼变化对车体沉浮运动影响较一系悬挂刚度大;调整车辆定距也会影响车体点头运动;模型设计参数间存在微弱的交互作用。所用该研究方法及结论对轨道车辆模型的振动特性研究及参数优化设计具有一定参考价值与工程意义。     

New alternatives for computer-scheduling of multi-product plants running batchwise under constraints

The paper discusses a new approach used for operations scheduling of multi-product plants. The algorithm allows schedules to be built and improved even when complex sets of constraints are to be dealt with. The ‘post-scheduling’ technique that was developed uses global functions or ‘modules’ called in an interactive fashion according to the decisions made by an operator and based on the results obtained at a previous step. The paper also studies the human decisional impact in combinatorial problem-solving and presents a generalization of constraint handling in scheduling systems. Global results deriving from an industrial scheduling problem that was solved using this method are also presented     

浅谈高等学校厨房通风空调设计

以高等学校厨房为例，阐述了现代厨房通风空调系统设计的一般原则，介绍了通风空调系统采用的布置形式，送排风量的计算方法，以及抽油烟罩、排风管道选用和安全保证措施，可为室内环境质量要求较高的厨房通风空调系统设计提供参考。     

Support vector machine classification applied to the parametric design of centrifugal pumps

In this article the parametric design of centrifugal pumps is addressed. To deal with this problem, an approach based on coupling expensive Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) computations with artificial neural networks as a regression meta-model was proposed in 2015 by Checcucci, Schneider, Marconcini, Rubechini, Arnone, De Franco, and Coneri, ‘A novel approach to parametric design of centrifugal pumps for a wide range of specific speeds’—Proceedings of the 12th international symposium on experimental and computational aerothermodynamics of internal flows, Lerici (SP), Italy. Paper No. 121. Here, the previously proposed approach is improved by also including the use of support vector machines as a classification tool. The classification process is aimed at identifying parameter combinations corresponding to manufacturable machines among the much larger number of unfeasible ones. A binary classification problem on an unbalanced dataset has to be faced. Numerical tests show that the addition of this classification tool helps to reduce considerably the number of CFD computations required for the design, providing large savings in computational time.     

Better integration of human factors considerations within safety in design

‘Safety in design’ is becoming an increasingly used approach in a variety of domains. Also known as ‘safe design’ or ‘prevention through design’, the general process seeks to eliminate health and safety hazards, or minimise potential risks, by systematically involving end-users and decision makers in the full life cycle of the designed product or system. This article focuses on the need to better integrate human factors considerations within safe design for high-hazard industries. In particular, it describes the benefits of applying a task-based approach to assist design processes. By way of presenting a safe design method for equipment used in mining, it shows the need to obtain end-user input both to better reveal design deficiencies and to identify effective solutions for future equipment. Overall, a multidisciplinary framework is advocated, in particular by blending human factors techniques and structured risk management methods with the existing equipment design processes.     

Continuous Taguchi—a model-based approach to Taguchi's ‘quality by design’ with arbitrary distributions

Statistical experimental design has been used in ‘off-line’ quality control to determine the optimal settings for a system even when the mathematical model is known. Taguchi demonstrated how signal-to-noise ratios could be used to improve the performance of a system through variance minimization. However, these statistical methods often do not use the full distribution information that may be available. Proposed in this paper is an extension and complement to Taguchi's use of experimental design and signal-to-noise ratios for known system models. The use of a probability transformation method with the mathematical system model will allow designers to perform parameter and tolerance design simultaneously using a method of ‘fast integration’. The result is a new method in the field of ‘quality by design’, which we call continuous Taguchi, that can handle both linear and non-linear systems, with components of any distribution type, with or without correlation of the variables. In addition, an interpretation of Taguchi's classification of factors is given in the context of our full distribution method. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Eliminating contaminants with a piezoelectric transducer in the design of low-cost smart kitchen range hoods

The exhaust fan in a kitchen range hood is required to generate an adequate suction flow to eliminate the especially high levels of cooking contaminants in Chinese kitchens. Reducing the range hood noise and its power consumption down to an acceptable level is an important issue. In this paper, a low-cost smart range hood system is proposed. A sensitive piezoelectric transducer senses the level of the cooking contaminants and the output regulates the speed of the exhaust fan. Under several cooking conditions, the speed of the exhaust fan, its noise level, and the power consumption were examined. Results showed that the noise level and power consumption can be markedly reduced with the transducer and the control circuit. The average noise level is 65.66 dB and the power consumption 123.97 W, both lower than those of the conventional range hood system, which are 72 dB and 216 W, respectively.     

Taguchi methods in practice: An analysis of Goh's paradox

The background of ‘Goh's paradox’ in connection with the application of the common version of Genichi Taguchi's parameter design routine is examined. A detailed case study is used to show how the paradox can be resolved, as well as to assess the probability of success of marginal analysis in Taguchi's prescribed procedure for quality and reliability improvement.     

基于情境感知的移动消防产品功能设计研究

目的针对现阶段消防产品功能单一,无法满足复杂多变环境下的用户深度需求的问题,从情境出发研究挖掘用户对移动消防产品功能设计的深度需求,为移动消防产品的功能优化提供指导。方法以情境中的环境、用户和任务为切入点,研究情境感知理论中环境情境、用户情境、任务情境。采用实时监测的方式获取数据,所得数据进行无量纲化综合分析并构建情境感知模型以获取用户需求,将用户需求与产品功能匹配。通过模拟火场情境,应用情境感知模型转化模拟情境下用户深度需求,结合消防产品设计准则建立反映火场情境下产品功能设计清单,利用主成分分析法对产品功能进行权重分析实现移动消防产品功能优化设计。结论通过模拟火场情境提取出用户的深度需求,实践于移动消防产品设计中,为移动消防产品功能优化开发提供了依据;同时也证实了情境感知理论在产品功能设计领域中可以有效加深用户对产品功能的深度理解。     

基于有限质点法的结构动力非线性行为分析

有限质点法是以向量力学为基础的崭新的结构分析方法,该文将其应用到结构动力非线性行为分析中。该方法将结构离散为质点群,采用牛顿定律描述质点的运动,通过对质点行为的模拟和分析计算结构行为。该文介绍了有限质点法的基本思想,提出了该方法分析结构“动”与“静”,“线性”与“非线性”问题的独特思路。以杆系结构为例,推导了该方法求解结构动力反应,及几何、材料非线性问题的基本公式。通过三个数值算例,验证了该方法在结构动力非线性行为分析中的正确性和适用性。有限质点法在处理动力非线性问题时无需迭代求解和特殊修正,与传统方法相比在结构复杂行为分析中有明显的优势。