粗骨料最大粒径对混凝土受早期扰动后力学性能的影响

为研究粗骨料尺寸对混凝土受早期扰动后力学性能的影响,根据粗骨料最大粒径的不同将试验分为5组,通过振动台对凝结硬化期的混凝土施加扰动,研究了粗骨料最大粒径存在差异时,混凝土力学性能受扰动的影响程度.结果 表明,扰动使各组混凝土试件的抗压强度和抗折强度较基准混凝土下降,粗骨料最大粒径不同,受扰混凝土强度的降低程度也不同.粗骨料最大粒径为16 mm时,扰动使混凝土抗压强度降低18.5％,抗折强度降低30.0％,混凝土受扰损伤因子最大,达到了11.7％,对扰动的影响最敏感;粗骨料最大粒径为20 mm时,受扰混凝土抗压强度仅下降4.9％,抗折强度下降9.2％,受扰损伤因子最小,仅为2.4％,对早期扰动的敏感度最低.SEM分析和压汞测试结果均显示混凝土受扰后裂缝和孔隙增多,粗骨料最大粒径16 mm的混凝土微观形貌和孔隙结构受扰动的影响最大,佐证了扰动对混凝土宏观力学性能影响的结果.     

高温后C80高强混凝土的质量损失和抗压性能研究

对掺聚丙烯纤维的C80高强混凝土立方体试件模拟高温试验后,进行混凝土质量损失和抗压性能测试,研究分析了不同作用温度对聚丙烯纤维高强混凝土的质量损失和抗压强度的影响.结果表明,随着温度的升高,掺聚丙烯纤维高强混凝土的质量损失逐渐增加而抗压强度整体呈下降趋势,600℃高温后混凝土立方体抗压强度急剧下降,强度值仅为常温的25.05％;高温后聚丙烯纤维高强混凝土的相对质量损失和相对残余抗压强度的整体变化趋势基本相似.     

聚丙烯粗纤维对高强混凝土高温后性能影响

为研究聚丙烯粗纤维对高强混凝土高温后性能的影响,测试了不同目标温度(200℃、400℃、600℃和800℃)后高强混凝土的残余抗折强度、基体质量损失率及吸水率,同时结合超声波无损检测技术,分析了不同受火温度后高强混凝土的内部损伤.结果表明:聚丙烯粗纤维的掺入对HSC高温后抗折强度存在不利影响,其中聚丙烯粗、细纤维混杂协同作用的影响最小,400℃时粗、细纤维体积分数均为0.1％的混杂纤维混凝土抗折强度为基准组的90％.与细纤维相比,聚丙烯粗纤维熔化后形成的泄压通道更为粗化,高温后基体质量损失率及吸水率更大;粗纤维掺量过高,泄压通道将过于粗化,总孔隙率明显增大,即聚丙烯粗纤维的使用存在最佳掺量.不同纤维掺量下HSC的损伤度随受火温度演化结果相一致,通过对实验结果的非线性拟合,建立了聚丙烯粗纤维高强混凝土损伤度随受火温度变化的数学模型,根据该模型,可以依据受火后混凝土损伤度的测试结果,计算其受火温度.     

基于声发射损伤监测技术的高温后混凝土受压本构关系研究

通过MTS电液伺服材料测试设备对高温后混凝土进行抗压试验,同时采用配套的声发射监测设备对其进行全程监测,探究了应力-应变曲线与声发射累积振铃计数率曲线的联系,研究了高温后混凝土抗压强度残余率与温度之间的关系.将声发射累积振铃计数率与高温后混凝土应变之间的关系进行拟合,从而通过声发射累积振铃计数率表征混凝土荷载作用下的损伤,根据弹性应变方法得出了常温下混凝土的本构关系.基于常温下混凝土的本构关系,并考虑到高温作用后混凝土强度衰减情况,建立并验证高温后混凝土本构关系.研究发现:随着温度的升高,高温后混凝土抗压强度逐渐减小,且PPC试件抗压强度残余率大于JZ试件抗压强度残余率,说明纤维的掺人可以有效地缓解混凝土高温损伤;所建立的本构关系得出的理论曲线与试验曲线吻合度较高,能较好地表达出高温后混凝土力学性能.     

浇筑用聚丙烯混凝土的性能研究

以废塑料聚丙烯(PP)为增强填料,部分替代混凝土中天然砂组分,制备PP混凝土材料。分析PP的用量对复合材料导热系数、抗压强度以及抗折强度的影响,探究高温条件下PP用量与抗压强度之间的关系。结果表明:随着PP用量的增加,复合材料的导热系数呈现下降趋势,具有较好的保温性能。抗压强度与抗折强度方面,随着PP用量的增加,力学强度逐渐下降;且高温过程中,力学强度也逐渐下降。PP含量≤10 g时,PP混凝土力学强度下降程度较小。采用最大废弃PP用量作为实际掺杂量,PP-10的抗压强度以及抗折强度分别为50 MPa和7.5 MPa,并且具有较好的耐高温性、抗冻融性能以及抗氯离子渗透性。因此,PP-10混凝土可以有效用于工程材料。     

复合纤维对严寒地区混凝土抗冻性能的影响研究

为了研究严寒地区混凝土的抗冻性能,制备了5种不同聚丙烯纤维和钢纤维掺加的混凝土试件,测试了混凝土试件的抗压强度、抗折强度、质量损失率和动弹性模量,分析了不同冻融循环次数影响混凝土力学强度的变化规律.结果表明:复掺聚丙烯纤维和钢纤维能够在单掺一种纤维的基础上再进一步提高混凝土的抗压强度以及抗折强度;复合纤维混凝土的抗压强度、抗折强度、质量以及动弹性模量损失随着冻融循环次数的增大而增大;相同冻融次数下,复掺聚丙烯纤维1.0 kg·m-3和钢纤维40 kg·m-3条件下混凝土的抗冻性能最佳.     

路用高性能聚合物透水混凝土试验研究

采用正交法进行试验设计,选取水灰比、水泥用量和聚合物掺量三种因素,设计制作了16组聚合物透水混凝土试块,分别进行了抗压、抗折、冻融、透水系数以及孔隙率试验,分析了各影响因素对其性能的影响.结果 表明,水灰比对聚合物透水混凝土的抗压强度、抗折强度和透水性能影响最大,其中水灰比存在最佳值.通过试验制备的聚合物透水混凝土试件最大抗压强度可达45.2 MPa,冻融循环次数达到150次.在试验的基础上,给出了聚合物透水混凝土抗压强度和抗折强度、抗压强度和透水系数以及透水系数与孔隙率之间的回归公式.     

C60高性能混凝土高温后红外检测及CT图像分析

对掺0%和0.2%聚丙烯纤维的C60高性能混凝土进行了模拟火灾高温试验,测试了高温前后混凝土的轴心抗压强度,采用红外热成像检测技术,研究了高温后混凝土的红外热像图谱.建立了高性能混凝土红外热像平均温升与受火温度和轴心抗压强度比的关系;对常温、300 ℃、400 ℃、500 ℃高温后高性能混凝土试件进行了CT图像扫描试验,分析纤维对混凝土内部裂纹产生和扩展的影响.     

铜渣胶凝材料高温力学性能的实验研究

利用工业固体废弃物铜渣制备无机胶凝材料,并对其胶砂试件的高温力学性能进行了实验研究.分别制备了普通硅酸盐水泥-铜渣复合胶凝体系(CSC-x)和碱激发铜渣胶凝体系(CSA-x),测试了常温及100℃、200℃、400℃、600℃、800℃、1000℃、1200℃高温作用后的质量损失、残余抗折强度和残余抗压强度.结果表明:200℃后,CSA-x体系的质量损失率低于CSC-x体系;CSA-x体系表现出较好的耐高温性能,1200℃高温作用后CSA-x体系的残余抗压强度为常温时的3～4倍.     

聚合物机制砂改性水泥混凝土公路性能研究

为了解决机制砂的添加造成路面机制砂水泥混凝土耐磨性显著下降的问题,本文以丙聚丙烯酸酯乳液(NBS丙乳)和羧基丁苯胶乳液(XSBRL)作为试验聚合物制作水泥混凝土试件,并对混凝土试件进行抗压强度试验、抗折强度试验以及耐磨试验。试验表明,聚合物的添加能够提高混凝土的抗折性能和耐磨性能,但是在一定程度上会降低抗压强度,因此在实际工程中依据工程要求选择合适的聚合物。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.