钢制安全壳及其附件的在役检查和无损检测

对AP1000核电厂钢制安全壳的老化机理和影响进行分析,发现存在的潜在老化机理及效应包括:全面腐蚀、点蚀和缝隙腐蚀导致材料损失,循环载荷导致开裂及累计疲劳损伤等。针对钢制安全壳的设计特征和老化机理确定了在役检查规则和无损检测方案,对各类无损检测方法的有效性进行了评估。     

人工海水溶液中系泊链钢的腐蚀磨损行为

目的 以CM490钢为研究对象,定量探究海洋环境下系泊链钢摩擦磨损和电化学腐蚀之间的耦合作用。方法 利用科斯特CS2350电化学工作站和Rtec摩擦磨损试验机开展CM490系泊链钢在人工海水环境下的腐蚀摩擦磨损实验。通过分析极化曲线、开路电位、摩擦因数、表面形貌及元素分布,定量分析电化学腐蚀体积损失量和摩擦磨损体积损失量,揭示腐蚀、摩擦磨损之间的交互作用机理。结果 CM490钢材料总体积损失速率随载荷增加而提高,在20、50、80N下分别为4.2×10^-2、6.5×10^-2、7.9×10^-2mm³/h;开路电位峰值随着载荷增加而增高,80 N下峰值最大,增幅约为0.095 V,表明腐蚀磨损产物与基体间存在电位差,形成电偶腐蚀以致加深材料的腐蚀程度;磨痕区域腐蚀磨损损失为材料失重主体,其损失量约占总损失量的95.80%～96.82%;腐蚀和磨损的交互作用显著促进材料损失,占磨痕区总失重量的47.14%～49.37%;腐蚀对摩擦磨损损失的促进量占腐蚀磨损交互作用量的98.32%～98.65%,表明交互作...     

载荷对n-SiC/Ni镀层腐蚀磨损协同作用的影响

对不同载荷下n-SiC/Ni镀层在5%H2SO4溶液中磨损试验进行了研究,通过电化学试验和失重法计算出腐蚀磨损质量损失中各分量的损失,结果表明,随着载荷的增加腐蚀磨损协同作用成为镀层失重的主要原因,并且协同作用中以腐蚀促进磨损为主。腐蚀磨损的极化曲线和表面微观形貌证实了载荷为100N和300N时,镀层在磨损过程中没有出现钝化膜;载荷为200N,镀层表面生成钝化膜,并且钝化膜在摩擦力作用下很快破裂,从而加速腐蚀,接着又形成新的钝化膜。     

304不锈钢在人工海水环境中的腐蚀磨损行为研究

目的阐述304不锈钢在人工海水环境中的腐蚀磨损行为及其力-电化学耦合作用下的损伤机理,为海水服役环境中海洋装备的开发和利用提供理论支持。方法利用腐蚀磨损试验仪研究了304不锈钢在人工海水环境中的摩擦学性能和电化学性能及其交互作用下的腐蚀磨损行为,并利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、激光共聚焦显微镜等仪器对磨痕表面进行表征与分析。结果在载荷作用下,304不锈钢的腐蚀电位从静态腐蚀的-0.310V变为-0.368V,腐蚀电流密度也增加了约1个数量级。阳极恒电位下,304不锈钢和Al_2O_3陶瓷球摩擦副的摩擦系数比阴极保护下的小。载荷为5N时,304不锈钢的腐蚀磨损率为0.195mm~3/d,其中,腐蚀加速磨损速率占68.7%;载荷为15N时,总磨损速率明显增加,其中,纯磨损率所占比例最大,为60.1%,此时腐蚀加速磨损速率占比为39.1%。结论 304不锈钢的腐蚀磨损行为是"机械去钝化-化学再钝化"的动态过程。腐蚀和磨损过程存在明显的交互作用。在磨损过程中,304不锈钢表面发生马氏体相变,通过电偶腐蚀进一步加强腐蚀作用;同时,腐蚀过程的反应产物使304不锈钢的耐磨性能下降。随着载荷的增加,对总腐蚀磨损速率贡献最大的由腐蚀加速磨损速率逐渐变为纯磨损率,载荷对304不锈钢的机械磨损影响更大。     

基于COMSOL的核电站安全壳钢衬里外侧腐蚀研究

基于COMSOL建立了钢衬里外侧腐蚀细观模型，在总结多国核电站钢衬里外侧腐蚀案例基础上，从异物、离子侵蚀两个方面对钢衬里外侧腐蚀成因及腐蚀机理展开计算分析。结果表明：混凝土浇筑前钢衬里在海洋环境中的长期暴露可引起侵蚀离子的表面不均匀积累，引发钢衬里发生以微电池为主的腐蚀，腐蚀速率随留存最大Cl-浓度的增大而增快；混凝土浇筑过程中遗留的异物(以木块为主)导致的钢衬里腐蚀以宏电池腐蚀为主，随着接触面处异物尺寸的减小，阴阳极面积比增大，腐蚀速率加快；同时，提高混凝土电阻率可有效降低钢衬里腐蚀速率。研究成果将为核电站安全壳的老化机理和防治措施提供技术参考。     

下贝氏体球墨铸铁在腐蚀介质中的磨粒磨损行为

通过腐蚀磨损实验研究了下贝氏体球墨铸铁材料的腐蚀磨粒磨损行为,分析了影响腐蚀磨损失重率的主要因素.采用SEM和TEM对磨损表面特性进行了分析,根据磨损表层纵剖面的显微硬度研究了材料表层在腐蚀磨损过程中的形变硬化效应,结合下贝氏体球墨铸铁的电化学行为研究了载荷对耐腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,下贝氏体球墨铸铁的腐蚀磨损机理为化学腐蚀失重和犁沟式磨粒磨损.载荷的提高对表面粗糙度、材料表面与磨粒之间的摩擦力以及磨粒压入材料表面的深度有显著的影响,从而导致磨粒磨损失重率显著上升.较高的载荷作用下,材料表面出现分层组织和条带状石墨,形成局部微型原电池,促使腐蚀速率提高,同时分层组织的疲劳断裂也将促使失重率进一步提升.载荷的增加使得基体中残留奥氏体内部出现大量位错的缠结,促进材料表面硬化,在一定程度上提高了材料的耐磨性能.当载荷从10 N增至200 N时,腐蚀磨损失重率从0.16 g/(cm2·h)增至0.42 g/(cm2·h).当粗糙度Ra由0.12μm增大到5.20μm时,腐蚀电流密度从0.56 m A/cm2上升至5.62 m A/cm2.下贝氏体球墨铸铁的腐蚀磨损失重曲线可分为3个阶段,分别为磨损初期的点接触加速磨损阶段、磨损中期的面接触过渡磨损阶段、磨损后期的疲劳磨损阶段.     

水热腐蚀老化对热障涂层的摩擦磨损性能的影响

海洋环境下，热障涂层因水蒸气的作用发生水热腐蚀老化，同时还承受高温气流冲蚀带来的摩擦磨损破坏。本文采用大气等离子喷涂技术在单晶合金N5上制备了带有NiCrAlY粘结层和8YSZ面层的热障涂层，并使用MFT-5000摩擦磨损试验机测试了热障涂层在水热腐蚀老化后的摩擦磨损行为，同时通过XRD与SEM对涂层腐蚀后的物相构成与磨损形貌进行了分析。结果表明，水热腐蚀老化会使YSZ陶瓷发生四方相至单斜相的相变，且单斜相主要在ZrO₂晶界处萌生，引起晶粒间结合强度降低，导致涂层耐磨性能降低。在高温氧化环境及高温氧化-低温水热老化交变环境下，涂层的磨损机制为脆性断裂引起的片层剥离，同时还伴有磨粒磨损和黏着磨损；而在低温水热环境下涂层的磨损机制为微断裂引起的晶粒剥离。     

SiC含量对Al/SiC纳米复合材料干滑动磨损、腐蚀以及腐蚀磨损行为的影响（英文）

纳米复合材料的腐蚀、腐蚀磨损以及干摩擦磨损行为非常复杂,受化学、物理和机械等多方面因素影响。采用机械球磨、冷压和热挤压技术制备Al/SiC纳米复合材料,研究纳米SiC含量对材料硬度、干滑动磨损、腐蚀和腐蚀磨损行为的影响。采用电化学极化测试研究了复合材料在3%NaCl溶液中的抗腐蚀性能。采用盘-销装置研究了复合材料的干滑动磨损和在3%NaCl溶液中腐蚀磨损性能。利用扫描电子显微镜研究了材料及磨损表面的显微组织。结果表明,随着SiC含量的增加,纳米复合材料的干滑动摩擦和抗腐蚀性能均得到提高。由于溶液的润滑作用,使材料软化的摩擦因数和摩擦生热均降低。与基体合金相比,纳米复合材料的强度和抗腐蚀性能提高,因此其抗腐蚀磨损性能也提高。对于未增强的基体合金,其磨损机理为黏着磨损,而对于Al/SiC纳米复合材料,磨损机理转变为磨粒磨损。     

弱酸性介质中不同材料腐蚀与冲击磨损交互作用机理研究和探讨

模拟弱酸性铜矿浆,运用静态浸泡、动态冲击和电化学测试等方法,测定了试样静态浸泡失重、冲击腐蚀磨损失重及电位-时间曲线、金电极极化曲线,定量计算出纯腐蚀、纯磨损、磨损对腐蚀、腐蚀对磨损等分量,分析了各分量在冲击腐蚀磨损中的作用,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明,造成铬钢材料流失的主要原因是纯机械磨损作用和腐蚀磨损的交互作用;造成锰钢材料流失的主要原因是腐蚀磨损的交互作用,交互作用中以腐蚀对磨损的促进作用为主.     

锻造CoCrMo合金关节材料的滑动摩擦腐蚀行为

采用UMT-2多功能摩擦磨损试验机和电化学工作站(CHI614E)摩擦腐蚀试验平台,考察了医用CoCrMo合金在生理盐水润滑条件下的摩擦腐蚀行为,利用扫描电镜观察了CoCrMo合金在摩擦腐蚀之后的形貌特征。结果表明,随着载荷的增大,CoCrMo合金摩擦腐蚀后的腐蚀电位降低,腐蚀电流增大。摩擦腐蚀的摩擦因数均大于纯摩擦因数,且随载荷的增加而减小。摩擦腐蚀的磨损破坏比纯摩擦严重,磨损机理主要表现为犁沟磨损和剪切塑变造成的局部剥落。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

A STUDY OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VALENCE BOND STRUCTURE OF TITANIUM

On the basis of energy and shape method for the determination of the valence bond (VB) structures of crystal, the valence bond structure of titanium is redetermined at room temperature and calculated in the whole temperature range of 0-1943K. The outer shell electronic distribution of Ti is e_c~(2.9907) · (s_c~(0.4980) d_c~(2.4927)) ef1.0093 in crystal. The temperature dependences of the VB structures of hcp and bcc phases are the same. The VB structures of hcp and bcc phases monotonically increase or decrease with the increase in temperature, but show discontinuous changes at the phase-transformation temperature 1155K.     

Structural Optimization of Electromagnetic Swirling Flow in Nozzle of Slab Continuous Casting

During the slab continuous casting process, the flow field of molten steel in the mold plays a decisive role in the quality of the slab. In this paper, electromagnetic swirling flow in nozzle technology is proposed to control the flow field in mold.This technology can drive molten steel to rotate inside the submerged entry nozzle by electromagnetic force, thereby controlling the flow field. This research shows that it can reduce the impact of molten steel on the bottom of nozzle and partly reduce the negative pressure at the upper part of nozzle outlet which is even eliminated by optimizing the structure and angle of nozzle. The area of heat flux of the mold wall becomes larger, and the crest value of heat flux gets lower than that without swirling in nozzle and any nozzle optimization. The meniscus fluctuates smoothly, and the flow velocity at the top surface is within a reasonable range. The temperature field distribution in the mold is uniform which was beneficial to the growth of equiaxed crystal and decreased element segregation.