介质和阴极保护电位对12CrNi3MoV钢长短疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

<正> 一、前言 船体钢在海水中的腐蚀疲劳是船舶结构破坏的主要形式。设计舰船壳体阴极保护系统时通常着眼于防腐蚀效果,并不考虑对船体结构强度的影响。已有的研究资料指出,阴极保护可提高光滑试佯的腐蚀疲劳强度,但对疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响的看法存在分岐。有人认为,阴极保护加速疲劳裂纹扩展;也有人认为,在一定条件下阴极保护会阻碍疲劳裂纹扩展。本工作在实验室条件下研究介质和阴极保护电位对长、短疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。 二、材料及试验方法 试材采用调质态12CrNi3MoV钢,化学成份见表1,机械性能见表2。     

16MnR钢在不同条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律

采用压力容器用16MnR热轧钢不同缺口尺寸、不同厚度的紧凑拉伸 (CT)试样, 进行了不同温度、不同应力比条件的一系列疲劳裂纹扩展实验, 得到了相应实验条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率. 讨论了高温环境、缺口半径、应力比及试样厚度对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响规律. 结果表明: 16MnR钢在环境温度为150和300 ℃时的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比25和425 ℃时低, 300℃时疲劳裂纹扩展速率最低, 300℃以上时随温度的升高裂纹扩展速率增大; 缺口半径的大小对初期疲劳裂纹扩展有较大的影响; 应力比对16MnR钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为没有影响; 疲劳裂纹扩展速率随试样厚度的增大而增大.     

疲劳载荷下P／M Rene95合金中夹杂物的微观行为研究

采用人工植入Al2O3夹杂的试样，通过SEM下的原位试验，动态跟踪及分析了拉－拉疲劳载荷下P／M Rene95合金中表面或近表面夹杂物的微观行为。结果表明：在所研究的夹杂物的尺度范围内，载荷波形对夹杂物的微观力学行为有很大影响。在三角波加载条件下，虽然夹杂物／基体界面更易萌生裂纹，但表面或近表面夹杂物对试样的断裂影响较小；在正弦波载荷条件下，疲劳裂纹的萌生、扩展及试样的断裂均与表面或近表面夹杂物的基本特性有关。而且，降低正弦波加载时的应力幅值可大大提高夹杂物／基体界面疲劳裂纹的萌生寿命。     

加载波形对X65钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展的影响

采用疲劳实验研究了不同加载波形下X65钢在空气和海水中的疲劳行为.结合SEM结果,对疲劳断口和次生裂纹进行了观察.结果 表明,在空气和海水中,正锯齿波加载下X65钢的疲劳寿命最大,三角波次之,正弦波最短.与在空气中相比,X65钢在海水中的疲劳寿命显著降低.正弦波与三角波加载时应力上升时间较短,有利于位错开动,加快裂纹萌...     

不同应力比和腐蚀环境条件下X80钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率研究

在空气和不同浓度H₂S环境中对X80管线钢进行了应力比为0.1和0.3的低频腐蚀疲劳试验,以获得疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN与应力强度因子幅值ΔK之间的Paris表达式,研究X80钢在不同条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。结果表明：腐蚀环境能加速X80钢的裂纹扩展,当H₂S浓度为100 mg/L时,含H₂S环境中裂纹扩展速率是空气中的2.9倍;随着H₂S浓度的增大,裂纹扩展速率呈指数增大;随着应力比的增大,平均应力增大,裂纹闭合效应减小,裂纹尖端完全张开,材料与腐蚀介质接触面积增大,导致裂纹扩展速率增大。     

应力比对D36钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

采用三点弯曲实验研究应力比R对处于不同环境下的D36钢稳定裂纹扩展区疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响.结果表明,空气中应力比对pairs区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响不大,然而海水环境中,在中等△K值范围内,应力比对裂纹扩展速率影响较空气中明显,且其裂纹扩展速率随着应力比的增加而增大.这种现象产生的原因是氢脆作用随着应力比的增大显著增强.通过三电极体系在f=1 Hz,R=0.1条件下分别对试件施加-400,-600,-800,-1000和-1200 mV的电极电位.结果表明,强阴极极化 (-1200 mV) 和阳极极化 (-400 mV) 在一定△K范围内会加速裂纹扩展,综合得出该条件下腐蚀疲劳的阴极保护电位为-800 mV.而应力比为0.3和0.5时施加-800 mV的电极电位对材料的保护作用减弱.     

奥氏体不锈钢在海水环境中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为

研究了304,316和321不锈钢在室温～80℃的空气和海水中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为。结果表明:三种不锈钢在海水环境中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显高于在空气中的,这是由于腐蚀环境中的氢致开裂和阳极溶解对裂纹扩展起加速作用。海水对材料疲劳行为的加速作用与测试参数有关:应力强度因子幅值越小、加载频率越低,腐蚀加速作用越明显。基于Paris公式对裂纹扩展速率进行分析,结果表明,材料在室温～80℃海水中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率符合Paris公式。     

腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的机理

针对高强度低合金钢、钛合金和镁合金进行了腐蚀疲劳裂纹的扩展FCG、外加电压对于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响以及断裂表面的研究。在外加电压对于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响的研究过程中,在一段时间内发生极化,可以根据此期间内的开路电压记录裂纹扩展速率,并测量极化情况下的裂纹增长速率。由于裂纹扩展测量技术的进步,测量的时间很少超过300s,这使观测非独立模式阴极极化对于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响成为可能。当最大应力强度（Kmax）超过给定材料--溶液组合的特定临界特征值时,阴极极化会加速裂纹的扩展。当Kmax低于临界值,而所有其他条件（试件、溶液、pH值、载荷频率、应力比率、温度等）不变时,同样的阴极极化会妨碍裂纹扩展,或者对于裂纹扩展无影响。断口显微分析结果显示,阴极极化下加速裂纹的扩展是由于氢致腐蚀(HIC)。因此,根据氢致腐蚀机理以及KHIC和△ KHIC的显示,Kmax的临界值,以及应力范围（△ K）是由相应的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的症状所确定的。当Kmax > KHIC（△ K > △ KHIC）时,腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的主要机理是HIC。对于大多数的材料--溶液组合的研究表明,当Kmax < KHIC（△ K < KHIC）时,应力协助扩散在腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展中起决定性作用。     

极化和频率对A537钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展…

利用三电极技术研究了极化和频率对Ａ５３７低合金钢在３．５％ＮａＣｌ活化体系的腐蚀疲劳的裂纹扩展行为，包括对裂纹扩展速率和断口形貌的影响。结果表明，在活化体系中，强极化条件，频率越小，裂纹扩展速率越大，在阴极保护条件下，频率对裂纹扩展速率的影响很小。     

腐蚀疲劳波形效应的裂尖析氢、输氢模型与试验验证

把裂尖表面形变动力学和裂尖表面氢反应电化学动力学相结合，对裂尖表面析氢反应的波形效应进行了定量分析，把裂尖形变动力学与位错运动力学相结合，提出了氢的接力式位错输送概念，并建立了波形效应的位错输氢模型，用上述定量模型与理论对正据齿波、三角波和负锯齿波三种波形的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的相对大小进行了预测。为验证上述模型，还用疲劳测试和断口分析和研究了三种波形对GC－4（40CrMnSiMoVA)钢在3．5％NaCI溶液中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性的影响。试验结果与模型预测结果十分吻合。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

A STUDY OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VALENCE BOND STRUCTURE OF TITANIUM

On the basis of energy and shape method for the determination of the valence bond (VB) structures of crystal, the valence bond structure of titanium is redetermined at room temperature and calculated in the whole temperature range of 0-1943K. The outer shell electronic distribution of Ti is e_c~(2.9907) · (s_c~(0.4980) d_c~(2.4927)) ef1.0093 in crystal. The temperature dependences of the VB structures of hcp and bcc phases are the same. The VB structures of hcp and bcc phases monotonically increase or decrease with the increase in temperature, but show discontinuous changes at the phase-transformation temperature 1155K.