高压XLPE电缆绝缘V t特性研究综述

交联聚乙烯（cross linked polyethylene,XLPE）绝缘电力电缆是输电线路的重要电 力设备。针对高压交流和直流电缆系统的运行现状,介绍了运用V t特性（击穿电压与击穿时间的关系）曲线描述XLPE电缆绝缘的电老化寿命模型,分析了国内外高压交、直流XLPE电缆绝缘V t特性的研究方法及相关结果。已有的研究结果表明,交流XLPE电缆绝缘的电老化寿命指数n值在9~25之间,直流XLPE电缆绝缘的电老化寿命指数n值在13~20之间。国内目前尚未见有关直流电缆绝缘V t特性研究的文献报道。     

Investigation of water effects on degradation of crosslinkedpolyethylene (XLPE) insulation

This paper presents the results of the study of the influence of moisture on the electrical characteristics of XLPE power cable insulation under various service conditions. Tap water was put into the cable conductors and the ends were properly closed by terminal boxes in the first case, and opened in the second case. The samples of cables were subjected to electric stress and heating. Results from the accelerated aging tests of XLPE cables in these conditions are reported with reference to the changing of the XLPE's electrical characteristics. On the basis of the compared performances of XLPE cables given by this investigation, the lifetime of XLPE cables was estimated in the case of service under these conditions. Results of testing indicate that the combined effects of pressure of water or water vapour, electric field and temperature will greatly accelerate the deterioration of XLPE insulation     

Effect of water on aging of XLPE cable insulation

Cables as elements of power distribution system have great influence on its reliable service and overall planning requirements. During last years, crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) cables have been more and more used in power systems. This paper presents the results of an investigation of changing of (XLPE) cables insulation breakdown stress (AC BDS) due to water absorption. The paper deals with AC BDS of the following kinds of XLPE cable insulations: steam and dry cured with water tree retardant crosslinked polyethylene (TR-XLPE) and non-tree retardant crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE). During tests, the tap water was injected into, (1) conductor with cable ends closed; (2) into cable conductor with ends opened; and (3) into metallic screen with cable ends opened. The presence of water in XLPE cables was subjected to electrical stress and heating. AC BDS tests were performed as a function of aging time and water content in the cable insulation at different aging temperatures. Also, in this investigation, tests with the changing of AC BDS in the radial direction of unaged and aged XLPE cable insulations were carried out.     

交联聚乙烯电力电缆的电树枝化试验及其局部放电特征

电树枝化是影响交联聚乙烯（cross—linked polyethylene,XLPE）绝缘电力电缆长期安全运行的瓶颈,需要深入研究XLPE电缆绝缘的老化机制,尤其是电树枝化的规律,为XLPE电缆的设计制造和现场的运行管理,特别是在线诊断提供理论支撑。设计了交联聚乙烯电缆样品和相应的试验电极装置,并搭建基于实际XLPE电缆的电树枝化试验平台进行试验。结果表明该试验系统能满足XLPE电缆电树枝化试验研究的要求。以15kV的XLPE电缆作为试验样品,开展常温下工频12～21kV和50～90℃下的电树枝化试验,分析了电压和温度对电树枝形态的影响,得到电树枝局部放电的统计图谱,并将电树枝的生长发展分成4个阶段,分析了电树枝在不同生长阶段局部放电的最大放电量相位和平均放电量相位的分布,提取了其偏斜度等统计特征量,结果表明电压和温度对实际XLPE电缆中电树枝形态的影响与针一板电极得到的结果趋势相同,但是电树枝生长过程存在着一定的差异,同时最大放电量相位分布和平均放电量相位分布的3阶矩随着电树枝的生长发展而减小,可作为诊断电树枝生长发展阶段的参考量。     

Aging of 154 kV underground power cable insulation under combined thermal and electrical stresses

This work the combined electrical and thermal stresses of the 154 kV XLPE power cable used in the underground power transmission in Turkey. The dependence of aging on electrical and thermal stresses is given by a straight line in a certain range of electric field (E) values which indicates that the aging is a thermochemical process. Furthermore, cable tests are conducted in oil, and the results are valid for immersed insulation but might not be completely representative of XLPE used in service in a "dry" environment. Therefore, each cable insulator has to be tested and the parameters must be determined for each cable separately.     

防水型交联聚乙烯绝缘电力电缆结构分析

交联聚乙烯绝缘电力电缆因其良好的机械、电气性能和便于敷设、免维护等性能在电力系统中得到了广泛的应用。但是在数十年的运行过程中发现,电缆受潮以后性能会大幅下降,特别是容易引发会严重影响电缆使用寿命和可靠性的水树枝。经过各国专业人员努力攻关,近年来已有不少针对电缆受潮的阻水技术问世,有关新型阻水电缆结构的专利不断出现。根据对国内外文献的检索结果,对当前常用的交联聚乙烯电缆阻水技术进行了分析和分类,并针对交联聚乙烯电缆阻水技术的发展提出了自己的观点。     

硅氧化焼注入后水树老化交联聚乙烯电缆电气特性和微观结构（英文）

To evaluate the effect of using siloxane liquid to rejuvenate water tree defects in cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)cables,we investigated the electrical properties and micro-structures of water-tree aged XLPE cables after siloxane liquid injection treatment.The water-tree aged samples were prepared by performing accelerated aging experiment using water-needle electrodes,and the siloxane liquid is injected into the aged cable through a pressurized injection system.Dielectric loss factors of the samples before and after the rejuvenation were compared.The water trees and the internal filler were observed using scanning electron microscope(SEM).Electrical properties of the reactants are measured.Electric field simulation is conducted to verify the rejuvenation effect by finite element method.The results show that the siloxane liquid diffused into the insulation layer in a short time and reacted with water in the water trees.The electrical properties of the formed organic filler are in accord with that of XLPE.Therefore,the action between siloxane and water can inhibit the growth of water trees and reduce electric field distortion of the water tree areas.As a result,insulation performance of the cable is enhanced.A 70 m long cable was aged and rejuvenated in laboratory and an on-site rejuvenation experiment was conducted,and in both cases the dielectric loss factor and leakage current halved after rejuvenation.     

描述高压直流电缆绝缘材料电导率的公式比较

以高压直流交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polymeric,XLPE)电缆为研究对象,研究讨论了现阶段描述直流电压下绝缘材料电导率公式对XLPE材料的适用情况。首先基于两种不同电导率公式推导了稳态下高压直流电缆中电场反转的临界温差、绝缘层温度分布、电场、电导率和距离电缆中心的乘积以及绝缘层电场分布,并通过比较有限元仿真结果和公式计算结果证明了所推公式的可靠性。然后通过对不同电导率公式计算值的比较,以及不同公式在相同条件下引起的绝缘材料热电特性,证明了公式互换的可能性。     

Electrical aging of extruded dielectric cables: review of existingtheories and data

Despite the huge amount of data on so-called electrical aging of extruded HV cables, the fundamental phenomena responsible for it or evolving with aging time, are still far from well understood. It is therefore not surprising why it is so difficult to predict reliable cable lifetimes in service from accelerated aging experiments in the laboratory. The objective of this paper is to review critically the existing theories of electrical aging of solid dielectric materials. A relatively large number of models and theories exist but none of the most often used is known to yield reliable life predictions. One conclusion is that there is a need for a more comprehensive model of electrical aging of extruded dielectric cables. In order to develop this model, an extensive review of existing literature data was undertaken. This paper summarizes the data collected from more than 200 papers on aging of PE, XLPE and EPR cables. It appears that cable breakdown strength should not be plotted on log field vs. log time graphs to yield long-time (i.e. low-field) values, since results obtained over a long time period do not obey an inverse power law. In fact, high-field results are better described by an exponential relation between time and field. The models of Simoni, Montanari and Crine seem to give the best fit to experimental results obtained under a wide variety of experimental conditions. It is also shown that the lower field limit for the exponential regime with XLPE cable is in the 8 to 15 kV/mm range, which corresponds to the onset of strong charge injection. The influence of environment, insulation nature and morphology, and testing temperature are discussed     

热老化对交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中水树的影响研究

热老化过程不但会影响交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘的电磁学和物理化学性能,还对绝缘内水树的产生与生长有着一定的影响。通过研究热老化过程对XLPE电缆绝缘中的水树现象的影响,以及在几个有可能的影响因素当中,哪个因素对水树现象的影响最大。实验结果表明,在与XLPE电缆绝缘的热老化有关的各种因素对水树现象的影响中,热氧化对XLPE电缆绝缘表层水树的产生和生长的影响最大。尽管热氧化所引起的缺陷有可能就是XLPE电缆绝缘中水树生长过程中的起始点,但是它在一定程度上抑制着水树的成长,甚至有着"水树延迟效果"的美称。     

Research and development of ±250 kV DC XLPE cables

This paper describes the development of ±250 kV DC XLPE cables. Through a series of material investigations and the evaluation of model cables using two kinds of XLPE compound containing inorganic filler to suppress the accumulation of space charge within XLPE insulation, ±250 kV DC XLPE cables and factory joints were designed and manufactured. To check the DC electrical performance and reliability of ±250 kV DC submarine cable, electrical tests, mechanical test and long-term aging tests were performed. The test results showed that they had sufficient properties and reliability for practical use     

交联聚乙烯电缆热老化与电树枝化相关性研究

热老化过程不但会影响交联聚乙烯（XLPE）电缆绝缘的物理化学性能,还对绝缘内电树的产生与生长有着一定的影响。研究了热老化后XLPE电缆绝缘中的电树行为．探讨XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝过程与材料热老化的关系。采用带循环通风的热老化箱对XLPE电缆绝缘进行3个温度等级的热老化实验：采用针板结构电极进行电树枝实验,并利用数码显微镜观察电树枝的产生和发展情况;利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）、傅里叶红外光谱分析（FTIR）测试了不同温度热老化下XLPE电缆绝缘的物理化学性能;最后探讨了几种不同结构电树枝的生长机理．认为热老化并没有加速电树枝的生长．反而有一定的抑制作用．     

A study of treeing phenomena in the development of insulation for500 kV XLPE cables

This review summarizes research on treeing phenomena, i.e. the formation of electrical trees and water trees, that has been undertaken in Japan for the development of 500 kV XLPE cable. Section 1 presents the results of factors affecting XLPE cable insulation breakdown under commercial ac and lightning impulse voltages. Section 2 verifies the phenomena of electrical tree formation in XLPE cable insulation using block samples and model cables, and gives the results of studies to determine the level electrical field stress initiation for such trees. Section 3 summarizes the results of studies on long-term aging characteristics, which is a particular problem under commercial ac voltages, while Section 4 explains how this research influenced the design of 500 kV XLPE cable insulation. All authors were members of `The investigation committee of fundamental process of treeing degradation' under IEEJ     

交流电压下基于空间电荷效应的XLPE电缆绝缘老化研究现状

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆以其优良的机械和电气性能广泛应用于现代电力系统。研究表明,在直流电压作用下绝缘中容易形成空间电荷,导致电场畸变,加速绝缘老化。国内外很少关于交流电压下空间电荷对XLPE电缆绝缘影响的研究。本文综述了交流电压下空间电荷对XLPE电缆绝缘老化的影响及其作用机理,并介绍了交流电压下测量空间电荷分布的改进的电声脉冲法。结果表明,交流电压下,空间电荷分布特性影响XLPE电缆绝缘老化。     

交联聚乙烯热老化与绝缘性能的关联关系

为研究交联聚乙烯（cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE）绝缘材料的热分解活化能、电气特性和力学特性随热老化程度变化的规律,对交流电力电缆绝缘用XLPE材料在110 ℃下开展加速热老化实验。采用热失重（thermogravimtric analyzer, TGA）测试手段,对XLPE在20~600 ℃的热分解行为进行研究;采用交流击穿测试、宽频介电谱测试及体积电阻率测试,研究老化后XLPE试样的电气特性;采用拉伸实验测试,研究老化后XLPE试样的力学特性。结果表明：热老化使得XLPE的交联结构和结晶状态被破坏,XLPE活化能呈减小趋势。由于氧化反应快速进行,使得XLPE分子链发生断裂,交联结构变弱,导致XLPE绝缘材料严重劣化,其活化能、击穿强度、体积电阻率、弹性模量和断裂伸长率随老化时间增长呈下降趋势,而介电常数、介电损耗和电导率呈增加趋势。     

Comparative laboratory evaluation of TR-XLPE and XLPE cables with Super-smooth conductor shields

This paper provides data on four commercial tree retardant crosslinked polyethylene (TR-XLPE) and one cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated 15 kV cables supplied by three manufacturers. The cables have "super-smooth" conductor shields and "extra-clean" insulation and insulation shields. AC and impulse voltage breakdown and selected other characterization data are presented for cables that were aged immersed in room temperature water (15-30/spl deg/C) up to 24 months of a planned 48 months aging program. The five cables have high ac voltage breakdown strength, three of the TR-XLPE cables, actually increased in breakdown strength during aging. The one TR-XLPE cable that had the lowest ac voltage breakdown had vented trees at the insulation shield and high dissipation factor, which the other cables did not have. The impulse voltage breakdown strength of all cables decreased during aging; the cable with the lowest ac voltage breakdown also has the lowest impulse voltage breakdown. The dissimilar performance of the TR-XLPE cables and the excellent performance of the XLPE cable indicates evaluations at longer times are required to differentiate between modern TR-XLPE and XLPE insulated cables.     

交联聚乙烯热老化与绝缘性能的关联关系

为研究交联聚乙烯（cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE）绝缘材料的热分解活化能、电气特性和力学特性随热老化程度变化的规律,对交流电力电缆绝缘用XLPE材料在110 ℃下开展加速热老化实验。采用热失重（thermogravimtric analyzer, TGA）测试手段,对XLPE在20~600 ℃的热分解行为进行研究;采用交流击穿测试、宽频介电谱测试及体积电阻率测试,研究老化后XLPE试样的电气特性;采用拉伸实验测试,研究老化后XLPE试样的力学特性。结果表明：热老化使得XLPE的交联结构和结晶状态被破坏,XLPE活化能呈减小趋势。由于氧化反应快速进行,使得XLPE分子链发生断裂,交联结构变弱,导致XLPE绝缘材料严重劣化,其活化能、击穿强度、体积电阻率、弹性模量和断裂伸长率随老化时间增长呈下降趋势,而介电常数、介电损耗和电导率呈增加趋势。     

Development of New Water Tree Suppressive XLPE Cable

With a view to develop a new water tree suppressive XLPE cable, the authors have investigated the effect of introducing polar groups into crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) dielectrics. An aliphatic carboxylic acid derivative was found to be the best additive as a water tree suppressor. New cables insulated with XLPE dielectrics containing this aliphatic carboxylic acid derivative were developed. It was confirmed that the cables, having the same physical and electrical properties as those of conventional XLPE cables, showed an excellent water tree suppressive effect and long term performance.     

电力电缆技术的发展与研究动向

电力电缆广泛应用于城市电网中,经历了从充油电缆(OF电缆)、钢管电缆到交联聚乙烯电缆(XLPE电缆)的发展过程。XLPE电缆与其他电缆相比,有不需要供油、供气设备、防火性能好、安装维护简单等优良性能,被越来越多的国家所采用。电力电缆的安全运行关系到城市电网的安全可靠性,逐渐受到了各国的高度重视。提高高压电缆路径通道的管理水平、安全运行以及输送能力,其关键技术的研究非常重要。笔者叙述了电力电缆及其附件相关技术的研究状况和今后的发展趋势,得出提高城市电网的可靠性和安全性,降低运行成本是今后的发展趋势。     

A new accelerated aging procedure for cable life tests

A new accelerated aging procedure for cable life tests has been proposed in this paper. The objective has been to minimize the total test costs using cable samples subject to the constraint that all relavant cable characteristics should be preserved by the samples. The procedure utilizes a combined approach based on available physical and mathematical models and laboratory accelerated aging tests. The behavior of dielectric strength, dielectric loss angle, capacitance and loss of mass in XLPE cable models subjected to different aging conditions (voltages and temperatures) has been monitored in order to verify the proposed procedure. Investigations have proven that the results concerning aging effects obtained under combined stresses (simultaneously electrical and thermal) are different from those obtained under single-stress aging. The degradations caused by combined stresses cannot be directly related to the changes caused by the single stress, i.e. their superposition is not valid. It has been found that tan delta can serve as a representative indicator of other cable properties relevant to aging phenomena.