简单实用的全自动蓄电池充电控制器

太阳能光伏电源是将阳光转变成电能的发电系统,而蓄电池充电控制器是光伏系统中的关键设备之一。一般的充电控制器当蓄电池电压上升到过充点电压时,控制器自动断开充电回路。然而由于蓄电池内阻的作用,断开充电回路后蓄电池电压会立即下降。而当充电回路接通及控制器断开用电负载后,同样由于蓄电池内阻的作用,蓄电池电压会立即上升。如此反复控制器极易产生振荡,不但使控制器工作不正常,而且还容易损坏蓄电池。本文介绍的充电控制器线路简单、功能全,不但具有防过充过放及自动切断负载的功能,而且具有防止输出振荡和浮充功能,线路如图1所示…     

基于STM32风光互补发电控制系统设计

设计一种低功耗、高性能的以STM32为核心的风光互补发电控制系统,对系统的工作原理及软硬件设计进行介绍,该控制系统具有最大功率跟踪控制、蓄电池充放电控制及过充过放保护的功能。系统将采集到的电压、电流、温度信号传送到STM32,通过输出相应的PWM进行控制调节,使发电系统最大功率输出,提高能源利用率,延长蓄电池的使用寿命。实验证明,该系统运行可靠、维护方便、成本低,具有很高的应用价值。     

太阳能光电产品的一般要求

a）防水、防雹、防风。一般太阳能电池板采用钢化玻璃封装,外框用铝合金封装,能有效抵御冰雹袭击,安装用金属支架固定,能抵御10级以上大风．b）防晒、防冻。一般都有通风、散热窗子,以利于蓄电池散热。对于冬季特别寒冷地区,蓄电池采用防凝固的胶体电池;C）控制保护。一般都有防反充、过充、过放保护电路控制,     

太阳能光伏电站蓄电池技术要求探讨

１太阳能光伏发电系统用蓄电池种类太阳能光伏发电系统用蓄电池主要是用来贮能，将太阳电池提供的电能转化为化学能贮存在蓄电池中。我国西部地区的独立光伏电站，一般白天由太阳电池方阵给蓄电池充电，夜晚由蓄电池给负载供电，蓄电池处于半浮充充电状态。太阳能光伏发电系统用蓄电池主要包括镉镍蓄电池和铅酸蓄电池。镉镍蓄电池只用一种，即开口式、需补充电解液的蓄电池，单体标称电压为１．２V。铅酸蓄电池包括汽车蓄电池、摩托车蓄电池、固定型防酸式铅酸蓄电池和阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池（简称VRLA电池）。VRLA电池按电解液吸附方式…     

太阳能光伏发电系统

正白天,在光照条件下,太阳电池组件产生一定的电动势,通过组件的串并联形成太阳能电池方阵,使得方阵电压达到系统输入电压的要求。再通过充放电控制器对蓄电池进行充电,将由光能转换而来的电能贮存起来。晚上,蓄电池组为逆变器提供输入电,通过逆变器的作用,将直流电转换成交流电,输送到配电柜,由配电柜的切换作用进行供电。蓄电池组的放电情况由控制器进行控制,保证蓄电池的正常使用。光伏电站系统还应有限荷保护和防雷装置,以保护系统设备的过     

独立光伏发电系统充放电控制策略

为了提高蓄电池的充电效率和延长蓄电池的使用寿命,提出了一种新的光伏发电系统充放电控制策略.该控制策略用双蓄电池代替以前的单一蓄电池,在充电过程中,蓄电池按照光伏系统提供的电流进行充电,根据蓄电池的充电电压特性和内部的温度特性来判别充电终止电压.同时,采用电压、温度微分模糊控制算法,既能防止光照强度、温度等外部环境发生变化而导致对蓄电池充电的提前切除,又可保护蓄电池的过充.仿真结果证明,该控制策略能显著提高蓄电池的充电效率和延长蓄电池的使用寿命.     

蓄电池容量与放电电流和放电终止电压的关系

通过大量实验研究了铅酸蓄电池容量与放电电流和放电终止电压的关系，得出了相应计算公式，研究结果将有利于对铅酸蓄电池的过放保护采取更有效的措施。     

基于混合储能的直流微电网孤岛运行控制策略研究

分布式能源越来越受到人们的重视,但由于分布式能源发电的不稳定性特点,也加大了大电网的波动风险。微电网能够弥补分布式电源的缺点,减轻大量入网对电力系统的影响。由于微电网运行中,负载不断变化导致母线电压波动,因此维持母线电压稳定,将有利于微电网平稳运行。为提高微电网的经济性与可靠性,采用锂蓄电池-超级电容混合储能系统,并针对混合储能系统的直流微电网孤岛运行策略进行研究。根据微电网储能系统、锂蓄电池储能和超级电容器储能等基本原理,针对孤岛运行模式下微电网母线电压波动及储能系统运行性能下降的问题,设计了一种基于混合储能的直流微电网孤岛运行状态下的控制策略。用电压电流双闭环的储能系统控制方式,以DC-DC变换器进行功率分配,锂蓄电池对低频部分功率进行补偿,高频部分功率由超级电容器补偿。同时该混合储能系统能有效减少锂蓄电池充放电变化,避免过充过放现象的发生。通过Matlab/Simulink软件搭建仿真平台进行仿真模拟,证实了所设计的控制策略在稳定母线电压,避免蓄电池频繁充放电及过充过放现象中具有良好的优化作用。     

太阳能光伏发电系统

<正>白天,在光照条件下,太阳电池组件产生一定的电动势,通过组件的串并联形成太阳能电池方阵,使得方阵电压达到系统输入电压的要求。再通过充放电控制器对蓄电池进行充电,将由光能转换而来的电能贮存起来。晚上,蓄电池组为逆变器提供输入电,通过逆变器的作用,将直流电转换成交流电,输送到配电柜,由配电柜的切换作用进行供电。蓄电池组的放电情况由控制器进行控制,保证蓄电池的正常使用。光伏电站系统还应有限荷保护和防雷装置,以保护系统设备的过     

户用光伏系统中铅酸蓄电池过放保护控制电压的选择

通过大量的实验研究，确定了铅酸蓄电池过放保护控制电压与放电电流和容量之间的关系，给出了相应的计算公式和具体实现的步骤。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。