羟基磷灰石涂层的制备研究

以五氧化二磷、无水乙醇、硝酸钙为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备羟基磷灰石涂层.选用2mm/s的速度浸渍提拉载玻片,在载玻片上进行涂膜,经60℃干燥后在650℃保温3h,可在载玻片上得到羟基磷灰石涂层.研究结果表明:制备溶胶合适的配比为nCa(NO3)2·4H2O:nP2O5=10:3,即Ca/P原子比=5:3(约等于1.67).     

纳米含氟磷灰石涂层及其在模拟溶液中的行为

以Ca(NO3)2×4H2O和P2O5乙醇溶液为先驱体，六氟磷酸(HPF6)为氟引入剂，采用溶胶-凝胶法在钛合金基板上制备含氟羟基磷灰石涂层. 获得的涂层晶粒尺寸为120~150 nm. 实验结果表明，加入HPF6后形成的含氟磷灰石涂层在模拟体液中有良好的生物活性特性，在柠檬酸改性的磷酸缓冲溶液中表现出较好的稳定性.     

镁合金表面Ca–P生物活性涂层的研究进展

概述了几种主要钙磷酸盐(Ca–P)相的性质,包括CaHPO4·2H2O、CaHPO4、Ca8H2(PO4)6·5H2O、Ca3(PO4)2和Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2。阐述了多种在镁基体上制备Ca–P涂层的技术的特点及其优势,主要有仿生法、溶胶–凝胶法、微弧氧化法、电沉积法、等离子喷涂法及激光法。分析讨论了Ca–P涂层在生物医学领域应用上的几个关键因素(如表面化学特性、腐蚀速率、长期腐蚀行为、腐蚀过程的均匀性及结合力),展望了Ca–P涂层在生物医学上应用的发展前景。     

溶胶电泳沉积法在304不锈钢表面制备γ-Al2O3涂层

采用溶胶电泳沉积法在304不锈钢表面上制备了γ-Al2O3涂层.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对制备的γ-Al2O3涂层进行了表征,并采用超声波振荡考察了涂层的结合牢固度,讨论了电泳沉积液中γ-AlOOH溶胶的体积分数,纳米Al2O3的质量浓度、沉积电压、沉积时间及搅拌速率对γ-Al2O3 涂层性能的影响.结果表明:将溶胶加入到无水乙醇溶液中可制得稳定的电泳沉积液,添加纳米Al2O3可提高涂层沉积量和稳定性.当电泳沉积液中γ-AlOOH溶胶的体积分数为30%～40%,纳米Al2O3加入量为20～30 g/L,搅拌速率为375 r/min时,电压lOV下沉积5～10min,然后在600 ℃下焙烧3 h,所得到的γ-Al2O3涂层结合牢固.     

溶胶电泳沉积法在304不锈钢表面制备γ-Al2O3涂层

采用溶胶电泳沉积法在304不锈钢表面上制备了γ-Al2O3涂层.通过扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对制备的γ-Al2O3涂层进行了表征,并采用超声波振荡考察了涂层的结合牢固度,讨论了电泳沉积液中γ-AlOOH溶胶的体积分数、纳米Al2O3的质量浓度、沉积电压、沉积时间及搅拌速率对γ-Al2O3涂层性能的影响.结果表明:将溶胶加入到无水乙醇溶液中可制得稳定的电泳沉积液,添加纳米Al2O3可提高涂层沉积量和稳定性.当电泳沉积液中γ-AlOOH溶胶的体积分数为30%～40%,纳米Al2O3加入量为20～30 g/L,搅拌速率为375 r/min时,电压10 V下沉积5～10 min,然后在600℃下焙烧3 h,所得到的γ-Al2O3涂层结合牢固.     

溶胶-凝胶工艺对不锈钢涂覆莫来石涂层的影响

以九水合硝酸铝(Al(NO3)3·9H2O)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为主要原料,氧化硼(B2O3)为助熔剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法和提拉浸渍法在不锈钢基片上制备莫来石涂层.分别研究了溶胶加热时间、溶胶浓度、热处理的升温速率、灼烧温度对涂层的影响.通过FT-IR和TG-DSC分析了莫来石前驱体的结构和热处理过程的成分变化,利用体视显微镜观察涂层形貌.实验结果表明:利用溶胶-凝胶法,当溶胶加热时间为7 h,溶胶浓度0.094×10-3 mol/mL和0.117×10-3 mol/mL之间,3 ℃/min升温速率下可得到完好、致密、无裂纹的莫来石前驱体陶瓷膜的涂层,热震性实验表明在950 ℃灼烧的涂层与基体结合强度较好.     

Ca_2Co_2O_5氧化物热电陶瓷材料的制备研究

本文通过溶胶-凝胶法和固相合成法两种方法研究Ca_2Co_2O_5氧化物热电陶瓷材料的制备过程。湿法制备前驱体粉,以Ca(NO_3)_2·4H_2O和Co(NO3_)_2·6H_2O为原料,纯净水为溶剂,柠檬酸为络合剂。采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Ca_2Co_2O_5粉末,以Ca O和Co3O4为原料,采用固相合成法制备Ca_2Co_2O_5粉末,采用常压烧结的方法,在1000℃、950℃、900℃三种温度下进行烧结,并利用TG-DSC、XRD、SEM等手段对Ca_2Co_2O_5的热分解过程,物相组成和形貌进行表征。结果表明:干粉800℃热处理,湿法950℃烧结时,块体呈现致密的片层结构,相组成成分纯度高~([1~3])。     

BaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2环境隔离涂层的制备与耐腐蚀性能表征

应用柠檬酸溶胶–凝胶法制备BaO–Al2O3–SiO2(BAS)溶胶,将BAS溶胶直接刷涂在碳纤维(carbon fiber,Cf)/SiC–SiC基底上制备出BAS涂层,并在1250℃,50%(体积分数,下同)H2O–50%O2和0.1MPa压力下对涂覆和未涂覆BAS涂层的样品进行腐蚀试验。用红外光谱仪、热重–差示扫描量热分析仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜表征了BAS溶胶–凝胶及涂层的性能;采用电子天平、电子万能试验机对涂覆和未涂覆BAS涂层的样品耐腐蚀性能进行表征。结果表明:将pH控制在4～5,柠檬酸与金属离子Ba2+和Al3+的摩尔比分别为2和3时,可成功合成均匀、透明、稳定的BAS溶胶。BAS溶胶1次刷涂烧结的涂层厚度约为10μm,4次可达50μm左右。在1250℃的水氧耦合条件下腐蚀200h后,与未涂覆BAS的Cf/SiC–SiC比较,涂覆BAS的Cf/SiC–SiC强度保持率达88%,并且质量无明显损失。     

钛植入合金表面电化学沉积掺镁羟基磷灰石涂层

以Ca(NO3)2、(NH4)2HPO4和Mg(NO3)2为原料,采用电化学沉积法在医用钛合金表面制备了掺镁羟基磷灰石涂层,研究了电沉积工艺条件对掺镁羟基磷灰石涂层表面形貌的影响。结果表明,当电流密度为1.0mA/cm2,温度为65°C,pH为4.5,n(Mg):n(Ca)=1:3,电沉积时间为1300s时,得到了均匀致密的晶须状涂层。X射线衍射分析表明,烧结后的掺镁羟基磷灰石涂层中Mg2+取代了Ca2+,使HA涂层的晶格发生了变化。     

BaO-A12O3-SiO2环境隔离涂层的制备与耐腐蚀性能表征

应用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备BaO-A12O3-SiO2(BAS)溶胶,将BAS溶胶直接刷涂在碳纤维(carbon fiber,Cf)/SiC-SiC基底上制备出BAS涂层,并在1 250℃,50%(体积分数,下同)H2O-5%O2和0.1 Mpa压力下对涂覆和未涂覆BAS涂层的样品进行腐蚀试验.用红外光谱仪、热重-差示扫描量热分析仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜表征了BAS溶胶-凝胶及涂层的性能:采用电子天平、电子万能试验机对涂覆和未涂覆BAS涂层的样品耐腐蚀性能进行表征.结果表明:将pH控制在4～5,柠檬酸与金属离子Ba2+和Al3+的摩尔比分别为2和3时,可成功合成均匀、透明、稳定的BAS溶胶.BAS溶胶1次刷涂烧结的涂层厚度约为10 μm,4次可达50 μm左右.在1 250℃的水氧耦合条件下腐蚀200 h后,与未涂覆BAS的Cf/SiC-SiC比较,涂覆BAS的Cf/SiC-SiC强度保持率达88%,并且质量无明显损失.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。