水热处理对褐煤含氧官能团和亲水性的影响

考察了不同水热处理条件对胜利褐煤主要含氧官能团甲氧基、羧基和酚羟基的脱除效果及其表面亲水性的影响.结果表明,提高温度、延长恒温时间以及增大初压均能不同程度地促进含氧官能团的脱除,甲氧基、羧基和酚羟基的最大脱除率分别为67.88%,89.41%和93.70%.脱除含氧官能团使水热处理后的煤样/水接触角增大,亲水性减弱.通过线性拟合,接触角与三种含氧官能团均表现出较好的相关性,其中羧基的相关性最好,说明羧基束缚水的能力要强于甲氧基和酚羟基.     

加压水蒸气下年轻煤脱氧改质的研究

年轻煤是煤液化的良好原料 ,但它的氧含量高增加了煤液化过程中无用的氢耗 ,对这些煤进行脱氧改质有重要的意义 .选择了四种年轻煤——霍林河、小龙潭、义马和神华煤在高压釜内水蒸气气氛下进行了脱氧改质的研究 .结果表明 ,处理后煤样的氧含量和含氧官能团降低显著 ,氧的脱除率最高达到了 2 0 .7% .此外 ,煤质还有一些其他的变化 ,如热值和碳含量有所提高 ,最高内在水分和挥发分降低 ,表明煤阶有所提高 .对煤中的总酸性基、羧基和酚羟基的化学分析显示 ,脱氧改质后煤样的羧基、酚羟基等含氧官能团明显降低 ,羧基和酚羟基的最高脱除率分别达到了78.5 %和 31 .3% ,达到了脱氧改质的目的 .     

低阶煤低温干燥官能团的演变

利用傅立叶红外对低温干燥前后低阶煤中官能团的演变进行了研究,并通过红外谱图的峰面积曲线拟合处理,分析了低阶煤中各官能团在干燥过程中的变化规律及干燥后低阶煤性质的演变.结果表明,在干燥过程中,随着温度的增加,脂肪族结构逐渐消失,脂肪侧链中亚甲基官能团比甲基官能团活泼,在干燥过程中最先被氧化;含氧官能团羧基、羟基、羰基及醚键含量均呈现降低趋势,其中羧基反应活性最好,其含量降低的速度最快,羰基性质最为稳定,其含量变化最为缓慢;芳香环CC先增加后减少,伊敏煤中CC在230℃时开始分解,天池能源煤中CC在190℃时已开始大量分解.研究表明,在低温干燥过程中低阶煤的变质程度有所增加,可在一定程度上提高其煤阶.     

褐煤含氧官能团对腐植酸产率的影响

空气作为氧化剂对胜利褐煤进行预氧化,采用碱溶酸析法提取褐煤腐植酸.研究氧化温度和氧化时间对褐煤含氧官能团质量摩尔浓度及腐植酸析出规律的影响,拟合了含氧官能团质量摩尔浓度和腐植酸析出量之间的关系.结果表明:随着氧化温度的升高,胜利褐煤表面含氧官能团质量摩尔浓度先增加后减少,褐煤中羧基质量摩尔浓度在150℃时达到最大值;随着氧化时间的增加,褐煤含氧官能团质量摩尔浓度逐渐增加;腐植酸产率随着氧化温度和氧化时间的增加而增大,随着含氧官能团质量摩尔浓度的增加而上升,酸性含氧官能团含量与腐植酸析出量之间的拟合关系式为y=32.36x-168,R~2=0.67.     

含氧官能团对褐煤持水能力的影响研究

为降低褐煤水分,提高褐煤利用效率,通过研究在不同湿度环境中内蒙古和云南2种褐煤的持水能力,分析了褐煤表面含氧官能团和大分子骨架对褐煤持水作用的贡献,以及表面含氧官能团对褐煤持水量的定量关系。结果表明:褐煤的持水能力与褐煤中羧基和羟基含量之和成正比。煤炭大分子骨架对褐煤持水能力影响不明显。环境的湿度对褐煤的持水作用影响非常显著。     

蒙东褐煤干燥特性实验研究

研究了蒙东地区两种不同煤化程度褐煤的干燥过程,并对干燥至不同程度的褐煤进行分析.在干燥过程中不同煤化程度褐煤干燥速率变化趋势较为一致,煤化程度对干燥速率有一定的影响.煤化程度较低的乌拉盖褐煤其平均干燥速率较高,达到最大干燥速率的时间点较早.干燥过程改变了褐煤的微观结构,干燥后水分较低的褐煤其比表面积与原煤相比有所增加.随着干燥后水分的不断降低,褐煤中的含氧官能团表现为先减少后增加的趋势.与宝日希勒褐煤相比,乌拉盖褐煤中含氧官能团开始增加的时间点较早,更容易被氧化.     

褐煤脱水提质及其物化结构演变的研究进展

深入分析了褐煤中水分的赋存形态,提质过程中褐煤孔结构和含氧官能团的变化及其与提质褐煤水分复吸行为之间的关联,同时对现有的褐煤脱水提质技术进行了总结和对比。结果显示,微波辐照能有效脱除褐煤中极性含氧官能团,机械热压能显著减小褐煤孔体积和比表面积,含氧官能团、孔体积和表面积的减小是有效抑制提质褐煤水分复吸的主要原因,将微波干燥与机械热压脱水技术耦合是褐煤有效脱水提质的可能发展方向。     

印尼褐煤无黏结剂型煤自燃与燃烧特性研究

在内辊式高压型煤机上将一种印度尼西亚褐煤压制成高强度的无黏结剂型煤,对其比表面积、孔容积和表面官能团进行分析,测定了型煤的相对着火温度和绝热氧化升温速率,研究了其热解和燃烧行为特性.结果表明,印尼褐煤在干燥和高压成型过程中,发生了孔的收缩和崩塌,特别是微孔收缩程度要更大一些;干燥和成型过程中有羟基、羰基和羧基含氧官能团的分解;经过提质处理后,褐煤的自燃着火倾向降低,热解和燃烧反应性降低.     

褐煤物化结构对水分复吸的影响

阐述了褐煤中水分的赋存形态及其在受热过程中的转化行为。分析了不同提质干燥过程中褐煤物化结构的变化,探讨了褐煤物化结构与水分脱除及复吸的关系。结果表明:褐煤表面丰富的孔结构和大量亲水性含氧官能团是其水分较高的主要原因。干燥提质过程中,孔结构坍塌和交联反应的剧烈程度对于抑制复吸非常重要。加热过程中褐煤表面活性含氧官能团的数量、形成和分解行为直接影响褐煤的持水和吸氧能力,含氧官能团的分解会使煤的疏水性增加,自燃倾向性降低。最后说明褐煤提质的关键是水分的高效安全脱除,脱水煤表面氧化和水分复吸的抑制,并提出了抑制提质褐煤复吸水分的可能途径是依据不同组成、结构褐煤的水分赋存和脱除行为,针对性地改善干燥操作条件,调节样品孔径分布、比表面积和表面含氧官能团的存在形态及数量。     

酸氧化处理对碳球表面基团含量的影响

采用硝酸为氧化剂对碳球表面进行改性研究,通过红外光谱法和酸碱滴定法分别考察了硝酸浓度和处理时间对碳球表面含氧基团的影响.结果表明,硝酸处理可在碳球表面引入羧基、羟基等含氧基团.随硝酸浓度的增加,碳球表面羧基、羰基以及羟基等含氧基团的量上升;随浓硝酸处理时间的延长,羟基含量上升,羰基含量下降,羧基含量和含氧基团的总量先上升而后下降.用浓硝酸处理8 h时,羟基含量最高,为2.490 mmol/g;浓硝酸处理4 h时羧基含量和含氧基团总量最高,分别为1.289mmol/g和5.702 mmol/g.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。