Friction stir welding of twin-roll cast EN AW 3003 plates

Twin-roll cast EN AW 3003 plates were butt-welded with friction stir welding and their structural features were identified. Sound welds were obtained in twin-roll cast EN AW 3003 plates at tool rotation speeds higher than 500 rpm. The ultimate tensile strength of the welded plates was 134 ± 3 MPa, comparable to the ultimate tensile strength of the original plate, at 146 MPa. The stirring action of the pin fractured the interdendritic network and coarse eutectic cells, replacing the dendritic features of the base plate with a uniform dispersion of very fine intermetallic particles across the stir zone. The thermal and mechanical cycles introduced during FSW relaxed the supersaturation of the cast plate, leading to the precipitation of intermetallic particles. This precipitation activity produced a particle population gradient that peaks inside the stir zone and dictates the etching response across the plate section. The material in direct contact with the rotating pin is severely deformed and is exposed to frictional heating and inevitably undergoes dynamic recrystallization. The very fine grain structure thus obtained suffers abnormal grain growth when annealed at high temperatures due to the effective pinning of the grain boundaries by the fine particles.     

Semisolid continuous casting of AS41B magnesium alloy using inclined cooling plate

Abstract

One new casting topic is semisolid casting technology. It requires solid–liquid coexistence in slurry containing fine and globular crystals surrounded by liquid metal. The authors have made such the slurry using an inclined cooling plate and continuously cast AZ91 and AZ31 magnesium alloys. The factors that influence the best slurry with fine and globular crystals are the casting temperature and the length and inclination angle of the cooling plate. This investigation describes the best casting and cooling plate conditions to make semisolid slurry of AS41B magnesium alloy. The best conditions are then applied to produce continuous casting billets of AS41B magnesium alloy using an inclined cooling plate and a horizontal continuous casting machine. A 60 mm diameter AS41B billet was successfully obtained, and globular crystals (average size 57 μm) appear in the microstructures.     

电磁连铸对AZ31镁合金组织及力学性能的影响

通过电磁连铸和普通连铸方法对AZ31镁合金进行连铸实验,对比分析有、无电磁场作用下的铸坯凝固宏观、微观组织和力学性能,并利用扫描电镜分析镁合金的断裂机理。结果表明:当表观直流电流为40~50 A时获得最佳磁场分布,此时电磁连铸的镁合金组织细小、均匀,树枝晶呈破碎状,其力学性能尤其是塑性变形能力显著提高,常温抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率较普通连铸分别提高17%,50%和81%,断口形貌显示其断裂具有韧性断裂的特性。     

基于二冷均匀冷却的方坯连铸机二冷喷淋结构

某厂180 mm方坯连铸机生产的铸坯存在较为严重的角部皮下裂纹问题。通过对铸机建模、数值仿真,得到铸坯凝固过程中的表面中心、角部温度等数据。基于二冷均匀冷却原则,对铸坯二冷喷淋结构进行数值仿真评估与优化,包括铸坯在纵向以及周向上的冷却均匀性分析。依据分析结果提出喷淋结构改造方案,对铸机第10流二冷喷淋结构进行实际改造,进行生产试验。对比未改造(其他流)与改造后(10流)生产的铸坯低倍形貌发现,10流生产的铸坯角部皮下裂纹得到明显改善。     

Effect of Cr and Zr on the grain structure of extruded EN AW 6082 alloy

The effects of Cr and Zr addition on the coarse grain surface layer in EN AW 6082 tube extrusions were investigated. The decoration of the tube surfaces and the weld seams with coarse recrystallized grains reflects the strain as well as the temperature gradients that predominate across the section of the tubes during extrusion. The recrystallization resistance provided by Mn does not suffice to avoid the coarse surface grains. With structural features that are almost identical to those of the base 6082 alloy, the 6082 alloy with 0.06 wt% Zr also fails to offer any improvement. The coarse grain surface layer is much thinner and recrystallization is entirely avoided across the weld seams upon the addition of 0.15 wt% Cr. The superior recrystallization resistance of the revised alloy is attributed to the increase in the population of the Cr-rich Al(Cr,Mn,Fe)Si as well as (Al, Si)₃Zr dispersoid particles. It is reasonable to conclude that the coaddition of Zr and Cr has a favourable impact on the resistance to recrystallization of EN AW 6082 alloy.     

高炉炉壳用超宽BB503Z35厚板的生产实践

目前采用铸坯生产的厚度100 mm以下、宽度不大于3 500 mm、探伤保Ⅱ级的高炉炉壳用BB503Z35钢板,已满足不了大容量高炉的使用要求。为此,南阳汉冶特钢有限公司采用模铸钢锭对100~120 mm厚、3 800 mm超宽且保Ⅰ级探伤高炉炉壳用BB503Z35钢板进行了开发试制。介绍了BB503Z35钢板化学成分设计,VD炉真空冶炼、水冷模浇注、控轧控冷工艺,研究了正火+控制冷却钢板、高温正火+控制冷却钢板不同热处理下钢板的组织性能。结果表明:通过采用Nb、V、Ti复合微合金化、钢坯低温加热、控轧控冷、高温正火+控制冷却热处理工艺,成功研发出100～120 mm厚、3 800 mm超宽BB503Z35钢板。钢板碳当量为0.405%,焊接裂纹敏感性指数Pcm为0.228%;钢板中夹杂物及夹杂物总量均较低,内部组织均匀、晶粒度细小、带状组织轻微,各项性能指标有较大富裕;超声波探伤检验符合NB/T 47013.3—2015 标准Ⅰ级要求;在高温930 ℃时钢板高温塑性较好,面缩率指标优异,符合高炉炉壳用钢的耐高温性能要求。     

镁合金ZK60-RE半固态坯的微观组织演变

采用常规铸造法和等径道角挤压分别制备了镁合金ZK60-RE半固态坯;用金相显微镜研究了2种半固态坯料在等温热处理过程中的微观组织演变。结果表明：与传统铸造方法制备的半固态坯相比,采用等径道角挤压制备的半固态坯的晶粒细小、圆整,适合于半固态成形。在等温热处理过程中,2种坯料晶粒粗化的机制是合并长大和Ostwald长大。铸态坯料晶粒液相来源于非平衡凝固时在晶内产生的共晶组织,以及在随后的合并长大过程中晶粒所包裹的液相。随着保温时间的延长,铸态坯料的晶粒尺寸变化情况是：增大、减小然后又增大;而挤压态坯料的晶粒尺寸呈单一增大趋势。     

Effect of heat treatment on the distribution and volume fraction of Mg2Si in structural aluminum alloy 6063

The structure and properties of an aluminum alloy after extrusion in cast and homogenized states are studied. Commercial billets are melted in a horizontal continuous casting installation. After homogenizing the billets are used for fabricating shapes of specified form in an extrusion press. The shapes are subjected to final aging. The volume fraction and the distribution of the second Mg₂Si phase are determined after different kinds of treatment. The structure and mechanical properties of shapes obtained from cast and homogenized billets are compared after aging and without aging. The effect of homogenizing on the properties of the alloy after extrusion is analyzed. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, pp. 17–21, May, 2006.     

合金工具钢在辊环制造上的应用

叙述了铸造合金工具钢矫直机用辊环的材质选择,制造工艺和有关技术特性。采用１６５Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶＷ（Ｘ１６５ＣｒＭｏＶ１２）钢种以离心浇注、热脱模保温缓冷和低淬低回热处理等工艺技术制造矫直机辊环。１６５Ｃｒ１２ＭｏＶＷ合金工具钢辊环较之常用的９Ｃｒ２Ｍｏ系列锻造辊环硬度高、耐磨性优良,生产周期短,有较好的经济效益。     

Control of microstructure and macrosegregation of large-sized aluminium alloy billet by uniform direct chill casting

By coupling annular electromagnetic stirring with intercooling, a uniform direct chill (UDC) casting process has been developed to achieve fine and uniform microstructure for the large-sized aluminium alloy billets. In this study, the solidification behaviour of Φ508 mm 7005 alloy during UDC casting process was investigated, and the effect of the processing parameters on the microstructures and segregation of the billets were examined. The results indicated that, the solidification structure could be remarkably refined in the UDC casting process, and subsurface segregation could be alleviated by adjusting the vertical position of the stirring coils.     

低温铸造法制备亚共晶铝硅合金半固态成形坯料的研究

研究了低温铸造法制备亚共晶铝硅合金半固态成形用坯料。结果表明，使用N2气搅拌，并在适当的浇注温度和冷却条件下可以得到晶粒圆整、分布均匀的初生相。对低温铸造法的凝固机理和吹入N2气的作用进行了分析。     

Continuously cast ductile iron: Processing, structures, and properties

Ductile iron billets were continuously cast using a horizontal casting machine. The billets were cast successfully, and the overall quality of the billets was acceptable. The as-cast microstructure consisted of eutectic carbide, chunky carbide and graphite nodules in a pearlite matrix. The amount of carbide was relatively large compared with that in traditional sand castings. Graphite nodularity decreased as the melt was held for longer periods of time before casting after inoculation and nodularisation treatments. The fading effect was significant when the melt was held for 6 min and longer. Graphite nodularity was found to affect the tensile strength and elongation, but not hardness, of the billets. The surface quality of the billets was fair, although light waves and drawal marks were clearly visible. The billets had good roundness. The tensile strength was found to be between 410 and 550 MPa; the elongation was 2.5-4.0%; and the hardness was 520-550 HB. Possible approaches to improving the as-cast structure and the implications of this research are discussed.     

中碳结构钢表面纵裂纹产生原因分析与改善措施

介绍了本钢特钢采用235mm×265mm连铸坯生产的40Cr、40CrMn等钢种,生产(100～130)mm过程出现批量纵裂纹缺陷;研究了钢材、连铸坯裂纹形成机制,明确了钢材纵裂纹是由于连铸过程二冷水冷却不均匀,连铸坯产生皮下裂纹,加热后皮下裂纹扩展到表面所致;得出了通过改善水质,防止喷嘴堵塞,加强连铸坯缓冷,降低加热炉预热段温度等技术措施,可有效控制铸坯裂纹,解决了钢材纵裂纹缺陷。     

TB6钛合金等温锻后热处理工艺研究

采用等温锻压机对TB6钛合金方棒进行等温锻造,锻造完成后对锻件进行水淬和空冷2种不同方式的冷却,再对水淬的锻件进行时效处理,空冷的锻件进行固溶+时效处理。研究了等温锻后热处理工艺对TB6钛合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,等温锻后水淬,α相尺寸较小,等温锻后空冷,α相尺寸较大;水淬后β基体上无感生α相,空冷后β基体上有感生α相形成;水淬+时效后析出的次生α相比空冷再经固溶+时效后析出的次生α相更加混乱。TB6钛合金经等温锻后水淬+时效处理,其强度和塑性与等温锻后空冷至室温再进行固溶+时效的水平相当,且平面应变断裂韧度更高。     

工艺参数对Zn-4.5Cu-0.2Mn-0.3Bi合金水平连铸坯反偏析及凝固组织的影响

研究了锌铜合金在电磁场下水平连铸坯的初生坯壳前沿位置变化规律,考察了铸坯横截面宏观组织、微观组织形貌及合金元素的分布。试验结果表明,坯壳前沿的位置是随着拉坯速度、浇注温度和电流强度的变化而变化的,其中尤以拉坯速度对其的影响最为明显。只有根据电流强度和浇注温度相对应调整拉坯速度才能达到改善组织和偏析的效果。较大的电流和拉坯速度促使坯壳前沿后移。当液-固界面位于冷却水套和搅拌器的交界处时,反偏析得到有效抑制。电磁场消除了普通水平连铸坯横截面组织不均匀、最后凝固点上移的现象。搅拌后上边缘和心部深灰色树枝状的富铜相并没有完全消失,只是尺寸略微变大,但边部和心部组织差异很小。当拉坯速度3 m/h、电流100 A时,边部和心部组织最为均匀细小,其他电流和频率时组织变化不大。Ti没有起到细化作用和抑制反偏析作用,反而使得液体变得粘稠,流动性变差。     

AN INVESTIGATION OF INTERNAL DEFECTS IN HIGH-CHROMIUM STAINLESS STEEL

在高铬不锈钢的生产中,影响质量最严重的是钢锭中的轴心裂纹和钢材中的髪纹。本文的研究结果指出,这两种缺陷属于同一来源,没有轴心裂纹的钢锭在锻成钢材后也没有髪纹。 钢锭中轴心裂纹是在凝固过程中形成的,因而冷凝条件对它有影响。利用耐火材料做锭模可以得到内部坚实的钢锭,减小锭模模壁厚度,增大钢锭圆锥度或降低浇铸温度等只能减轻而不能完全消除裂纹。 熔炼过程中的脱氧方法对钢中夹杂物的性质和形状分布有影响。改善脱氧方法并采用薄模浇铸,可以大大地减少轴心裂纹和髪纹,从而提高钢的收得率。我们认为夹杂物的性质、多寡及其形状分布可能对钢液的流动性和表面张力有影响;改善钢液的流动性或减小其表面张力可以促进钢液的充填性能,从而弥补凝固过程中由于冷凝收缩而产生的缺陷。 在一定压力以下的真空中熔化和浇铸可以得到内部良好的钢锭。通过真空熔铸所得到的钢锭,其柱状晶区大小缩小,而柱状晶的缩小对避免钢锭中轴心裂纹有利。得到这种效果的原因可能是多方面的,真空有去气作用,在真空中钢锭的凝固散热与在一般情况下有所不同,真空作用使钢液的性质发生变化等等。虽然,上述几方面的理论基础还有待于进一步研究,但从目前实际效果来说,真空熔化和浇铸应该认为是提高不     

40Mn2锻造磨球失效分析

利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、光学金相显微镜、光谱仪等仪器,对40Mn2锻造磨球以及锻造坯料进行组织分析和化学成分测定,探讨了生产过程中锻造磨球出现裂纹和心部孔洞等缺陷的主要原因。结果表明:锻造坯料中存在较严重的带状组织和缩孔、夹杂等缺陷;同时锻造磨球淬火过程中热处理工艺参数不合理,形成粗大的魏氏组织;建议在冶炼过程中添加去渣剂,在轧制生产过程后增加均匀化退火处理,在锻造生产中调整加热、冷却条件以避开魏氏组织生成区域。     

Structure and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy billets by different hot-top semi-continuous casting technology

AZ31 alloy billets of 200 mm in diameter were produced by three different processes of conventional direct chill(DC) casting,low-frequency electromagnetic casting(LFEC) and low-frequency electromagnetic vibration casting(LFEVC),respectively.The effect of LFEC and LFEVC on the microstructures,macrosegregation and mechanical properties of AZ31 alloy billets was investigated.In conventional DC casting,the AZ31 alloy billets exhibited coarse grains(about 370 μm) and severe segregation of Al and Zn.In the presence of a solo low-frequency alternating magnetic field or a low-frequency electromagnetic vibration field applied during DC casting of φ200 mm AZ31 billets,grains in the AZ31 alloy billets were effectively refined(about 210 μm) and the macrosegregation of Al and Zn in the billets was greatly decreased.Furthermore,the tensile strength,fracture elongation and hardness of the as-cast AZ31 alloy billets were improved by the processes of LFEC and LFEVC relative to that cast by the process of conventional DC casting.     

High-strength aluminum alloys hollow billet prepared by two-phase zone continuous casting

The two-phase zone continuous casting (TZCC) technique was used to continuously cast high-strength aluminum alloy hollow billets, and a verified 3D model of TZCC was used to simulate the flow and temperature fields at casting speeds of 2–6 mm·min⁻¹. Hollow billets under the same conditions were prepared, and their macro/microstructures were analyzed by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. During the TZCC process, a circular fluid flow appears in front of the mushy zone, and the induction heated stepped mold and convective heat transfer result in a curved solidification front with depressed region near the inner wall and a vertical temperature gradient. The deflection of the solidification front decreases and the average cooling rate in the mushy zone increases with increasing casting speed. Experimental results for a 2D12 alloy show that hot tearing periodically appears in the hollow billet accompanied by macrosegregation near the inner wall at casting speeds of 2 and 4 mm·min⁻¹, while macroscopic defects of hot tearing and macrosegregation weaken and the average size of columnar crystals in the hollow billets decreases with further increasing casting speed. 2D12 aluminum alloy hollow billets with no macroscopic defects, the finest columnar crystals, and excellent mechanical properties were prepared by TZCC at a casting speed of 6 mm·min⁻¹, which is beneficial for the further plastic forming process.

     

旋转电磁场对BFe10-1-1合金管坯组织及力学性能的影响

研究旋转电磁场对水平连铸空心BFe10-1-1合金管坯凝固组织和力学性能的影响,并对其机理进行初步的探讨。结果表明：在工频旋转电磁场的搅拌作用下,BFe10-1-1合金管坯的凝固组织显著细化,由粗大的柱状晶完全转化为均匀细小的等轴晶,同时抑制了Ni元素的枝晶偏析;施加电磁场后管坯的力学性能得到明显改善,当励磁电流为80 A时,管坯抗拉强度提高了15.3%,屈服强度提高了10.9%,伸长率提高了58.6%。