浅谈氨碱厂碱渣场的治理

氨碱法纯碱生产的废液碱渣排放问题已经成为制约氨碱企业生存和发展的瓶颈。介绍我厂日常排放废液和堆放碱渣的处置方案,对碱渣堆放的具体措施详细说明。碱渣在道路施工、工程抛填、土壤改良、海水养殖等方面可以有效利用,使废液变废为宝。     

碱渣的产生、危害、处理及再利用

对碱渣的组成及危害进行了分析，提出了采用小流量连续注碱，加氢精制等工艺来减少碱渣生成的工艺方法，并提出对一些不具备加氢能力的小炼油厂，应从常压碱渣中回收环烷酸或从催化碱渣中分离碱，对碱渣进行再利用。     

浅谈纯碱碱渣治理技术

详细介绍了碱渣处理技术现状,提出了制碱行业亟待解决的问题及碱渣处理的可能发展趋势和方向。     

碱渣激发矿渣胶凝材料力学性能与微观结构试验研究

为解决工业固废碱渣和矿渣的循环再利用问题,以碱渣和矿渣为原材料制备矿渣基胶凝材料,通过流动度、抗折和抗压强度试验以及微观测试手段SEM-EDS和XRD,从物理力学性能以及微观结构特性方面对比研究了碱渣在碱激发矿渣胶凝材料合成中的作用与机理.结果 表明:碱渣的物理吸水作用是导致流动度降低的主要原因,碱渣的碱激发化学反应作用则主要表现在28 d抗压强度的提升上,并且掺量16％碱渣(按矿渣质量计)单独激发矿渣所得试样经过室温养护28 d后抗压强度可达33.4 MPa.SEM-EDS和XRD分析发现,碱渣中的NaCl、CaCl2、Ca(OH)2组分可以参与矿渣水化过程,其产物包括无定形水化产物和C-S-H、C-A-H、C-A-S-H、3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O(水化氯铝酸钙)晶体组分.碱渣在碱激发矿渣体系中能够起到很好的物理支撑和化学胶结作用,能够为强度和微结构提供积极作用.这也为碱渣的再利用途径提供了新思路.     

碳化法处理石油废碱渣研究进展

石油碱渣中含有大量的残余碱、硫化物以及酚类和环烷酸等污染物,故不能直接排入污水厂。碳化法是利用废气中的二氧化碳来处理石油碱渣,是一种高效且成本低廉的石油碱渣处理方法。本文综述了碳化法处理石油废碱渣技术的研究现状,分析了影响石油碱渣处理效果的工艺因素以及技术因素,指出了碳化法处理石油碱渣的应用前景。     

利用碱渣生产水泥研究成功

利用碱渣生产水泥研究成功北京化工研究环保所利用碱渣和煤矸石制新型水泥的研究已获成功，为减轻三废对环境的污染，获得新的胶凝材料开创了一条新路。碱渣是氨碱法制碱过程排出的一种工业废渣。我国每年氨碱渣的排放量级１５０万ｔ，侵占大片农田，造成对河道的堵塞。煤...     

碱渣在工程建设中的应用现状分析

工业碱渣为制碱过程中排放的废弃物,我国每年约排放1 000万t,无论是直接堆放还是排放入海对环境都是一种沉重的负担。碱渣的资源化利用途径广泛,本文从碱渣在工程建设领域中的应用着手,整理归纳了工业碱渣的应用方法及方向,并对目前的应用现状进行了评述。介绍了碱渣在水泥制品、便道砖、注浆固化剂、工程回填等领域的应用情况,碱渣一般需要经过磨细或与其他材料混合后方可使用。最后提出利用碱渣淤泥混合料制烧结砖、碱渣排放时即加入混合料等思路,以扩大碱渣资源化利用的范围和可行性。     

利用碱渣代替煤矸石在4600t/d生产线上生产熟料

<正>碱渣主要为氨碱法制碱过程中排出的废渣,其化学成分与煤矸石类似,且价格低廉,利用其代替煤矸石生产水泥熟料,将产生较大经济效益。我公司一条4 600t/d生产线上使用碱渣代替煤矸石生产熟料,取得了较好的效果。1原材料分析1.1化学成分分析经检测,碱渣中不含重金属,无放射性物质。碱渣与煤矸石的化学成分分析见表1。     

降低生产碱渣的产生 搞好碱渣的综合处理

原油和炼制物流中常含有许多酸性非烃化合物 ,如硫化物、环烷酸、酚等 ,导致成品油硫含量、腐蚀、酸度等超标。传统的处理方法是进行碱洗精制 ,即用 Na OH溶液与油品中的酸性化合物进行酸碱反应 ,生成硫醇钠、环烷酸钠、苯酚钠等盐。这些盐类大部分都溶于水而不溶于油品 ,以碱渣的形式排出。据中石化 3 3家炼油企业 1 990年统计数据 ,每炼制一吨原油 ,平均可产生 1～ 1 0 Kg碱渣。原油硫含量越高 ,则碱耗量越大 ,碱渣量也越大。1　碱渣的成分及危害碱渣为具有恶息的稀溶液 ,常呈深褐色 ,一般含有游离碱、油、环烷酸、硫化物和酚 ,其中油为…     

固体碱渣解聚均质器结构试验与数值模拟

制碱工业过程产生大量碱渣等废弃物,固体碱渣再利用是化工行业技术难题。本文以某化工股份有限公司氨碱法制碱过程中产生的固体碱渣为研究对象,数值模拟研究了影响均质器内浆液分布均匀性的变化因素,通过试验验证了均质器的最佳结构特征。结果表明：固体碱渣的粒度小,具有溶胶的性质,经过压滤机压滤过后的碱渣,粒子重新团聚,硬度大、不易破碎、解聚;提高均质器的搅拌器转速对流体的流动速度及均质效果有很大改善,但并不能完全消除死区;相比于局部立式搅拌桨叶结构,采用立式搅拌桨结构的均质效果明显,且功耗更小;增加导流板结构,与未加装前相比,功耗降低,综合考虑确定均质器的搅拌器采用立式桨+平直桨+导流板的混合型桨叶结构,有利于提高碱渣再利用的经济性。本文研究结果可为固体碱渣制备脱硫剂的工业应用奠定基础。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。