不确定度和稳定度达10-18量级的钙离子光频标

主要回顾了中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院在液氮低温钙离子光频标的物理系统设计、不确定度评估与稳定度的优化与测量等方面的工作。液氮低温系统为钙离子创造了液氮的温度环境（~ 80 K）,极大降低了钙离子光频标的黑体辐射频移,使钙离子光频标的系统不确定度降至3.0 × 10^-18,成为第五种不确定度进入10^-18的原子/离子光频标体系。为了优化钙离子光频标的稳定度,将钟激光频率参考在Ramsey条纹上,并引入了参考条纹判定算法及自动寻峰算法,使钙离子光频标可长期稳定运行,长期稳定度达到6.3 × 10^-18@524 000 s。     

镱离子光钟的多波长数字PID激光稳频系统

针对镱离子光钟实验中激光冷却并操控离子时,激光器频率漂移影响原子钟系统的问题,基于数字PID控制方法,设计了一种新的多通道频率-数字信号转换稳频方法,将多路多波长激光频率锁定在波长计的参考频率上。对激光器锁定前和锁定后的频率进行一定时长的数据采集及数据对比,激光频率漂移由800 MHz控制在± 0.8 MHz,激光频率稳定度由9.29 × 10^-10@1 s优化至2.79 × 10^-10@1 s,频率千秒稳达到3.85 × 10^-12。该系统简单、易实现,具有小型化、适应性强的优点。     

国产高性能光抽运小铯钟研制进展

介绍了北京大学利用光抽运小铯钟相比于传统的磁选态小铯钟有更高的铯原子利用率的优势,在频率稳定度方面取得的突破性进展;总结出了光抽运小铯钟达到高性能的关键因素在于铯束管优值、激光稳频和电路地噪声;最终优化后的光抽运小铯钟频率稳定度均超过了5071A优质管2倍以上,典型值为3 × 10^-12 / τ^1/2;近三年来陆续研制出8台光抽运小铯钟,初步实现了高性能光抽运小铯钟工程化。     

晶体振荡器自动测量系统设计与实现

本文介绍了一套高精度,多方位适应时频计量现状的自动晶体振荡器测量系统,具有测量精度达5×10-13/s。该系统实现了1ms频率稳定度的测量,并在国内首次实现了用于通讯信息产业的200MHz频标高精度测量,测量精度达到3×10-12/10s,工作性能稳定、可靠。文中对1×106倍频差倍增器的研制、毫秒频率稳定度自动测量等关键技术的运用进行了分析。     

多通道双混频时差测量系统的实现

基于双混频时差技术设计研制了8通道的频率稳定度测量系统,实现了对8路5 MHz或10 MHz频率标准的测量.当频率为10 MHz取样时间为1 s时,系统噪声本底优于2.0 X 10~(-13),取样时间为1000 s时,系统噪声本底优于2.5×10~(-16).不但可以满足原子时标基准原子钟组的内部比对,也可实现对一般频率标准的检定和校准.     

带声学放大器的行波热声发动机声阻抗特性

通过分析带有声学放大器的行波热声发电系统中直线发电机的电-力-声类比图，发现直线发电机的最佳工作状态与行波热声发动机的输出声阻抗特性相关。采用DeltaEC软件计算带有声学放大器的行波热声发动机（以下简称系统）的输出声阻抗特性。计算结果发现，输出声阻抗虚部X_a为-1×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3时，系统的最大输出声功率545.47 W，最大热声转换效率为7.2%；当输出声阻抗虚部X_a在-3.9×10⁶~-1×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3之间变化，实部R_a在1.37×10⁶~2.31×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3之间时，等效位移在1.89~6 mm之间变化，符合直线发电机的位移要求；结合输出声阻抗对压力与体积流率的相位差及系统工作频率的影响，发现声阻抗实部R_a应在1.37×10⁶~2.31×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3之间，声阻抗虚部X_a在-7.5×10⁶~-1.0×107 Pa·s·m^-3之间时，系统具有较好的工作状态。     

一种锁定半导体激光器频率的新方法

报道了一种实现半导体激光器频率锁定的新方法:通过交流磁场对法拉第反常色散光学滤波器(FADOF)的透射谱进行调制,将半导体激光器的频率锁定在FADOF的透射谱上。在B=1.76×10~(-2)T、T=120℃条件下,利用一阶导数稳频技术,测得1s和10s取样时间的频率稳定度分别为1.5×10~(-10)和5.8×10~(-11)。     

基于激光多普勒原理的超高冲击加速度校准系统

超高冲击加速度传感器在武器研制、航空航天等高过载测量中发挥了重要的作用,为解决超高冲击加速度的校准问题,基于激光绝对法,建立了超高冲击加速度校准系统。本文介绍了系统的组成和优化方案,设计了合适的解调程序和滤波算法,对原始多普勒信号进行解调,实现了冲击加速度峰值1 × 10⁴ g ~ 2.5 × 10⁵ g,脉宽20 ~ 50 μs范围内半正弦冲击波形的绝对复现。最后对影响测量结果的不确定分量进行评定,超高冲击加速度测量不确定度为8%,对2 × 10⁵ g以上冲击加速度校准具有重要意义。     

基于移动光晶格布洛赫振荡的原子干涉重力仪

针对目前传统的原子干涉重力仪—马赫-曾德尔型原子重力仪存在体积较大，影响设备便携性的问题，北京大学实现了国内首个基于移动光晶格的布洛赫振荡原理的小型化原子干涉重力仪。本实验系统的采样率达到0.9 Hz，能够满足长期实时测量的需求，且实验系统中原子的竖直位移约为3 cm，灵敏度达到4.6 × 10² μGal·Hz^-1/2，在2 800 s积分时间内，分辨率可以达到6.50.7?μGal。实验成果为原子干涉重力仪的小型化与实用化指明了未来的发展方向。     

使用Fabry—Perot干涉腔稳频的GaAlAs激光器(英文)

GaAlAs激光器的激射频率被锁定于Fabry-Perot干涉腔上。在锁定之后其激射频率的涨落已被大大地降低。所测得的频率稳定度(对Fabry-Perot干涉腔中心频率的跟踪稳定度)如下:其中第1个稳频系统为5×10~(-12)(1s)、1.5×10~(-12)(10s)、1.2×10~(-12)(100s);而第2个稳频系统为8×10~(-12)(1s)、2×10~(-12)(10s)、1.8×10~(-12)(100s)。     

原子干涉重力仪隔振方法的研究现状及展望

原子干涉重力仪是一种测量重力加速度的新型仪器,振动噪声会在很大程度上影响原子干涉重力仪的测量精度。为实现高精度的重力加速度测量,必须对振动噪声进行控制。分析了原子干涉重力仪的隔振需求,阐述了原子干涉重力仪隔振系统的研究进展,介绍了以音圈电机为驱动的隔振方法、以压电陶瓷为驱动的隔振方法、振动补偿法三种应用于原子干涉重力仪的隔振方法,总结每种隔振方法的特点及适用场景,并展望原子干涉重力仪隔振技术未来的发展方向。     

Direct Thermal Growth of Gold Nanopearls on 3D Interweaved Hydrophobic Fibers as Ultrasensitive Portable SERS Substrates for Clinical Applications

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based biosensors have attracted much attention for their label-free detection, ultrahigh sensitivity, and unique molecular fingerprinting. In this study, a wafer-scale, ultrasensitive, highly uniform, paper-based, portable SERS detection platform featuring abundant and dense gold nanopearls with narrow gap distances, are prepared and deposited directly onto ultralow-surface-energy fluorosilane-modified cellulose fibers through simple thermal evaporation by delicately manipulating the atom diffusion behavior. The as-designed paper-based SERS substrate exhibits an extremely high Raman enhancement factor (3.9 × 10¹¹), detectability at sub-femtomolar concentrations (single-molecule level) and great signal reproductivity (relative standard deviation: 3.97%), even when operated with a portable 785-nm Raman spectrometer. This system is used for fingerprinting identification of 12 diverse analytes, including clinical medicines (cefazolin, chloramphenicol, levetiracetam, nicotine), pesticides (thiram, paraquat, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos), environmental carcinogens (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene), and illegal drugs (methamphetamine, mephedrone). The lowest detection concentrations reach the sub-ppb level, highlighted by a low of 16.2 ppq for nicotine. This system appears suitable for clinical applications in, for example, i) therapeutic drug monitoring for individualized medication adjustment and ii) ultra-early diagnosis for pesticide intoxication. Accordingly, such scalable, portable and ultrasensitive fibrous SERS substrates open up new opportunities for practical on-site detection in biofluid analysis, point-of-care diagnostics and precision medicine.     

Cobalt Nanoparticles and Atomic Sites in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Frameworks for Highly Sensitive Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide

In situ monitoring of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) during its production process is needed. Here, an electrochemical H₂O₂ sensor with a wide linear current response range (concentration: 5 × 10^?8 to 5 × 10^?2 m ), a low detection limit (32.4 × 10^?9 m ), and a high sensitivity (568.47 µA mm ^?1 cm^?2) is developed. The electrocatalyst of the sensor consists of cobalt nanoparticles and atomic Co‐N_x moieties anchored on nitrogen doped carbon nanotube arrays (Co‐N/CNT), which is obtained through the pyrolysis of the sandwich‐like urea@ZIF‐67 complex. More cobalt nanoparticles and atomic Co‐N_x as active sites are exposed during pyrolysis, contributing to higher electrocatalytic activity. Moreover, a portable screen‐printed electrode sensor is constructed and demonstrated for rapidly detecting (cost ≈40 s) H₂O₂ produced in microbial fuel cells with only 50 µL solution. Both the synthesis strategy and sensor design can be applied to other energy and environmental fields.     

An upper limit to the frequency noise associated with the relaxation oscillation of a monolithic Nd:YAG ring laser

Abstract

A measurement of the frequency noise at the relaxation oscillation frequency of a Nd:YAG monolithic non-planar ring laser is presented. By careful monitoring of various applied calibration signals, a limit to the frequency noise level of ～ 6.3 × 10^?2 Hz/√Hz is set over the relaxation oscillation bandwidth and it is shown that this is approximately at the level to be expected, based on the relaxation oscillation induced time varying refractive index.     

MXenes for Plasmonic Photodetection

MXenes have recently shown impressive optical and plasmonic properties associated with their ultrathin‐atomic‐layer structure. However, their potential use in photonic and plasmonic devices has been only marginally explored. Photodetectors made of five different MXenes are fabricated, among which molybdenum carbide MXene (Mo₂CT_x) exhibits the best performance. Mo₂CT_x MXene thin films deposited on paper substrates exhibit broad photoresponse in the range of 400–800 nm with high responsivity (up to 9 A W^?1), detectivity (≈5 × 10¹¹ Jones), and reliable photoswitching characteristics at a wavelength of 660 nm. Spatially resolved electron energy‐loss spectroscopy and ultrafast femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of the MXene nanosheets reveal that the photoresponse of Mo₂CT_x is strongly dependent on its surface plasmon‐assisted hot carriers. Additionally, Mo₂CT_x thin‐film devices are shown to be relatively stable under ambient conditions, continuous illumination and mechanical stresses, illustrating their durable photodetection operation in the visible spectral range. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy conducted on bare Mo₂CT_x film and on gold electrodes allowing for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering demonstrates surface chemistry and a specific low‐frequency band that is related to the vibrational modes of the single nanosheets. The specific ability to detect and excite individual surface plasmon modes provides a viable platform for various MXene‐based optoelectronic applications.     

Frequency-selective Josephson detector: Power dynamic range at subterahertz frequencies

The power dynamic range of an YBa₂Cu₃O_7−x frequency-selective Josephson detector for the Hilbert-transform spectroscopy was experimentally studied in the subterahertz frequency range. At a temperature of 80 K, the dynamic range of 2×10⁵ was achieved at a noise equivalent power of 8×10⁻¹⁵ W/Hz^1/2.     

Prediction of frequency effect in high temperature fatigue crack growth using damage factors

An earlier modification of the Paris law for the growth of deep cracks in the linear elastic fracture mechanics regime is extended to include a term enabling the prediction of cyclic crack growth rates at low frequencies. The relation requires (i) a reference growth law under continuous cycling at the appropriate elevated temperature and (ii) a specified, dimensionless degradation term, defined as D_c, the creep/oxidation damage per cycle, which increases as the applied frequency decreases or as the dwell time at peak load is prolonged. The relationship is validated against data from the previous analysis on low alloy ferritic and austenitic steels in the range 538–650°C and against further published results on Ni-based alloys at temperatures up to 700°C. It appears that for the former series oxidation is the dominant damaging mode, whereas a linear creep damaging mechanism is manifest in the Ni-based alloys. Moreover, levels of cyclic damage in terms of D_c are higher in the latter, ranging between 10^?3 and 5 × 10^?1 compared with 10^?4 to 5 × 10^?2 for the steels. A brief comparison is made with damage factors arising from the high strain fatigue deformation mode at elevated temperatures and other models for the prediction of frequency effects are discussed.     

Numerical computation and measurement of infrared extinction of the powder of brass 70Cu/30Zn

Abstract

The FDTD method is used to calculate the specific extinction cross section of the powder of brass 70Cu/30Zn with 1.35×10⁴ to 2.56×10⁵ particles in the infrared frequency range. A digitized model of body‐center‐like structures is used for the calculations of specific extinction cross‐section. From theoretical calculations, the value of a specific extinction cross section of the powder of brass 70Cu/30Zn is between 0.14 to 4.0 m²/g. While the experimental measurement shows the value of specific extinction cross section to be between 0.58 to 3.78 m²/g. The theoretical results concur with those obtained from the experimental measurement for the cell sizes of particles in the range of 0.05 to 0.4 p.m. There are some differences between the theoretical value and measurement data of specific extinction cross section for other particle sizes outside the range of 0.05 to 0.4μm.