散裂中子源靶站和中子散射谱仪的概念设计

本文介绍了可应用于多学科应用的散裂中子源(CSNS)靶站和中子散射谱仪概念设计的进展。CSNS靶站将由重水冷却多片钨靶,铍/铁反射体和铁/重混凝土生物屏蔽体组成。采用三个WING型慢化器:水(室温),液体甲烷(100K)和液体氢(20K),设有18个水平中子孔道。MonteCarlo模拟显示优化的靶截面高宽比为1:2.5左右。额定的100kW核功率的质子束轰击后,慢化器处钨靶溢出的脉冲中子通量约为2.4×1016cm?2·s?1。有限元方法计算表明,钨靶体内的总发热量是47kJ/s。即使使用截面较小的钨靶,在通常的水冷速率下,靶体温度也仅略高于90°C。靶体的热应力形变最大不超过0.2mm。根据经济实用原则选择建造粉末衍射仪、小角散射仪、反射仪及直接几何非弹性散射仪等四类有代表性的中子散射谱仪,就能覆盖>80%的中子散射研究领域。     

钨靶件试样的热等静压工艺试验研究

分别选用锆和不锈钢作为ADS固体W靶的包壳材料，采用真空电子束焊制备了W-Zr及W-S.S.的小样品，在1200、1300、1400℃和180MPa下研究它们的热等静压（HIP）工艺条件。对HIP后的试样分别进行结合面微观观察、扩散层厚度，成分及其显微硬度的测试分析。结果表明：钨-锆及钨-不锈钢包壳管均结合紧密良好，未见间隙或微裂纹,也未见钨的晶粒长大；在钨-锆包壳管结合面处主要是锆向钨扩散，而钨向锆扩散很少。在本试验条件下，其扩散层深度在6-9µm；钨-不锈钢包壳管结合面处钨和铁的扩散明显，其扩散层深度约为13μm，而铬和镍的扩散较少；W-Zr及W-S.S.结合面的显微硬度值也表明在钨-锆及钨-不锈钢的结合面上有扩散层存在；在1300℃，180MPa进行等静压后，不锈钢包壳管的部分区域熔化，因此，1200℃，180MPa适合于钨-不锈钢，而1300℃，180Mpa最适合于钨-锆。     

10~(12)n/s氘氚聚变中子发生器旋转氚靶设计与传热分析

本文设计一种用于1012 n/s量级氘氚中子发生器HINEG(High Intensity Neutron Generator)的旋转氚靶系统,对该系统的技术难点、机械和冷却方案等进行介绍,给出了该靶系统的设计关键指标参数,并利用CFD方法对该旋转靶系统的传热过程进行三维模拟和分析。分析结果表明,该靶系统在稳定运行时,靶片最高温度为48℃,靶系统采用的冷却方案可以有效地实现靶系统的散热,不会发生氚的大量释放和靶片熔毁。     

高能电子在加速器靶物质中射程的数值模拟

为确定高能电子在加速器重金属靶物质中的射程，用蒙特卡罗方法计算能量为1~100MeV的高能电子在加速器常用的重金属靶物质(金、钨、钽、钼)中的射程。将1~20MeV电子在钨靶中射程的计算结果与已发表数据进行对比，计算结果与已发表数据符合较好。对射程计算结果进行数值拟合，得到了实用性较强的1~100MeV宽能区内电子在常用加速器靶物质中的射程计算公式。该公式可为高能电子加速器靶的设计计算提供参考数据。     

3 钨靶件的高温等静压（HIP）工艺试验研究

在加速器驱动的洁净核能系统（ADS）中，中子产生靶有两种类型：液态金属靶和固体金属靶。固体金属靶一般采用钨。在无辐照场的水中，钨与水的相容性较好，但在辐照场中，辐照脆化了的钨会因流动水的冲刷而造成剥蚀，因此，需用另一种抗辐照、抗腐蚀、中子学性能良好的金属作为固体钨靶的包壳。     

偏滤器高热负荷材料研究

用热等静压焊接的方法对两种性能差异很大的金属材料钨和铜进行了成功的焊接。用SEM对断口和焊接界面在各种不同条件下焊接的性能作了对比分析。给出了两种样品的断裂特征和焊接过程中元素的扩散特点。钨和铜合金的结合主要是物理结合 ,是在高温高压下 ,材料表面微观的凹凸不平而产生的犬齿交合结合在一起的 ,扩散结合只占很少的部分。偏滤器靶板的寿命主要决定于靶板材料的热疲劳性能。在真空室中用大功率电子束作为热源进行了热疲劳试验。电子束的功率密度选为 9MW/m2 ,循环周期为 4 0s,冷却水流量为 80mL/s。用直径为 0 .3mm的NiCr NiSi热电偶测量了下材料表面的温度分布。结果发现 ,在冷却充分的情况下 ,表面最高温度约 4 0 0℃ ,钨铜焊缝处的平均最高温度约1 5 0℃。经过 1 0 0 0次的循环加热后 ,没有发现靶板材料出现破坏现象。对试验条件下的材料表面温度分布进行了计算机模拟计算。计算结果和试验测得的结果是相吻合的 ,表明试验结果是真实可靠的     

合金靶片辐照性能初探

为评估靶片制造工艺的可行性,将一些靶片放入反应堆中进行辐照考验。通过对靶片辐照前后性能,诸如外观、尺寸等的检测,初步确认,目前的靶片制作工艺可保证包壳层和芯体层结合良好,辐照不会对放射性气体的包容和靶片的操作产生不利影响。     

中国散裂中子源靶站冷却水净化系统设计

散裂中子源是由加速器产生高能质子轰击重金属靶产生高通量脉冲中子的科学装置。中国散裂中子源（China Spallation Neutron Source,CSNS）主要由加速器、靶站和中子谱仪三部分组成。净化系统作为靶站水冷系统的一个组成部分,对CSNS的安全运行起着重要作用。本文主要介绍了CSNS靶站水冷净化系统的工艺流程设计、系统重要参数的确定、系统设备选型、控制仪表和系统布置的特点以及系统各种工况下运行操作方面的设计思路。     

用反应溅射法制备无衬底的氮化钽薄靶

我们制备无衬底氮化钽薄靶的目的,是为着用核物理背散射实验法研究工业上生产的氮化钽薄膜的钽和氮的组份比,或它们的原子比。 众所周知,阴极溅射就是在真空室中把衬底片置于阳极上,靶材钽片作为阴极。在阳极和阴极间施加直流高压后,阳极和阴极之间便产生辉光放电,使惰性气体氩气电离所产生的正离子去轰击阴极表面,使靶材表面的原子从中逸出而沉积在衬底片表面上。而反应溅射就是在这种阴极溅射的同时,在惰性气体中有意混入一定量的反应性气体来获得反应生成物薄膜。如果使用氮气为反应性气体,那么得到的就是有衬底的氮化钽薄膜。若在衬底片表面上事先喷镀一薄层脱膜剂,如NaCl、CsI、Al、Cu等。把这种反应溅射后生成的氮化钽膜连同衬底片一起放入相应的溶剂或腐蚀剂中。待脱膜剂被溶解或腐蚀后,就得到无衬底的氮化钽薄膜。     

溅射涂镀管内壁的装置

本文描述了用物理气相沉积涂镀管内壁的一个装置。离子束平行轴进入管内，并撞击在穿过管的圆锥溅射靶上。因而来自溅射靶的材料沉积在管壁上。用这个装置给钢管内壁涂上银，给钽管内壁涂上铂。后者有效地防止钽管与酸接触时变脆。     

稀土元素从固体靶中的快速释放研究

通过对活化的钽箔靶的钨粉与石墨粉的混合靶的加热释放研究,获得了稀土元素的释放曲线,扩散系数和释放效率。证实这些元素在高温时能从钨粉与石墨粉混合靶中快速释放。     

A study of temperature effect on Ta+N ion-implanted hardalloy

1. IntroductionIon implantation being an effective technology forsurface modification has brought about Notable effects on the surfaCe hardness, wearability and corrosion resistance Of materials [1, 2l. However, themajor limitation to its wide use in industry i8 thatthe modlfied layer is very shallow, and llot suitableto many industrial aPplicatlons. Althougb the modi-fied l8y6r can be imProved by increasing the imPlant-ing energy, yet over-ranged X-ray 1nduced would beharmful to human heal…     

用于中国散裂中子源调束的法拉第筒结构优化设计

本文将法拉第筒应用于中国散裂中子源前端系统和漂移管加速器临时线两个调束阶段，以吸收和截止束流。根据给定的束流物理参数，法拉第筒选择石墨吸收束流，紧贴石墨的无氧铜作为导热材料。通过靶型和冷却效率分析比较，确定采用单斜板靶，束流与靶面夹角为10°，同时设计了新型的瀑布型并联圆孔水冷结构。采用有限元软件ANSYS对结构模型进行热分析，对水冷管孔径和孔间距进行优化。经结构分析和应力变形校核，保证了加工制造的可靠性。用本文研制的法拉第筒顺利完成了调束任务。     

Conceptual design and heat transfer performance of a flat-tile water-cooled divertor target

The divertor target components for the Chinese fusion engineering test reactor (CFETR) and the future experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) need to remove a heat flux of up to ～20 MW m-2.In view of such a high heat flux removal requirement,this study proposes a conceptual design for a flat-tile divertor target based on explosive welding and brazing technology.Rectangular water-cooled channels with a special thermal transfer structure (TTS)are designed in the heat sink to improve the flat-tile divertor target's heat transfer performance(HTP).The parametric design and optimization methods are applied to study the influence of the TTS variation parameters,including height (H),width (W*),thickness (T),and spacing (L),on the HTP.The research results show that the flat-tile divertor target's HTP is sensitive to the TTS parameter changes,and the sensitivity is T ＞ L ＞ W* ＞ H.The HTP first increases and then decreases with the increase of T,L,and W* and gradually increases with the increase of H.The optimal design parameters are as follows:H =5.5 mm,W* =25.8 mm,T =2.2 mm,and L =9.7 mm.The HTP of the optimized flat-tile divertor target at different flow speeds and tungsten tile thicknesses is studied using the numerical simulation method.A flat-tile divertor mock-up is developed according to the optimized parameters.In addition,high heat flux (HHF)tests are performed on an electron beam facility to further investigate the mock-up HTP.The numerical simulation calculation results show that the optimized flat-tile divertor target has great potential for handling the steady-state heat load of 20 MW m-2 under the tungsten tile thickness＜5 mm and the flow speed ≥7 m s-1.The heat transfer efficiency of the flat-tile divertor target with rectangular cooling channels improves by ～ 13％ and ～30％ compared to that of the flat-tile divertor target with circular cooling channels and the ITER-like monoblock,respectively.The HHF tests indicate that the flat-tile divertor mock-up can successfully withstand 1000 cycles of 20 MW m-2 of heat load without visible deformation,damage,and HTP degradation.The surface temperature of the flat-tile divertor mock-up at the 1000th cycle is only ～930 ℃.The fiat-tile divertor target's HTP is greatly improved by the parametric design and optimization method,and is better than the ITER-like monoblock and the fiat-tile mock-up for the WEST divertor.This conceptual design is currently being applied to the engineering design of the CFETR and EAST flat-tile divertors.     

Water-Cooled Target of 14 MeV Neutron Source

A cooling system of a stationary target for the Fusion Neutronics Source (FNS) has been designed to satisfy the structural, thermal and hydraulic requirements. Two square tubes for ion beam and for cooling water were concentrically placed and the target was mounted on the top of the beam guide tube. The end plate of the outer tube was devised to be removable for easier replacement of the target. In order to test the cooling capability of the system, dummy target assemblies with electical heaters were used in the experiment of heat transfer in place of using an accelerator. Correlations of heat transfer and head loss were obtained experimentally as a function of Reynolds number. The extrapolation of the data has shown that for the present target system, about 2.3 kW is the maximum power for the beam in diameter of 15 mm. This value was sufficiently large compared with the required heat load of FNS.     

金属铋靶件制备研究

采用高温化学萃取法可以从反应堆辐照后的金属铋（²⁰⁹Bi）中分离²¹⁰Po。设计了两种规格的金属铋靶件,用MCNP程序模拟靶件在中国先进研究堆（CARR）中的中子注量率及核发热情况,对两种靶件的传热进行计算。用氩弧焊对金属铋靶件进行焊接,对焊接后的靶件进行密封性检查。结果表明：两种靶件在CARR反应堆中满功率60 MW运行时中子注量率最大为5.21×10¹⁴ n/cm²·s,靶件总发热量分别为1 707 W和2 220 W,经传热计算后靶件中心温度分别为163.5 ℃和191.8 ℃,低于金属铋的熔点（271.3 ℃）。焊接后的靶件经密封性检查,泄漏率小于3.2×10^-9 Pa·m³/s,金属铋靶件可用于CARR反应堆辐照制备²¹⁰Po核素。     

Elastic–plastic analysis of the steel-to-tungsten transition joint for a high performance divertor

The use of tungsten as a plasma-facing material necessitates a transition joint to the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel or ferritic steel (FS) structural material of the primary coolant loop at the end of the divertor target plate where the surface heat flux is very low. A critical issue in the transition joints is the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the tungsten (or tungsten-alloy) and ODS steel, which can lead to unacceptably high thermal stresses during steady state and ratcheting during cyclic loads. Detailed 2D and 3D thermo-mechanical analyses were conducted to study the behavior of a transition from tungsten to FS with an intermediate layer of tantalum, located outside of the high heat flux region. The results include plastic strains under various loading conditions including fabrication processes, warm and cold shutdown, and allow for plastic behaviors leading to stress relaxation. The accumulation of plastic deformation may cause ratcheting. Modifications were proposed to the transition joint design in order to eliminate stress concentration and ratcheting under cyclic loading. The results of the modified design exhibited less plastic deformation in the joints as well as no ratcheting caused by warm and cold shutdown.     

低衰变功率乏燃料棒喷淋冷却实验研究

本文基于超设计基准事故,建立1套乏燃料水池喷淋冷却实验装置,选用5×5电加热棒束模拟局部乏燃料组件,分析当乏燃料水池池水完全排空状况下,维持乏燃料包壳温度在300℃时所需的最小喷淋流量密度以及周围棒束对单棒的影响效果,并开展了低衰变功率下的喷淋冷却实验。结果表明:单棒加热功率小于25 W的加热棒束无需额外冷却操作,仍处于安全状态。分别采用流量密度2.393、2.950、3.876(m~3/h)/m~2进行喷淋冷却,可使单棒加热功率为100、125、150 W的加热棒束最高温度稳定在300℃左右。目标棒外围第1、2层棒束对其温度影响较大,第3层及其以外的加热棒束对目标棒的影响较弱。     

Thermal Fatigue Study on the Divertor Plate Materials

Thermal fatigue property of the divertor plate is one of the key issues that governs the lifetime of the divertor plate.Taking tungsten as surface material,a small-mock-up divertor plate was made by hot isostatic press welding (HIP),A thermal cycling experiment for divertor mock-up was carried out in the vacuum,where a high-heat-flux electronic gun was used as the thermal source,A cyclic heat flux of 9MW/m^2 was loaded onto the mock-up,a heating duration of 20s was selcted,the cooling water flow rate was 80ml/s.After 1000 Cycles,the surface and the W/Cu joint of the mock-up did not show any damage,The SEM was used to analyze the microstructure of the welding joint,where no cracks were found also.     

多孔注入冷冻靶快速降温过程瞬态特性研究

高度均匀光滑的燃料冰层是惯性约束聚变冷冻靶成功点火的物质前提,其制备关键是在靶丸外建立均匀的球形温度场并进行精确控制。本文针对多孔注入冷冻靶系统,建立了三维仿真模型,数值研究了冷冻靶温度场稳态分布与瞬态降温特性,并分析了接触热阻、氦气压力等因素的影响。结果表明：冷臂温度恒定时,靶丸与充气管接触位置为低温区,激光入射口正对处为高温区,最大温差为003 mK;硅臂加热块功率突降后,靶丸表面最大温差在025 s内急剧上升至8788 mK,温度场均匀性显著恶化;与硅爪 套筒完美接触相比,低温胶层的存在可有效改善降温过程中温度场的恶化,但降温响应时间明显增加;1～10 kPa氦气压力范围内,快速降温过程中靶丸温度响应迅速,且最大温差峰值较小,有利于维持靶丸表面的温度均匀性。