温敏性嵌段聚合物的自组装性能

利用可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合法(RAFT)制备了聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺/聚丙烯酸乙酯(PNIPAM/PEA)的ABA型和BAB型三嵌段聚合物(A=PNIPAM,B=PEA),考察了共聚物的自组装性能和温度响应性能,探讨了各嵌段组分的用量和嵌段序列对共聚物性能的影响。结果表明:三嵌段共聚物都具有良好的温敏性和自组装性能;BAB型嵌段聚合物溶液的LCST值随着疏水组分PEA的增多呈现先增大后降低;在相同温度下,BAB型的胶束粒径明显小于ABA型的胶束粒径,并能在较低温度下发生相转变。     

双亲性嵌段共聚物的RAFT合成及其胶束化行为研究

以二硫化二异丙基黄原酸酯(DIP)为链转移剂,AIBN为引发剂,通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合的方法制备得到大分子链转移剂聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)。进而引发第二单体N-乙烯基乙酰胺(NVA)进行RAFT反应制备得到不同嵌段比的双亲性嵌段共聚物PVAc-bPNVA。红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1 H NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)分析表明,所得聚合物结构明确,且分子量分布较窄,符合活性聚合特征。进而使PVAc-b-PNVA在选择性溶剂(DMF/H2O)中自组装形成胶束,研究了不同初始浓度和链段比对胶束粒径和形态的影响。     

pH和磁场响应型嵌段共聚物基纳米复合材料的制备

采用自制链转移剂,通过可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合法制备p H和磁场响应型嵌段共聚物基纳米复合材料Y-054B。利用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等对其进行了表征。结果表明:Y-054B中的嵌段共聚物由疏水性且对p H敏感的甲基丙烯酸甲酯与丙烯酸共聚物嵌段和亲水性N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮均聚物嵌段组成;Y-054B在水溶液中可自组装生成纳米胶束,胶束平均粒径约70 nm,其中的自组装铁磁性成分平均粒径约8 nm,分散均匀,稳定性良好。     

两亲性三嵌段共聚物的合成、表征及其药控释放行为的研究

以三硫代碳酸双(α,α′-二甲基α-″-乙酸)酯为链转移剂,以苯乙烯(St)或甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为亲油性单体,以甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DMA)为亲水性单体,AIBN为引发剂,通过可逆加成断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合得到两种两亲性三嵌段共聚物,通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测试其组成分别为PS16-PDMA56-PS16,PMMA11-PDMA38-PMMA11,PMMA15-PDMA40-PMMA15,Mw/Mn分别为1.20、1.27、1.29。并用1HNMR进一步表征了嵌段共聚物结构。TEM及粒度测试研究发现,PS-PDMA-PS在特定溶剂中可以自组装成球形胶束,其尺寸在380 nm左右;而PMMA-PDMA-PMMA自组装成的胶束则呈均匀的球形,胶束分散较好,粒径约在120 nm左右。并研究了3种胶束对水溶性模型药物对羟基苯甲醚(HOA)的缓释效果,发现在同一时间PS-PDMA-PS胶束的累积释放量比其他胶束的小,药物的控释遵循扩散机理,并且胶束尺寸对药物的释放速率影响较大。     

新颖的A_2BA_2型温敏(PNIPAM)_2-b-HTPB-b-(PNIPAM)_2嵌段共聚物的合成与自组装研究

采用原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)合成了一类具有温敏性的A_2BA_2型嵌段聚合物,聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)2-端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)-聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)2[(PNIPAM)_2-b-HTPB-b-(PNIPAM)_2]。通过核磁共振仪(~1H NMR)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)和凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)对共聚物进行化学结构表征,确认了合成的目标产物。利用表面张力仪和紫外可见分光光度计对聚合物水溶液的临界胶束浓度(CMC)及低临界溶液温度(LCST)进行了测定,通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)及动态激光光散射技术(DLS)观测了其形态和尺寸。结果表明,合成的嵌段共聚物能够在水溶液中自组装成温敏响应性的纳米尺度胶束,胶束具有低于10 mg/L的CMC、相转变温度33.0~34.5℃、DLS流体力学直径小于150 nm,尺寸分布窄。这些物理化学性质对嵌段共聚物胶束作为药物释放的载体应用是非常有意义的。     

两亲性乙基纤维素接枝松香聚合物的合成及自组装

通过可逆加成断裂链转移聚合法（RAFT）将脱氢枞酸(2-甲基丙烯酰氧基异丙醇基)酯（DAGMA）单体接枝到乙基纤维素上合成了全生物质基两亲性的乙基纤维素-聚脱氢枞酸(2-甲基丙烯酰氧基异丙醇基)酯共聚物（EC-g-PDAGMA）,并制备了聚合物自组装胶束。利用核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）、凝胶色谱仪（GPC）对聚合物的结构进行了表征,证实成功合成了EC-g-PDAGMA。由于脱氢枞酸的引入,EC-g-PDAGMA接枝共聚物具有明显的紫外吸收性能。利用动态光散射（DLS）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对聚合物自组装胶束的粒径、胶束溶液的Zeta电位和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,EC-g-PDAGMA共聚物在选择性溶剂THF/H₂O中能够进行自组装形成规整的球形胶束,并且其大小随着聚合物浓度和分子链长而变化,粒径分布较窄,同时胶束具有良好的储存稳定性。     

由聚氧乙烯和聚4'''-酰胺基对四联苯-2,6-二甲酰对苯二胺构筑的OAO形三元嵌段共聚物在N、N-二甲基甲酰胺中的自组装结构模拟

利用耗散粒子动力学模拟方法,研究了由拉胀聚合物聚4''-酰胺基对四联苯-2,6-二甲酰对苯二胺(A)与聚氧乙烯(PEO)组成的OAO形三元嵌段共聚物在溶剂N、N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中的自组装行为,探究了共聚物浓度和链段A的长度对三元嵌段共聚物自组装结构的影响。结果表明,由聚4''-酰胺基对四联苯-2,6-二甲酰对苯二胺(A)与聚氧乙烯(PEO)构筑的线型嵌段共聚物在溶剂N、N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中的自组装将形成形态各异的球状、柱状、毛刷型以及"球刺"状胶束等结构;随着共聚物浓度的增加,球状胶束结构消失,逐渐演变为柱状以及毛刷型结构;随着链段A长度的增加,共聚物形成的球状胶束结构慢慢转变为"球刺"状胶束。     

聚合物胶束载药体系研究进展

两亲性嵌段共聚物能够在水溶液中通过自组装形成聚合物胶束,其疏水嵌段构成胶束内核,可以有效包载疏水性药物;而亲水嵌段构成胶束外壳,有利于胶束的稳定和体内长循环。聚合物胶束作为药物载体得到了广泛研究,有些已经进入了临床试验和应用阶段。概述了聚合物胶束的特点,介绍了聚合物胶束的组成、载药胶束的制备方法以及聚合物胶束作为药物传递系统的一些实例,并对聚合物胶束载药体系的研究方向进行了展望。     

两亲性三嵌段共聚物PLA-PEG-PLA的合成及其自组装行为的研究

采用阴离子开环聚合方法合成了两亲性嵌段共聚物PLA-PEG-PLA。用1H-NMR和GPC对聚合物的结构进行了表征,通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了聚合物在离子液体中自组装的形貌,发现PLA-PEG-PLA在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIM][PF6])中形成了胶束。当疏水链长固定时,胶束的自组装形状主要依赖于亲水链的长度。     

两亲性嵌段共聚物的合成及其自组装行为

采用原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）方法合成了两亲性嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA。用1H NMR和GPC等手段对活性聚合进行了确认,对嵌段共聚物的结构进行了表征。两亲性嵌段共聚物在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[BM IM][PF6]）中形成胶束溶液。用透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察聚合物在离子液体中形成胶束的纳米结构。当疏水链长固定时,胶束的自组装形状主要依赖于亲水链的长度。两亲性共聚物在离子液体中可自组装成可控制结构的纳米胶束,这种纳米胶束可应用在很多领域。     

Synthesis and characterization of a pentaerythritol-based amphiphilic star block copolymer and its application in controlled drug release

A star-like amphiphilic copolymer was synthesized via RAFT polymerization by using a pentaerythritol-based compound (PTDBA) as a chain transfer agent with Styrene and DMAEMA as monomers. The polymer structure was characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and SEC/MALLS. After the retardation period, the molecular weight of PS-CTA and PMMA-CTA increased linearly with monomer conversion. The amphiphilic copolymer self-assembled into spherical micelles when water was added into its DMF solution. The particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of the micelles in deionized water were about 406 nm and 0.113, respectively. In a pH 10 buffer solution and low micelle concentration, the micelle size decreased with temperature increase. At higher temperatures and micelle concentrations the size increased, resulting in precipitation among agglomerating micelles. This phenomenon was not observed in deionized water. Furthermore, the copolymer effectively prolonged the release time of chlorambucil (CLB) in deionized water.     

Synthesis and micelle behavior of (PNIPAm-PtBA-PNIPAm)m amphiphilic multiblock copolymer

A linear amphiphilic multiblock copolymer (PNIPAm-PtBA-PNIPAm)_m was successfully synthesized by a two-step reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization in the presence of a cyclic trithiocarbonate as RAFT agent. The micelle behavior of (PNIPAm-PtBA-PNIPAm)_m multiblock copolymer in aqueous solution was then investigated by means of normal TEM, cryo-TEM, static and dynamic light scattering. The morphology, size, and size distribution of (PNIPAm-PtBA-PNIPAm)_m micelles were found to be dependent on the initial concentration of multiblock copolymer in THF. Spherical micelles, associated aggregates of spherical micelles, cage-like micelles, layered structures, and vesicular micelles were experimentally observed, which were in good agreement with the prediction of theory and simulations on linear amphiphilic multiblock copolymer in selective solvent. The (PNIPAm-PtBA-PNIPAm)_m micelles also exhibit thermo-sensitive behavior in aqueous solution because of the PNIPAm blocks.     

Vesicular and micellar self‐assembly of stimuli‐responsive poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide‐b‐9‐anthracene methyl methacrylate) amphiphilic diblock copolymers

Dually responsive amphiphilic diblock copolymers consisting of hydrophilic poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) [poly(NIPAAm)] and hydrophobic poly(9‐anthracene methyl methacrylate) were synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization with 3‐(benzyl sulfanyl thiocarbonyl sulfanyl) propionic acid as a chain‐transfer agent. In the first step, the poly(NIPAAm) chain was grown to make a macro‐RAFT agent, and in the second step, the chain was extended by hydrophobic 9‐anthryl methyl methacrylate to yield amphiphilic poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide‐b‐9‐anthracene methyl methacrylate) block copolymers. The formation of copolymers with three different hydrophobic block lengths and a fixed hydrophilic block was confirmed from their molecular weights. The self‐assembly of these copolymers was studied through the determination of the lower critical solution temperature and critical micelle concentration of the copolymers in aqueous solution. The self‐assembled block copolymers displayed vesicular morphology in the case of the small hydrophobic chain, but the morphology gradually turned into a micellar type when the hydrophobic chain length was increased. The variations in the length and chemical composition of the blocks allowed the tuning of the block copolymer responsiveness toward both the pH and temperature. The resulting self‐assembled structures underwent thermally induced and pH‐induced morphological transitions from vesicles to micelles and vice versa in aqueous solution. These dually responsive amphiphilic diblock copolymers have potential applications in the encapsulation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug molecules, as evidenced from the dye encapsulation studies. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46474.     

Use of poly(styrene)-block-poly(ethyleneoxide) as emulsifier in emulsion polymerization

Summary Poly(styrene)-block-poly(ethyleneoxide), abbreviated as (PS-b-PEO) were used as emulsifiers in emulsion polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate. The block copolymers had a poly(styrene) block with M_n=1000 g/mol and a poly(ethyleneoxide) block with M_n=1000, 3000 or 5000 g/mol, respectively. Stable dispersions were obtained when the PEO block molecular weight was higher than 1000 g/mol. Also the amphiphilic properties of the copolymers depended on the PEO chain length. Block copolymer micelles with hydrodynamic radii between 11 and 17nm were observed. Emulsion polymerization was performed at different block copolymer concentration at 60 and 80°C. Particle size varied between 50 and 300nm and decreased with increasing copolymer concentration. The particle size was larger at higher temperature, but the size distribution was narrower. Polymerization of methyl methacrylate gave smaller particles when compared to styrene. The dispersions were very stable towards high electrolyte concentration, but flocculation occurred at elevated temperatures. Both observations indicate that the dispersions are sterically stabilized.     

pH响应型mPEG-PCL嵌段共聚物胶束用作药物运输

该文合成了一种具有pH敏感性,较低毒性的两亲性嵌段共聚物以用于药物运输。聚乙二醇-聚己内酯(mPEG-PCL)是以聚乙二醇单甲醚为引发剂,开环己内酯聚合而成,阿霉素则是通过顺乌头酸裂解键连在聚己内酯的末端。该嵌段聚合物通过核磁共振、红外光谱等进行表征。共轭阿霉素后的嵌段聚合物在水溶液中能够自组装形成胶束,胶束粒径约为45.4 nm,透射电镜显示胶束具有近似的球形结构。阿霉素在pH=4.0下的释放速率明显快于pH=7.4下的释放速率。mPEG-PCL在细胞培养中无细胞毒性,包载阿霉素的胶束在人类MCF-7乳腺癌细胞上表现出迟缓的细胞毒性。通过共聚焦显微镜观察游离阿霉素和mPEG-PCL-DOX胶束在MCF-7细胞内的定位说明载体能够携带阿霉素进入细胞。     

Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of amphiphilic block copolymers bearing acid-sensitive orthoester linkage as the drug carrier

Amphiphilic block copolymers bearing an acid-sensitive orthoester linkage, composed of hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hydrophobic poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG), were prepared as the carrier capable of selectively releasing the hydrophobic drug at the mildly acidic condition. Diblock copolymers with various lengths of PBLG were synthesized via ring opening polymerization of benzyl glutamate NCA in the presence of the acid-labile PEG as a macroinitiator. Owing to their amphiphilicities, the copolymers formed spherical micelles in aqueous conditions, and their particle sizes (22-106 nm in diameter) were dependent on the block length of PBLG. These nanoparticles were stable in the physiological buffer (pH 7.4), whereas they were readily decomposed under the acidic condition. In particular, the block copolymer with a smaller hydrophobic portion was rapidly disassembled under the acidic condition. Doxorubicin (DOX), chosen as the model anti-cancer drug, was effectively encapsulated into the hydrophobic core of the micelles using the solvent casting method. The loading efficiency depended on the hydrophobic block length of the copolymer; i.e., the longer hydrophobic block allowed for loading of larger amounts of the drug. In vitro release studies demonstrated that DOX was slowly released from the pH-sensitive micelles in the physiological buffer (pH 7.4), whereas the release rate of DOX significantly increased under the acidic condition (pH 5.0). From the in vitro cytotoxicity test, it was found that DOX-loaded pH-sensitive micelles showed higher toxicity to SCC7 cancer cells than DOX-loaded micelles without the orthoester linker. These results suggest that the amphiphilic block copolymer bearing the orthoester linkage is useful for pH-triggered delivery of the hydrophobic drug.     

pH- and temperature-responsive amphiphilic diblock copolymers of 4-vinylpyridine and oligoethyleneglycol methacrylate synthesized by RAFT polymerization

Diblock copolymers of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) and oligoethyleneglycol methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) were synthesized for the first time using RAFT polymerization technique as potential drug delivery systems. Effects of the number of ethylene glycol units in OEGMA, chain length of hydrophobic P4VP block, pH, concentration and temperature on the solution behavior of the copolymers were investigated comprehensively. Copolymer chains formed micelles at pH values higher than 5 whereas unimeric polymers were observed to exist below pH 5, owing to the repulsion between positively charged P4VP blocks. The size of the micelles was dependent on the relative length of blocks, P4VP and POEGMA. Thermo-responsive properties of copolymers were investigated depending on the pH and length of P4VP block. The increase in the length of P4VP block decreased the LCST substantially at pH 7. At pH 3, LCST of copolymers shifted to higher temperatures due to the increased interaction of copolymers with water through positively charged P4VP block.     

Synthesis and pH-dependent micellization of 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate based amphiphilic diblock copolymers via RAFT polymerization

The polymerization of 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DPA) by RAFT mechanism in the presence of 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate in 1,4-dioxane was studied. The DPA homopolymer was employed as a macro chain transfer agent to synthesize pH-sensitive amphiphilic block copolymers using poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) as the hydrophilic block. ¹H NMR and GPC measurements confirmed the successful synthesis of these copolymers. Potentiometric titrations and fluorescence experiments proved that the copolymers underwent a sharp transition from unimers to micelles at a pH of ∼6.7 in phosphate buffered saline solutions. It was found that the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of these block copolymers had no apparent effect on their pH-induced micellization behaviors. The DLS investigation revealed that the micelles have a mean hydrodynamic diameter below 60 nm with a narrow size distribution.     

Synthesis, characterization, and drug delivery research of an amphiphilic biodegradable star-shaped block copolymer

An amphiphilic biodegradable three-arm star-shaped diblock copolymer containing poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) (TEA(PCL-b-PVP)₃) has been successfully synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), RAFT polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone and a coupling reaction of PCL with carboxyl-terminated PVP (PVP-COOH). In aqueous media, the star-shaped copolymer self-assembled into spherical micelles with diameters of near 106 nm. The critical micelle concentration of TEA(PCL-b-PVP)₃ copolymer was determined to be 5.96 × 10^?3 mg/mL. Folic acid was then used as a model drug to incorporate into TEA(PCL-b-PVP)₃ micelles, the drug loading content and encapsulation efficiency is 16.36 and 49.08 %, respectively. In vitro release experiments of the drug-loaded micelles exhibited sustained release behavior and it was affected by the pH of release media. These results indicate that the copolymer may serve as a promising “intelligent” drug delivery alternative.     

Hypoxia/Temperature/pH Triple Stimuli–Responsive Block Copolymers: Synthesis,Self-Assembly,and Controlled Drug Release

The amphiphilic block copolymer poly(methacrylic acid-co-2-nitroimidazole acrylate)-b-poly(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (P(MAA-co-NIMA)-b-PDMAEMA) with the hypoxia/temperature/pH triple responsiveness is synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), hydrolysis, and 3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) reactions, and successfully self-assembled into micelles. The hypoxia response in vitro is realized, and then the sensitivity of the self-assembled micelles to the hypoxia condition is studied by controlling the grafting amount of aminated 2-nitroimidazole. Because 2-(N,N-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) is a typical material sensitive to temperature and pH conditions, the self-assembled micelles are also responsive to temperature and different acidic/basic conditions. In addition, the cumulative release rate of doxorubicin (DOX) at 42 °C, pH = 6.0, and hypoxic conditions increases significantly, and verifies the synergistic promotion effect of the above stimulations. This intelligent polymer with triple response mechanism improves the controllability and efficiency of drug release, and is expected to be a drug carrier for cancer treatment.