纳米镁化合物对壳聚糖复合涂膜性能的影响

以纳米镁化合物改性壳聚糖涂膜,不仅能改善涂膜的力学性能和透气性能,还可增强其抗菌性能。以纳米镁化合物作为壳聚糖改性材料的涂膜研究,国内外鲜见报道。为探讨镁化合物纳米粉体对壳聚糖涂膜性能的影响,测定了不同形貌纳米镁化合物粉体添加改性后壳聚糖涂膜的性能指标,并对这种壳聚糖涂膜进行SEM、XRD及FT-IR表征。结果表明,镁化合物纳米粉体表面的活性基团与壳聚糖作用,导致壳聚糖的FormⅠ晶型减少,FormⅡ晶型发生改变。添加Mg_2(OH)_3Cl纳米片和纳米MgO颗粒后,壳聚糖复合涂膜的力学性能增强,透湿性能减弱;然而由于MgO纳米棒和MgO纳米小球在涂膜中存在团聚现象,所以导致壳聚糖与纳米粉体不能很好结合,涂膜内产生空隙甚至裂缝,涂膜机械性能下降及透湿性能增强。添加纳米MgO颗粒对壳聚糖涂膜的透O_2性、透CO_2性改良效果最佳。镁化合物纳米粉体对壳聚糖涂膜的光学性能影响不显著,说明添加镁化合物纳米粉体不影响涂膜在食品保鲜中的应用。     

碳点/纤维素纳米纤维复合薄膜的制备及性能研究

以异抗坏血酸钠为碳源,采用水热法合成新型纳米抗菌材料——碳点（CDs）,并与纤维素纳米纤维（CNF）共混制备CDs/CNF复合薄膜。结果表明,CDs的平均粒径为（4.6±1.8） nm,添加CDs可提升复合薄膜的紫外阻隔性能和柔韧性,复合薄膜的抗菌和抗氧化性能与CDs的含量呈正相关,但是高含量的CDs会降低复合薄膜的疏水性和拉伸强度。添加7%含量CDs的复合薄膜的对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径分别达到16.88 mm和14.34 mm,CDs/CNF复合涂层能够延缓草莓的腐败。     

不同聚乳酸膜的抗菌性比较

为了研究添加抗菌剂后,聚乳酸复合膜的抗菌性能,选取了壳聚糖、茶多酚、MgO和银四种抗菌剂,与聚乳酸形成四种复合膜,对比了不同抗菌剂的效果,并利用红外光谱仪对复合膜的结构进行了表征。实验发现,无论哪种抗菌剂,均表现了良好的抗菌效果。当壳聚糖/聚乳酸、茶多酚/聚乳酸均按质量比5:5组成复合膜时,抗菌率分别为68.54%和70.26%,当MgO的添加量为2%时,抗菌率为71.01%,而银表现出了极强的抗菌效果,添加量为1%时,抗菌率达到了98.53%。透光率随着抗菌剂的加入都有不同程度的减小,其中茶多酚的影响最大,从88.67%下降到33.75%。薄膜DSC曲线显示,未添加抗菌剂时,薄膜T_m为80.3℃,添加Ag和MgO后,薄膜T_m分别下降了1.7℃和1.4℃,说明抗菌剂的添加对薄膜T_m几乎无影响。由此可以看出,天然抗菌剂的抗菌效果要略差于无机抗菌剂。     

甘油对原位合成纳米SiOx-壳聚糖涂膜的影响

为了研究甘油添加量对原位合成的纳米SiOx-壳聚糖涂膜透气性、力学性能、保鲜性能的影响,本文采用原位合成法制备了纳米SiOx-壳聚糖复合保鲜涂膜,对样品进行了XRD、FT-IR、SEM、TEM表征,研究了甘油添加量对纳米SiOx-壳聚糖复合涂膜气体透过性、力学性能及其对美国红鱼保鲜性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着甘油添加量的增加,复合涂膜的气体透过性升高,拉伸强度降低,断裂伸长率提高,且添加甘油使涂膜变得光滑,壳聚糖结晶结构改变。添加甘油的原位合成纳米SiOx-壳聚糖复合对美国红鱼的保鲜性能优于对照组,但甘油添加量对其保鲜性能无显著影响。添加0.10%甘油的纳米SiOx-壳聚糖复合涂膜对美国红鱼的TBA值增长延缓、细菌总数增长和质构指标变化延缓作用略优于添加量为0.30%的复合涂膜。     

氧化锌纳米颗粒-海藻酸钠/壳聚糖双层复合膜的制备及特性

本研究基于层层组装流延法制备了载有氧化锌纳米颗粒的海藻酸钠/壳聚糖双层复合膜。通过评价机械、阻水及光学性质研究了氧化锌纳米颗粒对双层复合膜特性的影响,进而借助原子力显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和热重分析对双层复合膜结构进行表征。结果表明,海藻酸钠/壳聚糖双层膜在添加氧化锌纳米颗粒后,抗拉强度提高,断裂伸长率、水溶性、水蒸气透过性和透光性降低,而外观色泽没有明显变化。从双层膜的微观结构看,随着氧化锌纳米颗粒添加浓度由0.25%（w/w）增加至1.00%（w/w）,海藻酸钠/壳聚糖双层复合膜表面出现颗粒团聚,粗糙度Ra从3.12 nm增加至3.53 nm。红外和热重分析表明,氧化锌纳米颗粒与海藻酸钠和壳聚糖之间存在较强的氢键相互作用,使得双层复合膜的热稳定性增强。综上,氧化锌纳米颗粒-海藻酸钠/壳聚糖双层复合膜具有优良的包装特性和适用性。     

Ag~+/纳米TiO_2/壳聚糖复合膜制备及其对桑葚的保鲜效果

将Ag+和纳米Ti O2粒子添加至壳聚糖基体中,利用流延法制备壳聚糖基复合薄膜。研究两种粒子添加对复合薄膜的力学和透湿性能的影响,并对采用其包装的桑葚的保鲜性能进行研究。结果表明,Ag+和纳米Ti O2粒子的添加可以明显提高薄膜的力学性能,降低薄膜的水蒸汽透过量,提高对桑葚的保鲜能力。其中同时添加Ag+和纳米Ti O2粒子的复合薄膜在复合效应作用下,获得了最优的各项性能。     

纳米银的制备及其在聚丙烯酸酯乳液中的应用研究

以硝酸银、三氯化铁及聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为原料,乙二醇为溶剂成功制备了纳米银,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X射线衍射(XRD)及紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)表征其结构及形貌。同时,采用物理共混法将纳米银引入聚丙烯酸酯乳液中,研究纳米银对聚丙烯酸酯薄膜的抗菌性能、抗静电性能及力学性能的影响。为了优化复合乳液的制备工艺,进一步考察了纳米银的形貌及用量对聚丙烯酸酯薄膜各项性能的影响。结果表明:所制备的纳米银为纳米颗粒与纳米线的混合物。获得的聚丙烯酸酯/纳米银复合薄膜的抗菌性能、抗静电性能及抗张强度均有不同程度提升。将反应温度为130℃下制得的纳米银引入到聚丙烯酸酯乳液中,成膜后的综合性能最优;且当纳米银用量为5.0%时,相较于纯聚丙烯酸酯薄膜,复合薄膜的抗菌性能提升68.67%,表面电阻率降低2个数量级。     

木质素/TiO2复合纳米颗粒合成及纳米纤维素基紫外屏蔽膜制备

本研究利用碱木质素作为生物模板诱导剂,通过水热法成功合成了一种具有良好紫外屏蔽性能的木质素/TiO_2复合纳米颗粒。结果表明,木质素/TiO_2复合纳米颗粒具有锐钛矿晶型、良好的纳米粒径和热稳定性。同时,证实了木质素的含氧官能团和TiO_2表面羟基发生类酯化反应,从而使木质素与TiO_2形成包覆嵌顿式结构的复合材料。在此基础上,研究了木质素/TiO_2复合纳米颗粒与纳米纤维素水凝胶制备薄膜材料的抗紫外性能。结果表明,添加质量分数10%的木质素/TiO_2复合纳米颗粒的纳米纤维素薄膜在全紫外线波段(200～400 nm)吸收了约90%的紫外线,表明木质素/TiO_2复合纳米颗粒具有良好的紫外屏蔽能力。     

芳纶纳米纤维/壳聚糖绝缘复合薄膜力学及绝缘性能研究

以芳纶纳米纤维（ANFs）为基体,壳聚糖（CS）为增强剂,采用真空辅助过滤技术制备了ANFs/CS复合薄膜,并通过热压法提高薄膜的致密性,以增强其力学和绝缘性能。结果显示,当壳聚糖负载量为0.02 g时,ANFs/CS复合薄膜的性能最优,其最大拉伸强度可达208 MPa,特征击穿强度62 kV/mm。对ANFs/CS复合薄膜进行热压处理后,复合薄膜的致密性明显提高,其最大拉伸强度和击穿强度分别为253 MPa和109 kV/mm,相较于热压前分别提升了21.6%和75.8%。     

聚乙烯醇/纳米纤维素/石榴皮多酚复合抗菌薄膜性能研究

目的:开发绿色抗菌抗氧化食品包装薄膜。方法:以石榴皮多酚为功能活性物质,采用共混法制备聚乙烯醇/纳米纤维素晶体/石榴皮多酚复合抗菌薄膜,并对其性能进行表征。结果:石榴皮多酚的添加影响了薄膜表面的连续性;当石榴皮多酚添加量为5倍最小抑菌浓度时,薄膜的透水气性增加了28.79%,拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、疏水性及透光率分别降低了44.97%,29.37%,36.36%,22.35%,同时总酚含量为(5.92±0.17) mg/L,DPPH自由基清除率达到(13.31±0.22)%;薄膜表现出良好的抑菌性,对白色念珠菌的抑菌效果最好,其次为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌。结论:聚乙烯醇/纳米纤维素晶体/石榴皮多酚复合抗菌薄膜是一种新型活性食品包装材料。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.