高低温交替海洋环境Ti6Al4V合金的腐蚀损伤机理

目的 探究高低温交替海洋服役环境中Ti6Al4V合金的腐蚀损伤失效过程,揭示高温氧化、沉积盐膜、频繁启动工作模式耦合作用下合金的腐蚀损伤与退化机理。方法 采用高温氧化、高温氧化-盐雾交替和高温氧化-海水浸泡交替试验方法,对Ti6Al4V合金腐蚀失效行为进行了全面评估;利用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等微尺度检测分析仪器,全面解析了合金损伤失效过程中表面物相结构、腐蚀产物成分及表/截面形貌特征。结果 650 ℃氧化400 h后,Ti6Al4V合金表面氧化层(TiO2+Al2O3)生长致密且均匀;经50循环高温氧化-盐雾交替试验后,Ti6Al4V合金遭受加速腐蚀损伤,表面存在明显点蚀,氧化层出现分层剥落;经50循环高温氧化-海水浸泡试验后,Ti6Al4V合金腐蚀损伤进一步加速,但氧化层生长迅速,整体增重达5.167 mg/cm²。结论 高温氧化过程中Ti6Al4V合金表面氧化层呈缓慢均匀生长特征,具有优良的抗氧化性。高低温交替工作模式加速了氧化膜快速生长与结构破坏,Cl^‒的浓度对Ti6Al4V合金表面氧化层的降解具有显著驱动作用,且Cl^‒浓度越高腐蚀降解越严重。随着样品表面氧化层的致密性和完整性被破坏,混合盐逐渐侵入氧化层内部,加剧了氯化物的挥发,表明Ti6Al4V合金在高低温交替环境下抗腐蚀性较差。     

Ti50Al和Ti45Al8Nb合金高温初期氧化行为

利用SEM、XPS和AES研究了Ti50Al和Ti45Al8Nb(原子分数,%)合金在900 ℃空气中的初期氧化行为.结果表明:Nb的加入显著提高了合金的抗氧化性.氧化90 min后,Ti50Al合金表面为粗大的富TiO2颗粒,冷却过程中部分表层氧化膜脱落,脱落后内层为多孔、疏松的Ti和Al的混合氧化物(可能有氮化物);Ti45Al8Nb合金表面生成很薄的氧化膜,其外层为细小富Al2O3颗粒,Nb只存在于内层(富TiO2层)和混合层,在外层Al2O3内没有发现,Nb5 取代TiO2中的Ti4 ,降低氧空位浓度从而减慢氧的向内扩散,抑制TiO2的生成,同时促进了外层纯Al2O3层的形成,该层阻碍氧以及合金元素的进一步扩散.     

热处理对激光选区熔化Ti6Al4V合金电化学腐蚀行为的影响

通过激光选区熔化技术制备沉积态的Ti6Al4V合金,并在800℃下进行热处理,优化组织结构,探索两种状态下Ti6Al4V合金在3.5%(质量分数) NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明,沉积态的Ti6Al4V合金相组织主要由细针状α'马氏体相以及初生β相组成;而经热处理后,转变为板条状的α相+剩余β相,组织更为均匀、单一。电化学测试结果表明,两种状态的Ti6Al4V合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中均发生自发钝化。热处理对合金表面阴极过程没有明显影响,但通过降低阳极反应速率使开路电位及自腐蚀电位升高,自腐蚀电流密度下降至沉积态的1/5。两种状态下Ti6Al4V合金表面均可形成致密钝化膜,且热处理后表面形成的钝化膜更致密、更厚。热处理后合金表面极化电阻值约是沉积态的3.8倍,表明钝化膜保护性更为优异。这一结果表明,热处理可显著优化合金组织结构,提高激光熔化技术制备的Ti6Al4V合金耐蚀性。在较为苛刻的服役环境中,建议采用热处理态的合金作为结构件。     

Ti45Al8Nb0.5B0.2C合金的组织及高温氧化行为研究

研究了Ti45Al8Nb0.8B0.2C合金的组织及高温氧化行为。XRD、SEM、TEM及EDS分析表明,合金热等静压后的组织为γ和α2相组成的片层组织,片层团晶粒内部与层片团晶界处存在条状或点状白色相TiB2;高温淬火合金发生α→γm相变,在α+γ两相区时效合金组织由不同取向的细小层片和层片交界处的α2相组成。氧化增重实验及XRD、SEM分析表明,合金在900和1000℃氧化100h,氧化反应常数分别为0.00192和0.31637,幂指数分别为1.1381和2.0076。合金在900℃氧化100h后氧化层厚度大约为4μm,从外到内依次为:不连续的Al2O3层/Al2O3+TiO2混合层/富Nb层/基体。合金在1000℃氧化100h后氧化层厚度大约为5μm,从外到内依次为:TiO2/Al2O3+TiO2/氮化物层/基体。     

Ti6Al4V表面等离子Cu/Ni合金化（英文）

利用等离子表面合金化技术对Ti6Al4V表面进行Cu/Ni合金化处理,采用SEM研究了温度对合金层微观结构的影响,采用GDS和XRD对合金层的成分和相组成进行测试。结果表明,850℃制备的合金层与基体冶金结合,厚度约7μm,主要由Ti,Ti2Ni,TiNi,Cu0.81Ni0.19和CuTi相组成。抗菌结果表明,合金化试样在12 h内展现了优良的抗菌性能。表面合金层也显著提高了钛合金的耐磨性能。     

Ag和Ta离子双注入Ti6Al4V合金表面改性

采用先注入1×1017ion/cm2Ag离子,注入能量为64.2keV;后注入1.5×1017ion/cm2Ta离子,注入能量为146.5keV对Ti6Al4V合金进行离子双注入表面改性。采用X射线衍射分析离子双注入前后Ti6Al4V合金表面的物相;利用X射线光电子能谱研究离子双注入前后Ti6Al4V合金表面元素化合态以及离子双注入Ti6Al4V合金表面元素浓度沿深度方向的分布。结果表明,离子双注入前后Ti6Al4V合金表面都被氧化了,离子注入前合金表面存在TiO、Ti2O3和Al2O3,离子双注入后Ti6Al4V合金表面有TiO2、Ta2O5、TaOx和AgO2新相生成,且在表面还存在少量V2O5和Al2O3。离子双注入合金表面生成的氧化物层形成了扩散阻挡层,阻挡铝离子和钒离子向外扩散,从而减少Ti6Al4V合金表面铝离子和钒离子的释放量。     

Ti6Al4V合金表面激光熔覆NiCrAlSi复合涂层的组织及高温抗氧化性能

为提高Ti6Al4V合金的高温抗氧化性能,以Ni80Cr20-40Al-20Si(质量分数,%)复合合金粉末为原料,采用激光熔覆技术,在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备复合涂层,系统地分析涂层的物相、显微组织结构及高温抗氧化性能。结果表明:复合涂层中没有发现裂纹,仅有少量气孔,且与基体实现良好的冶金结合;Ti_5Si_3/Al_3Ni_2作为增强相均匀分布于基体Al_3Ti/NiTi中;经恒温800℃氧化32 h后,复合涂层的氧化膜主要由Al_2O_3和NiO组成,结构连续致密,氧化动力学曲线近似符合抛物线规律,表现出较好的高温抗氧化性能;而Ti6Al4V合金的氧化膜主要为疏松的TiO_2,表面氧化严重,表现出较差的抗氧化性能。激光熔覆NiCrAlSi复合涂层可望成为有效提高Ti6Al4V合金高温抗氧化性能的途径之一。     

Ti6Al4V无氢离子氮化工艺研究

对Ti6Al4V进行以氮气为气源的无氢离子氮化工艺研究,氮化温度分别为700、750、800和900℃,保温时间4 h,通过金相检验、显微硬度测定和X射线衍射结构分析,研究了离子氮化温度等参数对渗层厚度、硬度和组织结构的影响规律。结果表明:温度是影响无氢离子氮化渗层厚度、硬度的主要因素,900℃的氮化层表面硬度达到897 HV,渗层厚度达到0.32 mm;氮化层由Ti2N(ε相)和TiN(δ相)组成。     

Ti6Al4V无氢离子渗氮摩擦学性能的研究

以N2和Ar的混合气为气源，在Ti6Al4V表面离子渗氮形成渗氮层。对渗层的相结构、表面粗糙度、显微硬度及与基体的结合强度等进行了测试分析，并用球-盘滑动磨损试验机对渗层的摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明：在N2／Ar=1：1，900℃的渗氮条件下，渗氮层主要由化合物Ti2N，TiN和氮在α-Ti中的固溶体α相等相组成；渗氮后试样的表面粗糙度增大；渗氮层的硬度较基材Ti6Al4V有很大提高，且与基体间有较好的结合强度；在球-盘滑动磨损试验中，渗氮层无减摩效果，但其耐磨性较基材Ti6Al4V大大增强。     

Ta离子注入Ti6Al4V合金耐磨性研究

用5种Ta离子注入剂量(1.2×1016、3×1016、1.5×1017、3×1017、4.5×1017 ions/cm2)对Ti6Al4V合金进行离子注入表面改性.采用纳米硬度计测量Ta离子注入前后Ti6Al4V合金表面硬度随压入深度的变化,利用多功能摩擦磨损试验机研究Ta离子注入前后Ti6Al4V合金材料的耐磨性,利用X射线衍射技术研究Ta离子注入前后Ti6Al4V合金表面的物相分布.结果表明,除Ta离子注入剂量为3×1017 ions/cm2外,Ta离子注入Ti6Al4V合金硬度有一定的提高;Ta离子注入Ti6Al4V合金摩擦系数降低;除Ta离子注入剂量为3×1017 ions/cm2外,Ta离子注入Ti6Al4V合金的耐磨损性能得到了改善.摩擦系数降低和硬度提高、Ta离子注入的固溶强化、单质Ta新相的弥散强化改善了Ti6Al4V合金的耐磨损性能.     

水基凝胶注Ti-6Al-4V合金坯体

将凝胶注模工艺应用于金属Ti6Al4V合金粉末的成形,研究了高固相含量的Ti6Al4V合金粉末的料浆的制备,比较了金属浆料与陶瓷浆料的不同。结果表明粉末的颗粒形状是影响浆料固相含量的重要因素,浆料的固相含量随分散剂的增加而增加。最后制备出了固相含量为54%(体积分数,下同)的钛合金粉末浆料和形状复杂的坯体。坯体的抗弯强度随气雾化(GA)Ti6Al4V含量增加先增大后减小,随着坯体的固相含量增大而减小。当GA-Ti6Al4V含量为80%,固相含量为50%时生坯抗弯强度最大,为18.5 MPa。     

Comparison between corrosion behaviour of implant alloys Ti6Al7Nb and Ti6Al4Zr in artificial saliva

The present paper investigates two different titanium alloys: Ti6Al7Nb – a well‐established implant biomaterial and Ti6Al4Zr – a relatively new titanium alloy. Roughness is evaluated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance by contact angle measurements. Furthermore, an extensive characterization was done in order to evaluate and compare the electrochemical behaviour for both titanium alloys in artificial Fusayama and Afnor saliva, at different immersion times, and consisted of Tafel plots, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Also, metals ions release was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). In both studied artificial saliva, Ti6Al4Zr alloy presents a better electrochemical behaviour according to corrosion rates from both electrochemical techniques and ICP‐MS.     

Ti6Al4V合金吸氢行为研究

研究了Ti6Al4V合金在不同置氢温度、保温时间和氢压下的吸氢行为,利用光学显微镜研究了氢在钛合金中的分布规律。研究结果表明,Ti6Al4V合金的氢含量是由置氢温度、保温时间和氢压来控制的。随着置氢温度的升高,氢含量先增加后降低。随着氢压的增加,氢含量直线增加。钛合金的吸氢过程实质上是氢的扩散过程,随着保温时间的增加,合金中的氢分布逐渐趋于一致。     

Machinability of titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V and Ti555.3)

Near-beta titanium alloys like Ti555.3 are increasingly being used in aeronautics replacing in some critical applications the most common Ti6Al4V. However, these near-beta titanium alloys have a poor machinability rating which needs to be overcome so as to maintain at least the same productivity levels as in Ti6Al4V.This paper presents the machinability results carried out for Ti555.3 compared with the commonly used Ti6Al4V. The aim of this research work is to understand tool wear mechanisms when machining Ti555.3. Analysis of variables such as cutting forces, chip geometry and tool wear shows that: (I) greater difficulty is encounterd when machining Ti555.3 alloy compared with Ti6Al4V alloy which can be machined at higher speeds up to 90 m min^?1; (II) there was a correlation between the mechanical properties of work material, tool wear, and component forces; (III) the occurrence of the diffusion process leads to the formation of a layer of adhered material composed of Ti and TiC on the tool's rake face for both Ti alloys.     

Laser welding of Ti6Al4V titanium alloys

The high strength to weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance of titanium alloys allow diverse application in various fields including the medical and aerospace industry. Several techniques have been considered to achieve reliable welds with minimum distortion for the fabrication of components in these industries. Of these techniques, laser welding can provide a significant benefit for the welding of titanium alloys because of its precision and rapid processing capability. For pulse mode Nd:YAG laser welding, pulse shape, energy, duration, repetition rate and peak power are the most important parameters that influence directly or synergistically the quality of pulsed seam welds. In this study, experimental work involved examination of the welding parameters for joining a 3-mm thick titanium alloy using the Lumonics JK760TR Nd:YAG pulsed laser. It has been determined that the ratio between the pulse energy and pulse duration is the most important parameter in defining the penetration depth. Also it has been observed the variation of pulse duration at constant peak power has no influence on the penetration depth. Consequently, to increase the penetration depth during welding, the role of the laser parameters such as pulse energy and duration and peak power have been investigated to join 3 mm thick Ti6Al4V.     

Micro-Raman characterization of plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V-ELI

Titanium nitride surface coatings have been extensively used as wear resistant and biocompatible layers on titanium alloys. Plasma nitriding is a suitable method to obtain these coatings that have to be characterized with phase sensitive techniques, because hardness and wear resistance depend critically on crystallography and stoichiometry. Many of these analytical techniques have very stringent vacuum and sample geometry requirements that frequently do not allow the characterization of surface films ontop of biomedical components (bone or dental implants). Microprobe Raman spectroscopy can be applied without vacuum requirements on samples of variable size and shape. In this work, this technique is used to investigate the TiN layer on a Ti6Al4V-ELI alloy, plasma nitrided at different substrate temperatures, in order to observe the changes in stoichiometry. Changes of the relative intensities of acoustic and optical modes were related to TiN composition, comparing with the results of Nuclear Reaction Analysis, using the ¹⁵N(p, αγ)¹²C reaction induced with 429 keV protons. A linear relationship between the Raman peak area ratio and nitrogen content was observed, that can be used as calibration curve for further Raman measurements of unknown samples.     

Analysis of ultrasonic-assisted drilling of Ti6Al4V

In this study ultrasonic vibration was applied on the drilling of Ti6Al4V workpiece samples. Several parameters of ultrasonic-assisted drilling were monitored, including feed force, chip formation by means of high-speed imaging, and temperature measurement on the drill tip by means of infrared radiation thermometry. Ultrasonic assistance offered lower feed force and higher process temperatures as compared to conventional drilling. It has also shown higher force reductions and higher temperature increments when vibration amplitude was increased.     

Effect of synovial fluid temperature on the corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V,Ti6Al7Nb,and CoCrMo alloys

The frictional heat generated during the operation of the joint prosthesis in vivo could change the corrosion resistance of the prosthesis material. In this paper, the corrosion behavior of three medical alloys at different synovial fluid temperatures was analyzed using electrochemical measurement technology. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectrometer were used to characterize the surface morphology and composition of the alloys after long-term immersion. The results show that increasing temperature causes the open-circuit potential of titanium alloy to shift negatively and the corrosion tendency to increase. The increasing temperature leads to the decrease of activation energy of titanium alloy, which in turn results in the increase of corrosion current density and accelerated corrosion. The results of Nyquist curves confirmed that the radius of the capacitive arc decreased with the increase of temperature, indicating the deterioration of corrosion resistance. The CoCrMo alloy shows the same regularity as the titanium alloy in 0.9% NaCl, though no obvious regularity in 25% newborn bovine serum; this may be related to the complexity of the corrosion system.     

Cold Sprayability of Mixed Commercial Purity Ti Plus Ti6Al4V Metal Powders

In the present work, metallic composite coatings of commercial purity Ti plus Ti6Al4V were produced by cold spraying to explore the effect of mixing on porosity and mechanical properties of the coatings. The coatings were deposited using N₂ gas at 800 °C and 4 MPa pressure on 1020 steel substrate. Coating characteristics were studied by examining porosity percentages and Vickers’s hardness. The microstructure was examined using optical and electron microscopy techniques. It was observed that mixing metal powders can lead to improvements in cold sprayability, specifically decreases in the porosity of the ‘matrix’ powder. It is shown that a critical addition can significantly influence porosity, but above this critical level, there is a little change in porosity. Hardness differences between the two powders are considered to be the first-order influence, but differences in particle sizes and morphology may also be contributing factors.