Reduction of NOx from natural gas combustion flue gasesby corona discharge radical injection techniques [thermal power plantemissions control]

An experimental investigation has been conducted to reduce NO_x in natural gas combustion flue gases by means of corona-discharge-activated ammonia/methane radical injection methods. Multihole-type corona radical injectors are used in the present investigation. Experiments were conducted for the simulated natural gas combustion flue gas (N₂:O₂:CO₂:NO=83.96:8:8:0.04) flow rate from 1 to 200 L/min, the activation voltage (DC or pulse) from 0 to 40 kV, and the Ar-ammonia or Ar-methane mixture gases flow rate from 0 to 200 mL/min. The results show that the NO_x reduction increases with increasing activation voltage and nonmonotonically depends on ammonia/methane stoichiometry     

NOx removal by a pipe with nozzle-plate electrode coronadischarge system

The effects of additional gas composition on the corona discharge characteristics in a pipe with nozzle electrode system and the NOx removal characteristics for flue gases are experimentally investigated. The additional gas consists of a mixture of Na+O₂+NH₃ and a small amount of Ar or CO₂, and is introduced to the flue gas stream from the pipe electrode through the corona discharging zone at the tip of nozzles. The results show that corona discharge characteristics and modes are significantly influenced by the composition of the additional gas mixture. Both NO_x reduction rate and energy yield of NO_x removal increase with decreasing corona discharge input power. NO reduction rate and energy yield can be optimized by the type of the additional gas mixture and the flow rates     

Preliminary pilot plant tests of a corona discharge-electron beamhybrid combustion flue gas cleaning system

Pilot power plant tests of a corona discharge-electron beam hybrid combustion flow gas cleaning system have been conducted. Gas flow rate of the test loop is a heavy oil fired boiler flue gas with 1200 Nm³ /h, and one electron beam generator (500 kV×30 mA) is used with a corona discharge ammonia radical injection system (60 kV×5 mA), SO₂, CO, CO₂, NH₃, NO, NO_x and O₂ gases are monitored. The results show that up to 85% of NO_x and 98% of SO_x in flue gases are removed under a corona discharge-electron beam hybrid operations with significant small amount of leaked ammonias from exhaust flue gases     

DeNOx process in flue gas combined with nonthermalplasma and catalyst

Catalysts were used to enhance NO_x removal reactions by the nonthermal plasma from room temperature to high temperature (500°C). The NO_x removal rate was significantly affected by the type of the catalyst or the gas temperature. When the conventional three-way catalyst for automobiles was activated at 500°C, nonthermal plasma was not effective in removing NO_x. When hydrocarbons (ethylene) were added to the synthetic flue gas, zeolite catalyst became very active at high temperature, The combination effect of nonthermal plasma and catalyst was confirmed below 200°C. More than 80% of NO_x was removed from synthetic flue gas by the combination of zeolite catalyst and hydrocarbons without nonthermal plasma discharge at 500 °C. Nonthermal plasma treatment could be useful even at high temperatures, where catalytic reactions were dominant     

NOx低浓度排放影响因素的调平措施及效果分析

通过对燃煤发电机组SCR装置的试验研究发现,SCR装置和静电除尘器的漏风会导致NO_x排放浓度升高现象, SCR装置入口烟气速度偏差和NH₃/NO_x配比不均匀会使氨逃逸增大,脱硝效率下降。SCR装置入口烟气速度、NO_x浓度和NH₃/NO_x配比调平试验可改善SCR装置入口的烟气速度不均匀,降低氨逃逸和NO_x浓度,提高脱硝效率。在试验研究的基础上提出,对于燃煤发电厂SCR装置,需在设备投运之前进行流场优化设计,在设备投运之后定期进行调平试验。     

火电厂SCR脱硝系统喷氨优化调整及烟气取样方法改进

由于锅炉结构的限制,火电厂选择性催化还原（SCR）烟气脱硝系统反应区安装紧凑,烟气浓度场分布不均,普遍存在催化还原反应不均匀及出口烟气取样代表性不强的问题。通过对脱硝系统出口氮氧化物（NO_x）浓度分布情况的测量分析,利用喷氨格栅阀门调整不同区域喷氨量,改善了SCR反应区的氨气浓度分布,将A、B侧出口NO_x浓度分布不均匀度降低至20%,提高了脱硝催化剂的利用率。利用气态污染物采样方法及均匀抽气设计方法,改进了脱硝系统出口烟气取样方式,实现了NO_x的均匀取样,有效降低了脱硝系统出口与烟气排放口NO_x浓度的测量偏差,使得两者比值由1.42降低至0.98,为实现脱硝系统喷氨量的稳定控制提供了保障。     

Time dependence of NOx removal rate by a corona radicalshower system

In this paper, the effects of flue gas flow rate and seed gas on the dynamics of corona discharge current-voltage characteristics and NO _x removal characteristics are experimentally investigated for a corona radical shower system. The corona discharge current-voltage characteristics have two operating modes which have a significant influence on NO_x removal characteristics, where the threshold value of the treatment gas to seed gas flow rate ratio is about 8. The hysteresis of corona current-voltage characteristics is observed in this system. For longer operational time, corona current and NO_x removal rate significantly changes with time. When the operation of the apparatus starts at relatively low applied voltage, the corona current under constant applied voltage increases with time to reach a maximum value, then decreasing with time to reach a steady state. At this condition, high NO_x removal efficiency can be achieved     

Nitric oxide decomposition in air by using nonthermal plasmaprocessing with additives and catalyst

Catalyst (copper-coated zeolite catalyst, i.e., Cu-ZSM-5) was used to enhance NO_x removal plasma chemical reactions. Two kinds of hydrocarbons (2-propane-1-ol, 2-propanol) were added to the synthesized flue gas before the nonthermal plasma process, and their effects on NO_x removal characteristics were investigated. Enhancement effects of NO_x removal by the nonthermal plasma process with hydrocarbons as the additives were confirmed. Usually, the catalyst's working temperature is much higher than the room temperature. A catalytic reactor was installed after the plasma reactor. Catalytic effects on NO_x removal characteristics disappeared when the synthesized flue gas temperature was increased (~250°C). When the synthesized flue gas temperature was at room temperature, about 90% NO _x removal efficiency was realized with a combination of hydrocarbons, the catalytic reactor, and the pulsed discharge plasma     

Effect of water vapor and hydrocarbons in removing NOxby using nonthermal plasma and catalyst

Removal of NO_x in flue gas was investigated by using nonthermal plasma with catalysts. In this experiment, flue gas contained 5%-15% water vapor and hydrocarbons, as well as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Catalysts tested in this paper were copper- and sodium-coated zeolite (CuZSM-5, NaZSM-5) and a conventional three-way catalyst (Pt-Rh, alumina cordierite). The simulated flue gases had from 0% to 15% water vapor, 70% NO removal was achieved with NaZSM-5 catalyst at 200°C-500°C, with 10% moisture and the power to the reactor turned off. High-temperature removal of NO_x was the result of plasma chemical reactions and adsorption in the catalyst. However, nonthermal plasma degrades the NO_x removal with CuZSM-5 catalyst, when the gas temperature is 300°C or above. When the gas temperature was 100°C, the nonthermal plasma process was enhanced by the combination of nonthermal plasma with any type of catalyst. The catalysts investigated in this paper do not work at lower temperatures by themselves. Adsorption characteristics were also investigated and only NaZSM-5 catalyst showed significant adsorption     

现役燃煤机组SCR烟气脱硝装置运行现状分析

为了给燃煤电厂超低排放改造提供借鉴,对国内26个电厂61台采用选择性催化还原（SCR）工艺燃煤机组的脱硝装置运行现状进行了分析,得到脱硝效率、进出口NO_x浓度、氨氮摩尔比、SO₂/SO₃转化率、逃逸氨、运行烟温、系统阻力、温降等脱硝装置各方面实际运行参数,掌握了燃煤机组脱硝装置主要性能。研究结果表明,大部分脱硝装置整体性能较为良好;所存在的问题主要包括：机组炉型、煤质、燃烧工况以及设计裕量等因素导致部分机组脱硝系统入口NO_x浓度偏离原设计值较多,喷氨不合理导致大部分机组氨氮摩尔比偏大并造成逃逸氨浓度超标,部分机组低负荷时脱硝系统入口烟温偏低,部分机组脱硝系统温降较大。对此提出了相应建议及意见。     

Industrial experiments on pulse corona simultaneous removal of NOx and SO2 from flue gas

The corona-induced simultaneous removal of NO_x and SO ₂ from flue gas is based on the application of narrow voltage pulses to an electrode structure similar to that of an electrostatic precipitator. The free electrons of the corona discharge, having energy up to 20 eV, originate active radicals which lead to the transformation of NO_x and SO₂ into their acids which can be neutralized to salt particulate by adding to the gas a basic compound such as ammonia and calcium hydroxide. The process has been investigated with a test rig installed in the slipstream of the flue gas duct of a coal-fired thermal power plant. The experiments were performed with three reactor modules of different geometries. Further experiments are necessary to assess the effect of different electrode geometries of the reactor, the efficiency of the process attainable with an improved coupling of narrow pulse power set to the reactor, and the practical ways for integrating the DeNO_x and DeSO₂ corona process with the solid particle collection system     

Reduction of CO2 from combustion gases by DC coronatorches

An experimental investigation has been conducted to reduce CO₂ from combustion gases by using DC corona torches. This plasma device, the corona torch, consists of two small-diameter hollow electrodes. The gas flow enters the upstream cylindrical hollow electrode and exits at a downstream cylindrical hollow electrode. Therefore, all the reactive gas passes through the active corona-induced plasma zone. High-speed gas flow near the exit of the electrode cools the electrodes; hence, the chemical reactions and the stability of discharge are enhanced. Various amounts of argon gas were added to the model combustion gas (N₂:O₂:CO₂=0.745:0.15:0.105). The results show that the CO₂ gas reduction rate increases with increasing corona current when the model gas is seeded with argon. The CO₂ gas reduction rate increases when the percentage of argon gas in the mixture increases up to 20%, and decreases when the percentage of argon gas in the mixture increases above 20%     

超低排放改造后SCR出口NOx分布及逃逸氨浓度评估研究

选取安徽省内一台660 MW超超临界机组,对其超低排放改造后SCR脱硝出口NO_x分布及逃逸氨浓度进行研究,主要测试反应器出口烟气逃逸氨、NO_x浓度、氧量和温度等。结果发现改造后机组的脱硝出口NO_x分布严重不均,逃逸氨浓度超过设计值,标准状态脱硝出口逃逸氨浓度高区域的NO_x浓度相对较低,脱硝效率相对较高。局部点位因催化剂严重吹损导致逃逸氨浓度高,NO_x浓度也较高。测试结果表明经改造后的机组需进行喷氨优化试验和烟道流场模拟试验,以改善SCR脱硝装置运行效果和提高脱硝运行的经济性。     

喷氨格栅后加装V型导流板的数值研究

氨气与烟气混合均匀与否对脱硝效率及氨逃逸情况影响显著。以某燃煤电厂600 MW机组选择性催化还原（SCR）烟气脱硝系统为研究对象,使用Fluent软件,在无导流板、氨气-空气混合物流速为0.5、0.8 m/s情况下,对不同烟气流速时的SCR脱硝系统气流速度进行了数值计算,得到最佳流速组合为烟气流速3.7 m/s,氨气-空气混合物流速为0.5 m/s。以此为基础,在喷氨格栅后拟加装V型扰流板（布置方式为横向或纵向）,以使氨气与烟气混合均匀,对速度、流场均匀性、压力、压降等数值进行模拟,结果为横向布置的V型扰流板效果较好,其可使氨气与烟气混合均匀,系统压降损失达到设计要求。     

NOx removal process using pulsed discharge plasma

Nonequilibrium plasma can be used to promote chemical reactions that reduce the emission of gaseous pollutants, such as NO_x, produced by coal-burning power plants or by diesel engines. Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the decrease of NO_x in simulated flue gases (initial concentration of NO: 200-800 ppm, O₂ : 10%, N₂-balance gas) by means of a pulsed discharge plasma generated in a cylinder type reactor (outer electrode: 20-mm diameter). A rotating spark gap provided square wave high-voltages up to 25-kV, at a frequency of 250 Hz, to corona electrodes of 0.1-, 3.3-, and 6.4-mm diameter. The tests were performed at various temperatures (ambient to 220°C) and constant residence time (0.6 s). The removal performance depended on the size of the discharge electrode and was better at room temperature. The addition of C₂H₄ significantly enhanced the removal performance, concentration of NO_x decreased from 800 ppm to 300 ppm in the discharge. The by-products of this process were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy. No traces of toxic gases could be detected     

The effect of residence time on the CO2 reduction fromcombustion flue gases by an AC ferroelectric packed bed reactor

An experimental investigation was conducted to reduce CO₂ from combustion gases using an AC ferroelectric packed bed reactor. This ferroelectric packed bed reactor consists of two mesh electrodes packed with ferroelectric particles between them. An AC voltage is applied to the reactor to generate partial or spark discharges. The results show the following: the CO₂ gas reduction rate increases with increasing flue gas residence time and primary applied power; the CO₂ gas reduction rate increases with decreasing gas flow rate and dielectric constant of packed ferroelectric particles; and the CO₂ concentration is reduced by up to 18000 ppm, and 108 g of CO₂ are removed by 1 kWh of primary applied energy used in the packed-bed reactor     

锅炉负荷变化对脱硝系统内烟气流动影响研究

为研究锅炉负荷变化对脱硝系统运行的影响,采用CFD方法对不同锅炉负荷时脱硝系统内烟气流动过程进行数值模拟,对比了50％,70％和100％三种锅炉负荷下,烟气NOx浓度分布、速度分布和温度分布差异,结果表明:负荷变化时,催化区域前后区域烟气流速会随之变化,但烟道内烟气流动规律基本相似;定量喷氨时,催化层入口区域内烟气各组...     

微富氧燃烧技术下氨法脱碳试验研究

针对微富氧燃烧下烟气组分（CO₂体积分数约30%~40% ）,利用填料塔进行了氨法脱碳试验研究,考察了烟气CO₂浓度、氨水浓度、吸收液pH值、氨水流量、烟气温度、烟气流量等因素对CO₂脱除率的影响。试验结果表明：① 随氨水浓度、吸收液pH值、氨水流量增加以及填料增多,CO₂脱除率升高,但在pH值=10.5时出现一定波动;② 烟气温度为50 ℃时,CO₂脱除率最高;③ 当氨水中NH₃质量分数大于4%时,烟气中CO₂脱除率达90%以上,微富氧燃烧条件下,单位质量氨（1 kg NH₃）对烟气中CO₂吸收质量为0.32 kg,脱碳效率是常规燃烧条件下的2倍多,因此采用微富氧燃烧有利于缩小吸收塔和再生塔的体积、降低能耗。     

循环流化床锅炉烟气脱硝系统优化模拟

随着电站锅炉氮氧化物（NO_x）排放标准的日趋严格,具有低NO_x排放特征的循环流化床（CFB）锅炉也需增设烟气脱硝设备。通过在CFB锅炉旋风分离器喷入氨水或尿素等还原剂,实现高温下的选择性非催化还原（SNCR）反应,可有效降低锅炉NO_x排放。以某185 t/h CFB锅炉为例,利用ANSYS Fluent^􀅹软件,对分离器及附属尾部烟道流场进行性能优化模拟,并设计了相应的SNCR烟气脱硝系统。计算结果表明：当喷入点个数较多且位于进口段内侧时,还原剂在分离器内分布较为均匀;提高平均雾化粒径和喷雾锥角有助于扩大还原剂在分离器内的分散范围,而喷射速度对分散范围的影响则有限。     

A study of NO removal by packed-beads discharge reactor

Recently, air pollution has become a serious problem; photochemical smog and acid rain are typical phenomena. NO_x is a serious air pollutant and a toxic gas. In spite of an attempt to reduce the amount of NO_x emitted, the density of NO_x in the atmosphere has remained on a stable level, or even become worse. Here, the authors propose a new reactor in which the gap area is filled as a single layer of glass plates and beads. They expect that surface and silent discharges are generated simultaneously in the same space. In this paper, the removal of NO_x from a dry NO/N₂ mixed gas by barrier discharge among glass beads in the reactor is experimentally investigated. The experiments are carried out for the frequency 50 Hz, with applied voltage from 0 to 20 kV_pp and a gas flow rate from 0.4 to 1.4 L/min. The results show that the NO and NO_x removal rates with glass beads are higher than those without glass beads at the same flow rate or residence time. Thus, the new reactor in which the gap area is filled with glass beads is more effective for NO_x removal