由乙醇胺制备N,N—二甲基乙二胺

该文以乙醇胺为原料经酸化、氯化、氮甲基化合成Ｎ、Ｎ－二甲基乙二胺，收率７７．３％。     

N,N—二甲基乙胺的合成

以乙醇胺为原料，经成盐、氯化，Ｎ－甲基化等３步反应合成Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基忆二胺，总收率为７３．６％。     

N—脱氢枞基—N,N—二甲基季铵盐类阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性质

本文合成了Ｎ－脱氢枞基－三甲基硫酸甲酯铵，Ｎ－脱氢枞基－Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基－Ｎ－羟 在氯化铵、Ｎ－脱氢枞基－Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基－Ｎ－苄基氯化铵等三种季铵盐类阳离子表面活性剂。对产品结构进行了紫外、红外光谱，核磁共振谱以及元素分析鉴定。测定了产品表面物理性质，并对产品缓蚀及抗菌性能进行了应用研究。     

2—氯—N,N—二甲基菸酰胺的合成

２┐氯┐Ｎ，Ｎ┐二甲基菸酰胺的合成刘长令＊邹本勤邹平吾（沈阳化工研究院，沈阳１１００２１）２－氯－Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基菸酰胺（Ⅰ）是合成超高效磺酰脲类除草剂烟黄隆（ｎｉｃｏｓｕｌｆｕｒｏｎ）的重要中间体，其合成方法如下：ＮＣＯ２ＨＨＯＡｃ，Ｈ２Ｏ２△→ＮＯ...     

N,N—二甲基对甲苯胺的合成

用硫酸二甲作为甲基化剂，在低温常压下合成Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基对甲苯胺。     

N—甲基哌嗪的合成研究

介绍了Ｎ－甲基哌嗪的物化性质，综述了以乙醇胺、哌嗪等不同结构物质为原料合成了２－甲基哌嗪的几种方法。     

2－十一烷基－N－羧甲基－N－羟乙基咪唑啉的合成与应用

本文介绍了以月桂酸、羟乙基乙二胺和氯乙酸钠为原料，用固体催化剂，在真空条件下，以氮气保护并气提出水分，合成２－十一烷基－Ｎ－羧甲基－Ｎ－羟乙基咪唑啉及其应用。     

有机颜料中间体N,N‘—双乙酰乙酰基—2,5—二甲基—1,4—苯二胺的合成

本文以对二甲苯为原料,经硝化、还原、Ｎ－酰化、水解、乙酰乙酰化反应,合成了有机颜料的中间体Ｎ,Ｎ’－双乙酰乙酰然－２,５－二甲基－１,４－苯二胺。文中对影响反应的诸因素进行了讨论。     

N—亚苄基乙二胺的制备研究

用与苯甲醛反应生成Ｎ－亚苄基乙二胺的方法对乙二胺进行单氨基保护，结果发现，即使利用大过量乙二胺和高烯浓度法，二者反应均易得到高产率的Ｎ，Ｎ′－二亚苄基乙二胺，对标题物的制备条件进行了研究，在高稀浓度溶液中使用过量乙二胺反应，并迅速加入干燥剂除去合水，制得Ｎ－亚苄基乙二胺，产率７８．８％。     

含磺酰胺桥基偶氮染料的合成及应用研究

本文合成出３，３‘－二氨基－４，４’－二甲基氧基－Ｎ，Ｎ‘－二苯磺酰乙二胺，３，３’－二氨基－４，４‘－二氨基－Ｎ，Ｎ’－二苯磺酰已二胺和４，４‘－二氨基－Ｎ，Ｎ’－二苯磺 二胺三只新中间体。用该中间体合成四种直接黑色染料，并用于丝绸及皮革染色，获得了较好结果。     

Rational nitrogen fertilization in intensive cropping systems

The objective of a rational N fertilization program is to account for the sources and fate of N while estimating crop N needs. Efficiency of N use will vary with cropping systems and N sources. Management technologies that affect N use efficiency include the amount of N applied, timing and placement of N fertilizer, and use of inhibitors. One of the main problems in making a fertilizer N recommendation is to account for the contribution of N mineralization to plant available N. Most laboratory procedures do not account for the environmental factors that affect N mineralization and only estimate the size of the mineralizable N pool. However, changes in soil moisture and temperature can dramatically affect the amount and rate of release of mineralized N. Field and modeling techniques are two possible techniques to estimate N mineralization. Field techniques can be divided into soil and plant approaches. Soil incubations in the field provide a quantitative approach while soil nitrate tests during the growing season provide a qualitative approach to estimating N mineralization. The plant is the ultimate integrator of N mineralization. Plant N uptake by an unfertilized crop can provide a quantitative approach with certain precautions. This approach may be costly, labor intensive, and site specific. Crop N uptake during the growing season can be estimated by measuring the tissue N content or using a chlorophyll meter. The chlorophyll meter measures the greenness of the plant and has been shown to be positively correlated to plant N status. Modeling may provide another option by including the factors that affect the rate of N mineralization from a known pool. The two most important variables include soil moisture and temperature. Realistic yield expectations and accounting for existing and projected amounts of available N can improve the accuracy of N recommendations.     

Nitrogen balance for potato crops in the southeast pampas region, Argentina

The aim of this work was to build an N mass balance for the potato crop under irrigation conditions in the southeast pampas (Argentina) as a function of N rate and gravitational water. The experiment was developed in a Typic Argiudoll soils during five growing seasons using N treatments. Yield, N concentration, N accumulated and dry matter content in the tubers were different between years by effect of the N rates, the irrigation management and precipitations. Fertilizer N recovery in tubers decreased as the N rate and the volume of gravitational water increased. Soil residual N increased with the N rate and decreased with gravitational water. N loss increased with the N rate and the volume of gravitational water, so it is highly possible that nitrate leaching is the most important loss process. N loss means ranged from 12 to 57 % with the lowest and highest hydric excess (73 and 479 mm, respectively). N loss may become the largest N sink when there is excess of water. It is recommended to adapt N fertilization strategies with a proper irrigation management.     

9. Improving nitrogen fertilization in mechanized rice culture

Rice is produced in highly mechanized and energy intensive water-seeded and dry-seeded systems in the United States. Nitrogen fertilization management relative to N source and time of application differs in the two systems because of the timing of soil submergence which influences N retention in the soil. Nitrogen management studies show that N fertilizer efficiency is maximized in water-seeded rice when ammonical N is placed 5 to 10 cm in the soil immediately before flooding. Nitrogen applied on a dry soil surface immediately before flooding dry-seeded rice results in N movement into the soil and retention for plant utilization. Nitrogen application preplant or into water after flooding results in N losses in dry-seeded rice. Split N application gives acceptable N efficiency when 65 to 75% of the total N fertilizer requirement is applied preflood followed by a midseason N topdressing. Sulfur-coated urea and nitrapyrin soil incorporated with urea reduce N loss in dry-seeded rice. Total N requirements of rice in the cultural systems is dependent on cultivar, soil N fertility and other factors. Plant analysis research establishes critical N concentrations in semidwarf and tall rice cultivars in the water-seeded system.     

β-Si3N4及添加β-Si3N4的α-Si3N4的气氛加压烧结

介绍了β－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４及添加β－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的α－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的气氛加压烧结,β－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４在ＧＰＳ中具有低于α－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的烧结活性而且陶瓷显微结构更容易调节,由ＧＰＳβ－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４制备的陶瓷材料晶粒比较均匀,具有较高的力学性能,尤其是高的韦泊模数,添加于α－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４中的β－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４对陶瓷材料显微结构具有明显的调控作用。     

Nitrogen flows on organic and conventional dairy farms: a comparison of three indicators

This paper analyzes nitrogen (N) flows on organic and conventional dairy farms in Sweden, and compares three indicators for the N pollution associated with the milk: (1) the farm-gate N surplus, (2) the chain N surplus, and (3) the N footprint. We find that, compared to indicators based on N surplus, the N footprint is a more understandable indicator for the N pollution associated with a product. However, the N footprint is not a replacement for the often-used farm-gate N surplus per unit area, since the two indicators give different information. An uncertainty analysis shows that, despite the large dataset, 1566 conventional and 283 organic farms, there is substantial uncertainty in the indicator values, of which a large part is due to possible bias in estimates of biological N fixation (BNF). Hence, although the best estimate is that conventional milk has 10–20% higher indicator values than organic, it is conceivable that improved estimates of BNF will change that conclusion. All three indicators simplify reality by aggregating N flows over time and space, and of different chemical forms. Thus, they hide many complexities with environmental relevance, which means that they can be misleading for decision-makers. This motivates further research on the relation between N surpluses and N footprints, and actual environmental damages.     

有机-无机复混肥料的肥料效应初探

选取鸡粪为有机原料 ,进行发酵与不发酵两种前处理 ,设计 0、30 %、4 0 %、6 0 %和 10 0 % 5种有机氮水平 ,在水稻上连续两年试验。结果表明 ,在 4 0 %水平以下 ,作物产量随有机氮的增加而增加 ,超过 6 0 %产量下降 ,但有后效。氮素表观利用率与有机氮成正相关 ,当有机氮达到 10 0 %时 ,氮素利用率达到 5 3.4 %。随有机氮的增加 ,作物吸收养分向子粒中转移的比例也相应增加     

流化床燃烧石油焦N_2O排放特性

通过在一小型流化床试验台上进行石油焦的燃烧试验 ,阐述了N2 O和NO形成与分解机理 ,模拟研究了N2 O的排放特性 .采用不同程度脱去挥发分的石油焦颗粒 ,研究脱挥发分的程度对N2 O形成的影响 ,脱挥发分的温度越高 ,即脱挥发分的程度越高 ,石油焦氮形成N2 O的量越少 ,这表明石油焦挥发分氮形成N2 O量高于相应石油焦焦炭氮燃烧产生的N2 O量 .燃料燃烧过程中 ,NO形成比较均匀 ,而N2 O形成比较复杂 ,燃料氮向NO的转化率随脱挥发分温度升高而增加 ,而向N2 O的转化率则有一临界脱挥发分温度点 .     

氮四取代苯二胺新型除氧剂的研究

介绍了氮四取代苯二胺类新型除氧剂的除氧性能，选取其中的N，N，N'，N'－四甲基对苯二胺为主要研究对象，与N2H4和丙酮肟的除氧性能进行了对比，研究了其缓蚀性能。试验结果表明，氮四取代苯二胺是一种性能优良的新型除氧剂。     

EXTRACTION OF EUROPIUM(III) ION WITH TETRAHEXYLMALONAMIDES

ABSTRACT

The extraction of europium(III) nitrate from sodium nitrate with a series of tetrahexylmalonamides has been investigated. The tetrahexylmalonamides considered were N.N.N’N’-tetrahexylmalonamide (THMA), N,N,N’N’-tetra-hexyl-2-methylmalonamide (MeTHMA), and N,N,N’N’-tetrahexyl-2,2-dimethy-lmalonamide (DiMeTHMA). This series allowed for a systematic determination of the effects of alkyl substitution of the methylene carbon. Equilibrium modeling of the extraction data indicates that the malonamide/Eu ratio in the extracted complexes is 3 for all three malonamides investigated. This stoichiometry is different than that determined for isolated complexes. This can be rationalized by the formation of complexes with monodentate-bound diamide ligands in the extracts. The extraction constant for Eu decreases by seven-fold in going from THMA to MeTHMA, and a precipitous drop in the extraction constant occurs upon substitution of a second methyl group on the methylene carbon (i.e., for DiMeTHMA).     

炭黑并用对丁腈皮膜胶料性能的影响

采用低生热的补强配合体系,对比研究了炭黑的种类、用量以及炭黑的并用配比对丁腈橡胶（NBR）皮膜胶料性能的影响;对胶料硫化特性、力学性能及屈挠性能的测试结果表明,炭黑N660的补强效果优于N774,炭黑的最佳用量为70份;随着N550/N660并用配比中N550用量的增加,胶料的拉伸强度、撕裂强度及屈挠性能逐渐提高;当N550/N660配比在40/30~50/20之间时,NBR胶料的综合性能最好;考虑到NBR胶料的性价比,确定40/30为N550/N660的最佳并用比。