基于单球多计数器、GM计数管同时测量n、γ剂量当量的装置研制

介绍了一款同时测量混合辐射场中n、γ剂量当量的装置研制,该装置通过单球多计数器和GM计数管相结合的方法构成,单球多计数器的探测器由三根两两垂直的3He正比计数管构成,通过解谱的方法得到中子剂量当量。在Am-Be和Cf-252中子参考辐射场中进行了测试,剂量当量相对误差30%;在能量范围为63keV-1.25MeV的入射光子下进行了能量响应试验,相对误差30%。     

组织等效正比计数器测量系统的建立

对组织等效正比计数器（TEPC）的方法原理和性能进行了初步研究,在此基础上,建立了1套TEPC测量系统,用于测量中子、γ混合辐射场的吸收剂量及剂量当量。中子辐射场通常伴随有γ辐射。根据对混合辐射场测量得到的微剂量谱,将γ辐射的剂量贡献部分从中子辐射中区分出来。依据具体实验环境,使用蒙特卡罗方法进行了模拟计算。计算结果与实验数据取得较好的一致性,从而验证所建立的TEPC测量中子辐射场吸收剂量的方法是可行的。     

多球中子谱仪的周围剂量当量转换研究

以辐射场全能段中子能谱获取及周围剂量当量转换为目的,针对一套以3He正比计数器为探测器的多球中子谱仪,介绍了采用脉冲幅度分析法进行中子-γ甄别,准确测量中子计数率的方法;测量并获取了实验室本底环境中子、Am-Be中子源、氘氘中子管连续出射中子三种辐射场的中子能谱,并予以分析;基于中子能谱进行周围剂量当量转换,分析了不同能量段中子所占的剂量比重,发现快中子是主要贡献者;在比较测量中,对三种单慢化体中子剂量仪器产生的误差进行了理论分析,并给出了依靠多球中子谱仪测准中子周围剂量当量的三点建议。多球中子谱仪可以直接测算周围剂量当量,可以指导其它中子剂量仪器的标校,还可以针对具体能量段进行中子防护设计,精准有效指导外照射剂量防护工作的开展。     

陆地宇宙射线的中子剂量测量与分析

本文基于多球中子谱仪的设计原理,加工单慢化球多计数器的中子测量探头,搭建多路测量装置,形成了以双球测量方式的少道解谱剂量估算模式,并对陆地宇宙射线的中子辐射场进行测试,得到哈尔滨地区中子所致年剂量约为78 μSv/a。与多球中子谱仪的测量结果相比,中子注量率和中子周围剂量当量率的双球测量结果的相对偏差分别小于3%和12%。     

TEPC中子和γ分辨技术研究

混合辐射场中子剂量、剂量当量的测量需进行中子、γ分辨。依据各种辐射沉积线能的不同,组织等效正比计数器（TEPC）具有一定的中子、γ分辨能力。本文采用自制的圆柱形TEPC在5SDH-2加速器单能中子辐射场进行了微剂量谱测量,对其中子、γ分辨技术进行了探讨分析。采用¹³⁷Cs纯γ辐射微剂量谱匹配法,在²⁵²Cf、²⁴¹Am-Be中子辐射场进行了中子、γ分辨研究。分辨后的中子剂量当量与约定真值一致性较好,表明TEPC用于中子、γ混合辐射场的吸收剂量、剂量当量测量是可行的。     

改建后的研究性重水反应堆周围中子、γ混合辐射场的测量与评价

本工作对中国原子能科学研究院研究性重水反应堆周围的中子谱进行了测量。对于不同测点处的中子谱,中子平均能量在11—201keV 之间,最大能量低于5MeV;有效品质因数在2.5—5之间;在中子剂量当量总额中,以快中子剂量当量为主。还在反应堆正常运行条件下,测量了人员活动区的中子、γ剂量当量率。在大厅和地下室,中子、γ剂时当量之比的平均值分别为15%和31%,工作人员的年剂量当量有可能大于剂量当量限值。     

压水堆工作场所模拟中子参考辐射场的建立

利用串列加速器T(d,n)⁴He反应产生的14.8 MeV中子，以及适当的中子慢化散射装置建立了目前国内唯一的压水堆典型工作场所模拟中子参考辐射场。对不同中子慢化散射材料组合下的中子能谱及中子周围剂量当量进行了测量，并校准了2台典型结构的中子周围剂量当量率仪。将模拟中子参考辐射场下的校准因子和放射性核素中子源参考辐射场下的校准因子进行比较，发现放射性核素中子源参考辐射场下的校准因子明显偏高，且仪表类型不同，偏高的程度也有所区别，这主要是由于不同类型仪表的能量响应不同。相比之下，模拟中子参考辐射场更适合用于反应堆工作场所的中子剂量仪表的校准。     

热释光探测器测量n-γ混合辐射场中子剂量

介绍了热释光探测器在n-γ混合辐射场中测量中子剂量的原理及测量方法,选择^(137)Cs参考辐射场进行刻度,^(252)Cf n-γ混合辐射场进行验证。验证结果显示,热释光探测器对n-γ混合辐射场中子剂量测量误差最大为-8.92%。     

SOI 硅微剂量探测器对中子和伽马辐射场线能谱测量的GEANT4模拟研究

绝缘体上硅(SOI)硅微剂量测量系统可以通过测量中子和伽马混合辐射场的线能谱来获取不同类型辐射的剂量当量贡献。本文根据SOI硅微剂量探测器物理设计,采用GEANT4软件建模对Cf-252中子和伽马混合辐射场及Co-60伽马辐射线能谱测量进行蒙特卡罗模拟,并进一步分析了SOI探测器转换层对伽马线能谱测量的影响。结果表明,SOI硅微剂量探测器能够区分中子和伽马的剂量贡献,并且伽马线能谱峰值随着转换层厚度发生变化,有可能利用该特性实现不同贯穿深度下伽马辐射剂量贡献的测量。模拟分析结果可为SOI硅微剂量探测器设计及应用提供参考。     

EAST在不同加热模式下的辐射响应研究

利用EAST(Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak)上的在线辐射剂量监测系统,对氘氘等离子体实验期间各种加热模式下装置主机厅内中子、γ剂量进行测量。对比分析了欧姆加热、低杂波加热、中性束注入加热,以及中性束与射频波协同加热实验时的中子、γ辐射强度随时间演化的规律。结果显示:在纯欧姆加热模式,辐射剂量主要来源于逃逸电子轫致辐射产生的高能γ(X)射线和光中子;低杂波辅助加热时,通常会出现环电压下降的现象,离子温度和聚变反应率提高有限,而逃逸电子产生的韧致辐射却被有效抑制,使得总体辐射剂量水平反而低于纯欧姆加热模式;中性束注入加热时,束靶反应使得中子产额提高2～3个数量级,聚变中子以及中子与周围物质核反应产生的γ射线成为辐射剂量的主要来源。通过统计归纳得到在中性束注入加热时,中子周围剂量当量与γ周围剂量当量存在近似的线性关系。该线性关系对于中性束与各种射频波协同加热实验时,中子、γ射线来源于多种途径的情形并不完全适用。     

基于3层硅探测器的主动式中子个人剂量计研制

研制了一种具有能量分辨能力的中子个人剂量计。该个人剂量计由3层硅探测器组成，硅探测器周围装有⁶LiF、聚乙烯和含硼聚乙烯作为转化体、慢化体和吸收体。个人剂量计有直读和解谱两种工作模式。直读模式将中子能区划分为低能、中能和快中子3个能区，可实时测量。解谱模式可获得快中子能区的中子能量分布。利用GEANT4程序模拟了7 MeV γ射线的能量沉积谱，设置适当的甄别域以降低γ射线的影响。采用GEANT4程序模拟了个人剂量计对不同能量入射中子的个人剂量当量率响应。在加速器单能中子参考辐射场中完成了单能中子剂量响应的实验校准，对模拟计算的响应函数进行了实验修正，并得出了不同能区的平均中子个人剂量当量率响应。     

Measurement and Simulation of TEPC Microdosimetric Spectra in Gamma Radiation Field

According to the different characteristics of microdosimetric spectra measured by tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC), the neutron dose equivalent and γ dose equivalent could be distinguished in a unknown neutron and γ mixed radiation field. In order to discriminate the γ radiation dose equivalent from the total value,the pure γ microdosimetric spectra was measured in ⁶⁰Co、¹³⁷Cs radionuclide radiation field with TEPC. TEPC microdosimetric spectra in a series of monoenergy γ radiation field were simulated by FLUKA code. All the γ radiation microdosimetric spectra, including measured spectrum in ⁶⁰Co、¹³⁷Cs radiation field and that of simulation spectrum by FLUKA code, reveal a trait that the linear energy of γ radiation is basically lower than 10 keV/μm. This trait is the very foundation to discriminate the γ radiation from the mixed radiation.     

中子气泡探测器用于核测井中子个人剂量监测的研究

为研究国产中子气泡探测器在核测井中子个人剂量监测中的适用性,采用国内研制的中子气泡探测器对核测井运源车外表面、车内兼用储源仓周围等关注点的中子辐射水平进行监测,同时采用进口LB6411型中子周围剂量当量仪进行比对监测。实验结果表明,当运源车兼用储源仓内仅装载中子源时,中子气泡探测器与LB6411的测量结果无显著统计学差异,两者测量结果符合较好,中子气泡探测器的测量结果准确可信;当兼用储源仓分别装载中子源、中子-γ源时,两组中子气泡探测器的测量结果也无显著统计学差异,中子气泡探测器适用于中子-γ混合辐射场中子辐射剂量的测量。中子气泡探测器在运源车现场与在²⁴¹Am-Be源标准中子场中的剂量响应灵敏度因子间的相对偏差为7.4%,验证了其较好的能量响应特性,并显示了在核测井现场条件下用于中子个人剂量监测的适用性。     

Comparison among Methods for Evaluating Dose Equivalent in Pulsed and Mixed Radiation Field

In order to ascertain the accuracy and applicability of the method which was developed in the previous paper for evaluating the dose equivalent in a single-burst and mixed radiation field, a comparison with two other ones has been carried out. One is based on the measurement of the neutron energy spectrum with TOF system and the separate measurement of the absorbed doses with twin chambers. In the other, a tissue-equivalent proportional counter is used for measuring the LET distribution of the absorbed dose. The average quality factor has been evaluated in a pulsed and mixed field generated by an electron linear accelerator. A good agreement has been found among these methods.

A problem about the experimental determination of the dose equivalent index has also been discussed. It was pointed out that the average quality factor as a function of the depth in tissue could be regarded as characteristic of the mixed radiation field.     

CdZnTe quasi-hemispherical detector for gamma–neutron detection

Quasi-hemispherical CdZnTe detector was manufactured successfully to fully understand the performance in the mixed gamma–neutron detection field. Together with the software of COMSOL, Geant4, and Matlab, the detector structure has been optimized. The CdZnTe detector performs good energy resolutions for ²⁴¹Am, ⁵⁷Co, and ¹³⁷Cs radiation sources, especially for ¹³⁷Cs (10.91 keV full width at half maximum [FWHM] at 662 keV). A linear relationship between the energy positions and spectrum channels indicates that the detector is effective for the precise energy detection from 59.5 to 662 keV. Finally, neutron and gamma events were detected simultaneously at room temperature using ²⁴¹AmBe neutron source. The spectrum shows good energy resolution for neutron capture gamma ray (14.28 keV FWHM at 558 keV). Our work demonstrates that the quasi-hemispherical CdZnTe detector is promising for simultaneous detection of neutrons and gamma radiation.     

Fluence and dose measurements for an accelerator neutron beam

The 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator at McMaster University accelerator laboratory is extended to a neutron irradiation facility for low-dose bystander effects research. A long counter and an Anderson-Braun type neutron monitor have been used as monitors for the determination of the total fluence. Activation foils were used to determine the thermal neutron fluence rate (around 10⁶ neutrons s⁻¹). Meanwhile, the interactions of neutrons with the monitors have been simulated using a Monte Carlo N Particle (MCNP) code. Bystander effects, i.e. damage occurring in cells that were not traversed by radiation but were in the same radiation environment, have been well observed following both alpha and gamma irradiation of many cell lines. Since neutron radiation involves mixed field (including gamma and neutron radiations), we need to differentiate the doses for the bystander effects from the two radiations. A tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) filled with propane based tissue equivalent gas simulating a 2 μm diameter tissue sphere has been investigated to estimate the neutron and gamma absorbed doses. A photon dose contamination of the neutron beam is less than 3%. The axial dose distribution follows the inverse square law and lateral and vertical dose distributions are relatively uniform over the irradiation area required by the biological study.