拉伸状态下碳纤维复合材料T型接头的断裂行为

建立了碳纤维复合材料T型接头数值模型,模拟了其在拉伸载荷下的损伤产生、扩展及失效过程,并对碳纤维复合材料T型接头试件进行了静态拉伸试验。结果表明,接头的初始损伤载荷为9.8~12.0 kN,损伤发生后接头的载荷值发生突降（降低约27%~38%）,此时接头仍具有一定承载能力;试件完全脱胶载荷较初始损伤载荷略有降低（载荷范围为8.0~8.6 kN）。数值计算和试验结果吻合,结果均显示填料区是碳纤维复合材料T型接头最薄弱的部位,易发生破坏;填料区破坏后裂纹迅速向填料区周围的胶层扩展,导致胶层的剥离,这是导致碳纤维复合材料T型接头失效的最主要原因。     

碳纤维复合材料T型接头的脱粘损伤监测实验

将压电传感与主动Lamb波监测技术相结合, 研究在静拉伸加载状态下碳纤维复合材料T型接头(T700/BA9916)界面脱粘及扩展过程中的信号特征, 并采用改进后的BP神经网络系统对接头损伤状态进行识别。实验结果表明: T型接头脱粘首先发生在三角填充区, 后向突缘扩展; 接头失效前, 信号能量和最小二乘峰值因子随时间呈线性递减, 能够表征脱粘程度, 利用自适应微粒群算法改进后的网络训练值与实验观测值之间的误差为3.8%~4.7%。     

两级载荷作用下复合材料界面的脱粘

研究了两级拉伸疲劳载荷作用下,纤维增强复合材料界面的脱粘。首先基于剪切筒模型,建立了求解纤维与基体应力的控制微分方程,并求得了相关解答。然后借助断裂力学中描述疲劳裂纹扩展的公式和能量耗散率理论,给出了界面脱粘长度、加载次数以及脱粘应力之间的关系式。最后通过实例模拟了两级拉伸疲劳载荷作用下的界面裂纹扩展,分析了界面疲劳裂纹扩展速率、脱粘长度在不同加载方式下的变化规律,以及材料泊松比的变化对界面脱粘的影响。从而为进一步研究工程结构的疲劳破坏和材料的最优设计提供一定的理论依据。      

铺层方式对CFRP-铝合金单搭接胶接接头低速冲击损伤及剩余拉伸性能的影响

采用热压罐成型方法制备铺层方式为[+45/-45]_4s、[0/+45/-45/90]_2s和[0/90]_4s的碳纤维复合材料层合板,通过胶黏剂与铝合金板进行粘接获得异质材料单搭接胶接接头。利用落锤冲击试验机和万能电子试验机分别对三种接头进行低速冲击与冲击后静态拉伸测试,获得接头接触力-时间曲线和拉伸强度。通过CT扫描技术和数字图像相关(DIC)方法表征接头冲击损伤模式及表面应变演化过程,研究了铺层方式对接头抗冲击性能、冲击损伤模式以及剩余拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料铺层方式为[+45/-45]_4s时,接头在冲击载荷作用下具有较高的抗冲击性能,但胶层界面脱粘损伤较为严重。与胶层界面脱粘相比,接头剩余强度对层合板分层损伤更为敏感。相较于[+45/-45]_4s,[0/+45/-45/90]_2s和[0/90]_4s铺层方式接头的胶层界面脱粘范围与冲击后失效载荷退化程度较小,同时接头冲击后拉伸载荷主要集中于临近胶层的0°铺层且失效模式较为复杂...     

复合材料胶层光纤布格光栅应变监测优化配置研究

航空航天用复合材料粘接胶层在制造和服役过程中不可避免会产生各种缺陷和损伤。针对其粘接胶层缺陷和损伤检测,基于光纤光栅应变传感原理,提出一种针对复合材料胶接层结构应变监测的光纤光栅传感网络优化配置的方法。通过仿真和实验研究了埋入复合材料构件胶接层的光纤布拉格光栅传感器在静载作用下的敏感区域分布特性,分析了载荷位移与布拉格波长漂移的关系,建立符合光纤布拉格光栅传感器实际特点的探测模型,采用粒子群优化算法进行光纤光栅传感网络的优化布置,研究结果表明光纤布拉格光栅传感器位置经优化后,覆盖率得到明显提高。     

SiCf/Al复合丝变形损伤过程的原位观察

采用扫描电镜原位观察方法研究了束丝SiC纤维增强铝复合丝在低频疲劳和静拉伸过程中的损伤过程。实验发现,经过较短时间的疲劳加载或在较低的载荷下就出现纤维裂纹,裂纹向基体方向扩展,没有明显的界面脱粘现象。损伤过程可分为三个阶段,包括以纤维裂纹萌生为主的损伤起始阶段、以纤维多次断裂和基体裂纹扩展为主的损伤累计阶段以及裂纹迅速扩展和主裂纹连接的失稳破坏阶段。根据剪滞模型计算的表观界面强度表明该复合丝为强结合界面。     

复合材料泡沫夹芯板局部连接拉脱破坏试验与数值仿真

对复合材料泡沫夹芯板局部连接拉脱破坏进行了试验研究,分析了接头的破坏模式、失效载荷和面板对接头的影响。采用ABAQUS有限元软件进行了数值分析,通过与实验结果对比验证其模型的可靠性,预测分析内部的破坏模式以及结构参数对接头破坏的影响,研究了泡沫芯体内部的渐进破坏以及面板和泡沫芯体之间的胶层脱粘破坏。结果表明:泡沫夹芯板预埋螺栓连接结构灌封胶边缘的泡沫先产生裂纹后向中间扩展,中间区域全部开裂时两端裂纹沿着45°方向向上扩展。胶层开裂的区域呈弧形条状,分布在螺栓紧固件的两侧,在面板宽度方向,开裂的区域贯穿两侧。随着预埋件深度的增加最大破坏载荷也在增加,随着预埋件直径的增加亚临界破坏载荷和最大破坏载荷没有比较明显的变化,但最大破坏位移在减小。      

RTM成型非对称复合材料T型接头的拉伸失效机制

采用树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了结构对称和非对称两种复合材料T型接头试样,并对其进行了静态拉伸力学试验,对比分析了两种结构的拉伸破坏模式、结构刚度及破坏载荷。同时基于T接头内聚力模型(CZM),研究了两种不同结构T型接头的拉伸破坏过程及失效机制,并对比分析了不同偏转角下T接头的层间应力。结果表明：不同结构T型接头的拉伸破坏模式不同,偏转角的存在使结构非对称T型接头夹角大侧圆弧受力明显高于小侧圆弧,导致接头首先在大侧夹角圆弧与三角区界面定向萌生初始裂纹,随后裂纹主要沿大侧腹板翻边与蒙皮的界面扩展,进而导致接头最终破坏,最终失效载荷较对称T型接头提高了15.3%,且结构刚度更大。有限元结果表明T型接头三角区的初始失效主要由层间正应力及剪应力引起,有限元分析的失效模式与试验一致,结构对称及非对称T型接头最终失效载荷与试验值均吻合较好;且随着偏转角的增加,腹板圆弧处层间应力逐渐减小,初始失效载荷将随之增大;初始破坏位置将转移至大侧夹角圆弧末端。     

SiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料在横向拉伸载荷下界面失效行为的数值模拟

采用有限元模拟了SiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料冷却过程和横向拉伸试验过程, 横向拉伸试样采用十字形试样。分别建立了平面应力和轴对称有限元模型, 采用平面应力有限元模型计算环绕纤维圆周的界面微区应力分布, 预测界面失效机制。采用轴对称有限元模型分析复合材料界面脱粘过程以及残余应力对界面径向应力分布的影响。结果表明: 对于SiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料十字形试样,在横向拉伸载荷下的界面失效由径向应力导致,界面失效模式为法向失效, 剪切失效模式未发生; 十字形试样在横向拉伸载荷下界面初始脱粘位置处于界面中间; 随横向拉伸应力增加, 十字形试样的界面脱粘对称向两边扩展; 界面径向应力随残余应力降低而升高。     

基于粘聚区模型的含填充区复合材料接头失效数值模拟

建立了Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型失效模式耦合的粘聚单元本构模型, 并通过模拟双悬臂梁实验进行了验证。将粘聚单元插入填充区任何2 个实体单元之间, 预测填充区的随机裂纹, 模拟了接头在拉伸载荷下的失效。计算了复合材料基体、界面胶膜、填充物3 者不同强度、填充区半径、填充物刚度等多种情况下接头的拉伸失效。计算结果表明: 复合材料基体、界面胶膜、填充物3 者的强度显著影响接头的承载能力与失效模式; 随着填充区半径增大, 结构承载能力也随之提高。试验结果验证了模拟结果。      

纤维复合材料层合板内埋光纤光栅传感器的保护技术

内埋的光纤Bragg光栅（FBG）传感器的存活率及测试精度是其在线监测纤维增强树脂基复合材料制备和服役状态的重要前提。采用[90₁₁/0₁₁]的碳纤维预浸料铺层方式,在层合板0°和45°方向的典型位置埋入FBG温度和应变传感器,采用模压成型工艺制备复合材料层合板。在异向铺排（光纤光栅方向与碳纤维方向不同）的45°方向光纤光栅传感器内埋于碳纤维预浸料层间的过程中,对其采用4种不同的保护方式。通过对比实验结果发现:当对异向铺排的FBG传感器不采取保护措施时,在加热加压复合材料时光纤光栅容易失活;整层铺设同向预浸料以保护异向铺排的FBG传感器的方式改变了具有特定铺层参数复合材料的力学性能;采用窄长条同向预浸料上下包埋保护FBG传感器的方式增大了应变光栅测量结果的系统误差;采用窄长条同向预浸料上下包埋并在邻近铺层开凹槽的保护方式能明显提高内埋光纤光栅的存活率及测试精度。      

基于FBG反射谱特征的铁路道岔损伤识别试验研究

针对道岔结构性能及安全状态对列车（尤其高速列车）行车安全与运行质量的重要性,提出基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感技术,利用FBG传感器反射谱特征对铁路道岔钢轨结构进行损伤（裂纹）识别。在带裂纹的道岔钢轨上安装FBG传感器进行静、动态加载室内实验。通过分析FBG传感器反射谱形状精细变化,实现对裂纹的识别。实验结果表明,该基于FBG反射谱特征的损伤识别方法可有效识别铁路道岔钢轨裂纹。     

Applying strain energy density factor theory to propagation estimating of surface crack in tubular T-joints

The propagation direction of a surface crack in tubular T-joints and the surface crack profile are studied in this paper. By using Photoelasticity and Finite Element method, the distribution of Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) along the front edge of the prefabricated semi-elliptic surface cracks at the hot spots of tubular T-joints is obtained. The results show that the cracks are subjected to mix-mode loading, and the distribution of SIF along the front edge of the crack depends not only on a/T, the ratio of crack depth to the thickness of chord wall, but also largely on shape ratio a/c, the ratio of depth of the crack a to its length c. It can also be predicted that there exists a certain precedent propagation direction for a surface crack with a certain a/c. According to the Strain Energy Density Factor theory the condition of constant strain energy density factor S on the front edge of the crack will be enforced on each point of the prosective crack profile, so that the crack profile can be pre-estimated.     

Modeling mechanical stress and exfoliation damage in carbon fiber electrodes subjected to cyclic intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions

Gradients in lithium ion concentration distribution in carbon fiber are accompanied by non-uniform fiber swelling leading to development of mechanical stresses. During lithium deintercalation these stresses may lead to initiation and growth of radial cracks in the fiber. The subsequent cycle of intercalation may result in arc-shaped cracks deviating from the tip of the radial cracks. These phenomena decrease the mechanical properties of fibers if used in structural batteries and reduce the charging properties of the battery by decreased diffusivity of lithium ions and by exfoliating layers on the fiber surface. The crack propagation and possible damage evolution scenarios are analyzed using linear elastic fracture mechanics. The crack geometry dependent ion concentration distributions and the elastic stress distributions were found using finite element software ANSYS.     

Characterization of microscopic damage in composite laminates and real-time monitoring by embedded optical fiber sensors

First, a methodology for observation and modeling of microscopic damage evolution in quasi-isotropic composite laminates is presented. Based on the damage observation using both an optical microscope and a soft X-ray radiography, a damage mechanics analysis is conducted to formulate the stiffness change due to transverse cracking. Then, both energy and stress criteria are combined to provide a valid procedure to predict the transverse crack evolution. The theoretical prediction is found to agree well with the experimental results for the transverse crack density as a function of strain as well as stress–strain curves. Then, another methodology is introduced using two kinds of embedded optical fiber sensors to detect and monitor the transverse crack evolution in composite laminates. One is plastic optical fibers (POF), where the loss in optical power is generated by local deformation of POF due to transverse cracking. The other is fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, where the local strain distribution within the FBG gage length due to transverse cracking alters the power spectrum of the light reflected from the FBG sensors. Embedded optical fiber sensors are found to be a powerful method to detect and monitor the transverse crack evolution in composite laminates.     

Application of chirped fiber Bragg grating sensors for identification of crack locations in composites

Chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were applied for the identification of crack locations in carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates since the reflection spectrum from a chirped FBG was expressed as a function of the position along the grating. For the crack identification in the 90° ply of a cross-ply laminate, a chirped FBG sensor, whose grating length and spectrum width were 50 mm and about 5 nm respectively, was embedded into the 0° ply of the CFRP cross-ply laminate, and the reflection spectra were measured after tensile loadings were applied to the laminate. As a result, the spectra had dips corresponding to locations of transverse cracks. This change in the form of the spectrum was also confirmed by a theoretical calculation. Hence, the crack locations could be identified from the form of the spectrum. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that a small-diameter chirped FBG sensor could also be applied for the identification of the crack locations.     

A phantom node formulation with mixed mode cohesive law for splitting in laminates

A phantom node method with mixed mode cohesive law is proposed for the simulation of splitting in laminates. With this method, a discontinuity in the displacement field can be modeled at arbitrary locations. The micromechanical phenomenon that splitting cracks grow parallel to the fiber, is incorporated on the mesolevel, i.e., in the homogenized ply, by setting the direction of the crack propagation equal to the fiber direction. A new mixed mode cohesive law is introduced for increased robustness of the incremental-iterative solution procedure. The model is validated with mixed mode bending tests, and its utility is illustrated with examples for a single ply and for a laminate.     

(Al2O3)f/Al复合材料在强界面结合下的疲劳损伤模式

在拉-拉载荷下测定了(Al₂O₃)_f/Al复合材料的疲劳寿命(S-N)曲线。通过夭折试验以及SEM疲劳断口和纵截面组织结构分析,研究了复合材料的疲劳损伤模式。研究结果表明,(Al₂O₃)_f/Al复合材料的疲劳极限为750MPa,远高于SCS-6碳化硅纤维增强钛基复合材料。该复合材料兼有钛基和树脂基纤维复合材料疲劳损伤的特点,高应力下由单个裂纹的起源和生长导致复合材料的失效;低应力下,疲劳损伤模式包括纤维劈裂、众多基体裂纹和单个基体裂纹的横向扩展。其中纤维劈裂是主控机制。其更高的疲劳极限可归因于低应力下纤维的纵向劈裂。     

纳米坐标测量机的三维接触式测头机构

介绍了一种新型的用于纳米坐标测量机的三维微纳米接触触发式测头机构.本测头以灵敏度高、抗干扰性强的布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)为测量的敏感元件,根据FBG对轴向应变变化敏感的特点,开发了一套有效触发测量力小的柔性悬架机构,该机构为三悬丝-六边中心连接体的悬架结构,相间隔的3边延伸悬臂与3根布拉格光纤光栅相连,当测球发生预行程变化时,由测杆带动柔性悬架机构产生偏摆,从而带动3根FBG发生轴向的拉伸或压缩,进而产生传感信号的输出.由于测头结构复位性是衡量测球和工件分离后能否回到初始位置的标准,是测头其他各项指标的基础,因此结合激光干涉仪和精密微动平台,采用光学非接触干涉测量方法对该测头机构的实际复位性能进行了测量.结果表明,测头系统采用15 N的预紧力安装悬丝,可得到较好的复位性和灵敏度,该测头机构复位性精度在20 nm以内,满足微纳米量级高精度测量的需要.