高压直喷点燃式发动机燃用航空煤油掺混乙醇对燃烧性能优化的试验研究

为提高航空煤油在点燃式发动机中的燃烧热效率,改善发动机爆震及拓宽发动机负荷范围,以3号航空煤油(RP3)为基础燃料,以乙醇为辅助燃料,基于一台单缸水冷、压缩比可调、四冲程点燃式发动机结合高压共轨缸内直喷技术,开展了不同负荷、不同乙醇和航空煤油掺混比、不同喷射压力、不同喷射时刻下航空煤油燃烧特性的试验研究。结果表明,在压缩比为7的条件下,由于爆震的限制,发动机负荷仅能达到原机的72.0%。而乙醇具有较强的抑制爆震的能力,随着乙醇在航空煤油中掺混比例的增加,发动机负荷区间不断拓展,当乙醇的掺混比为10%时发动机可实现全负荷工作。继续增大乙醇的掺混比例,可进一步提升功率并降低油耗。为探究喷油时刻对动力性、经济性的影响,试验测定了5种喷油时刻对燃烧性能的影响。当喷油时刻为压缩上止点前300°时,发动机具有较好的动力性;当喷油时刻为上止点前360°时,发动机具有较好的经济性。     

活塞式航空煤油发动机性能优化及爆震抑制研究

本文基于一台压缩比可变的单缸热力学发动机,使用自主开发的空气辅助喷射系统,在全负荷条件下,开展了活塞式航空煤油发动机性能优化及爆震抑制的试验研究。探究了采用双点火、降低压缩比以及使用CO2辅助喷射对航空煤油发动机的性能及爆震抑制的影响研究。结果表明,采用双点火可以有效提高航空煤油火焰传播速率,提高燃烧相位,降低循环波动,并且有抑制爆震的作用;通过降低压缩比有效实现了爆震抑制,解决在较高压缩比下航空煤油发动机只能运行在小负荷区间的难题,压缩比降至6,发动机实现全负荷运行,动力性、经济性较好,且不易发生爆震;采用CO2辅助航空煤油喷射时,随着CO2脉宽的增加,同一点火时刻下,发动机的动力性经济性下降,但由于CO2的抑制爆震的作用,MBT点火时刻最大可提前至14 °CA BTDC,使得燃烧相位提前,发动机燃烧效率提高。     

压力自适应活塞在船用发动机上的试验与仿真研究

为兼顾发动机低负荷热效率和高负荷爆震倾向,研制了一种适用于高压缩比的压力自适应活塞。采用试验研究方法在发动机台架上测试了压力自适应活塞对发动机性能的影响,在此基础上采用数值模拟的方法建立了发动机工作过程数值计算模型和爆震模型,研究了活塞头部位移和活塞对缸内压力、燃烧循环波动、燃油消耗率的影响及活塞的爆震抑制性能。台架试验和仿真研究结果表明：通过提高压缩比,在负荷较低时,活塞头部无位移或位移较小,缸内压力相较原机有所提升,燃油消耗率相较原机有所降低,如25%负荷工况下的燃油消耗率相较原机降低了6.67 g/（kW·h）;在负荷较高时,活塞头部位移较大,降低了过高的缸内压力和压力升高率,爆震得到有效抑制,峰值压力循环波动系数的最大降幅为1.11%,100%负荷工况下的爆震诱导时间积分相较原机降低了0.19。     

乙醇DI/汽油PFI发动机性能与排放特性

基于一台点燃式发动机,对缸内直喷(DI)乙醇和进气道喷射(PFI)汽油的复合喷射方式进行了研究.与传统喷油模式相比,采用乙醇-汽油复合喷射能够提升发动机动力性.随直喷乙醇比例增加,缸内爆发压力升高;受乙醇燃烧速率和缸内冷却效果的综合影响,着火滞燃期和燃烧持续期先缩短后延长.最佳点火时刻下,单一汽油喷射(PFI和GDI)爆震频次超过10%,,发动机发生轻微爆震,而复合喷射乙醇比例超过20%,可消除爆震;随直喷乙醇比例增加,循环波动系数降低,当量燃油消耗率降低,指示热效率提高,复合喷射相对PFI可提高发动机热效率3.8%,;同时,能够有效降低NOx和HC常规气体排放物.通过采用相对较高的缸内直喷乙醇比例,复合喷射能够提高发动机热效率及抑制爆震并降低常规气体排放物.     

甲醇直喷及高压缩比对点燃式发动机性能的影响

将一台增压直喷米勒循环汽油机改制成高压缩比(13.8)甲醇直喷(MDI)点燃式发动机,在转速为2 750 r/min下研究了甲醇直喷和高压缩比对发动机燃烧、排放及有效热效率(BTE)的影响．结果表明：相同边界条件下,甲醇直喷在中大负荷(平均有效压力(BMEP)≥0.8 MPa)能够提高燃烧速度、缩短燃烧持续期,甲醇直喷由于低压缩温度和高燃料辛烷值,高压缩比下各负荷燃烧均不受爆震限制;甲醇直喷在各负荷下均有利于降低NOx、CO及HC,相同边界条件下甲醇直喷在不同负荷的未燃损失均降低1%以上;甲醇直喷结合高压缩比的最高有效热效率工况点BMEP从原机的1.1 MPa提升到1.5 MPa,当量比燃烧有效热效率从37.4%提升到42.6%,有效热效率提升主要是因为排气损失、传热损失及未燃损失均降低,而进一步提升有效热效率主要受发动机爆发压力极限限制．     

不同压缩比米勒循环和低压废气再循环对增压直喷汽油机性能影响

通过对一台增压汽油直喷(gasoline direct injection,GDI)发动机活塞和凸轮型线的重新设计实现了高压缩比米勒循环,并在此基础上引入了废气再循环(EGR),研究了不同压缩比米勒循环和EGR综合作用对发动机的性能影响。结果表明:增大压缩比和采用米勒循环技术对爆震影响存在取舍(trade-off)关系,低速全负荷下高压缩比米勒循环相比原机油耗略有上升;而低压冷EGR技术由于缸内稀释冷却作用可以优化燃烧相位,对外特性工况有效燃油消耗率有明显的改善作用;在部分负荷工况下,压缩比的增加和米勒燃烧循环可使油耗较原机下降6.3%,在整合低压冷EGR技术后,油耗进一步下降3.1%。可以得出结论,合理地增加压缩比,采用米勒循环技术并匹配低压冷EGR技术,可以大幅改善发动机的燃油经济性。     

甲醇-汽油双燃料火花点火发动机试验研究

基于一台由缸内直喷汽油机改装而成的高压缩比双燃料汽油机,研究了甲醇-汽油双燃料喷射方式(M-G,是指进气道喷射甲醇,缸内直喷汽油)和汽油-甲醇双燃料喷射方式(G-M,是指进气道喷汽油,缸内直接喷甲醇)两种双燃料双喷方式对火花点火发动机燃烧排放特性、热效率和爆震抑制的影响。在试验过程中甲醇的喷射比例范围为0~100%。试验结果表明:相比于汽油单燃料发动机,两种双燃料喷射方式(M-G和G-M)都能够显著提高经济性、抑制爆震同时降低微粒排放;G-M双燃料喷射方式相比M-G双燃料喷射方式在抑制爆震、降低微粒排放上效果更加显著。     

PFI/DI喷射对米勒循环汽油机燃烧特性的影响

为削弱泵气损失大、压缩比和工质比热容低等问题对汽油机常用部分负荷热效率的制约作用,基于配备进气道喷射(portfuelinjection,PFI)和缸内直喷(directinjection,DI)双喷系统的高压缩比米勒循环汽油机,系统探究了进气门早关策略对汽油机部分负荷热效率的影响规律.研究表明,应用米勒循环可有效调控歧管压力和泵气损失,通过综合优化气门相位、点火策略和节气门开度,相较于原机在2000 r/min,平均指示有效压力(IMEP)0.36 MPa工况指示热效率由32.4%提升至36.4%.针对高压缩比米勒循环小负荷燃烧稳定性恶化问题,提出采用分层火焰引燃(stratifiedflameignition,SFI)混合燃烧技术实现对燃烧放热过程的优化控制.研究表明,SFI燃烧可有效提高燃烧稳定性,平均指示有效压力的循环变动COVIMEP降幅达64.9%.而后期自燃的参与使得放热更为集中迅速,指示热效率由纯米勒循环下的36.4%提升至37.8%.     

利用废气滞留改善缸内直喷汽油机部分负荷性能的研究

废气滞留比传统的废气再循环具有更好的稀释和加热混合气作用,有利于减小汽油机中小负荷泵气损失,降低油耗.在一台缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)上对比研究了部分负荷下利用负阀重叠(NVO)产生废气滞留对于发动机性能的影响.结果表明,利用废气滞留方法可使发动机油耗降低5%～16%,并且随着负荷减小节油效果明显.分析表明,废气滞留可以提高进气歧管压力,明显降低泵气损失;混合气温度提高促进燃烧更完全,使燃烧效率得以提高;但燃烧速度会有一定程度降低,循环波动有所增大;综合作用下使得有效热效率提高.同时,废气滞留作用可降低缸内直喷汽油机HC、CO排放,尤其可显著降低NOx排放达70%以上.     

不同喷油压力对汽油压燃中高负荷性能试验研究

基于一台改装后的压缩比为17的压燃式单缸发动机,展开不同喷油压力对汽油压燃燃烧模式发动机燃烧特性、爆震特性、效率特性和排放特性的研究,结果表明随着喷油压力的增加,缸内混合气形成速度加快,混合气着火时刻提前,燃烧持续期缩短,热效率呈现出先增大后略微降低的趋势。喷油压力的增加使得发动机爆震趋势增强,为降低最大压力升高率和爆震强度,采用推迟喷油策略,但高喷油压力下缸内燃烧对喷油时刻变得敏感,易产生较大的平均指示压力循环波动或爆震,燃烧控制难度增加。对不同喷油压力下爆震循环的缸压信号进行分析得出喷油压力对爆震频率无明显影响。喷油压力升高会使得未燃碳氢和CO排放降低,但同时也会使得NO_x排放增加。     

Improvement of engine performance with high compression ratio based on knock suppression using Miller cycle with boost pressure and split injection

In theory, high compression ratio has the potential to improve the thermal efficiency and promote the power output of the SI engine. However, the application of high compression ratio is substantially limited by the knock in practical working process. The objective of this work is to comprehensively investigate the application of high compression ratio on a gasoline engine based on the Miller cycle with boost pressure and split injection. In this work, the specific optimum strategies for CR10 and CR12 were experimentally investigated respectively on a single cylinder DISI engine. It was found that a high level of Miller cycle with a higher boost pressure could be used in CR12 to achieve an effective compression ratio similar to CR10, which could eliminate the knock limits at a high compression ratio and high load. To verify the advantages of the high compression ratio, the fuel economy and power performance of CR10 and CR12 were compared at full and partial loads. The result revealed that, compared with CR10, a similar power performance and a reduced fuel consumption of CR12 at full load could be achieved by using the strong Miller cycle and split injection. At partial load, the conditions of CR12 had very superior fuel economy and power performance compared to those of CR10.     

缸内直喷汽油机HCCI燃烧对压缩比和辛烷值的适应性研究

在缸内直喷汽油机（GDI）上采用多次燃油喷射和可变配气技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧,实现了SI/HCCI复合燃烧方式。研究了不同压缩比和辛烷值对均质混合气压燃（HCCI）燃烧排放特性的影响。结果表明,汽油HCCI燃烧呈现单阶段燃烧燃料特性,HCCI着火发生在上止点附近时油耗低。低压缩比下,HCCI燃烧可以在较浓空燃比下工作,NOx排放较高。高辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧可运行的负荷范围窄。汽油HCCI发动机在偏高压缩比条件下燃用偏低辛烷值汽油可以获得较好的经济性和排放性能。     

Experimental study of stratified lean burn characteristics on a dual injection gasoline engine

Due to increasingly stringent fuel consumption and emission regulation, improving thermal efficiency and reducing particulate matter emissions are two main issues for next generation gasoline engine. Lean burn mode could greatly reduce pumping loss and decrease the fuel consumption of gasoline engines, although the burning rate is decreased by higher diluted intake air. In this study, dual injection stratified combustion mode is used to accelerate the burning rate of lean burn by increasing the fuel concentration near the spark plug. The effects of engine control parameters such as the excess air coefficient (Lambda), direct injection (DI) ratio, spark interval with DI, and DI timing on combustion, fuel consumption, gaseous emissions, and particulate emissions of a dual injection gasoline engine are studied. It is shown that the lean burn limit can be extended to Lambda= 1.8 with a low compression ratio of 10, while the fuel consumption can be obviously improved at Lambda= 1.4. There exists a spark window for dual injection stratified lean burn mode, in which the spark timing has a weak effect on combustion. With optimization of the control parameters, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases 9.05% more than that of original stoichiometric combustion with DI as 2 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at a 2000 r/min engine speed. The NO_x emissions before three-way catalyst (TWC) are 71.31% lower than that of the original engine while the particle number (PN) is 81.45% lower than the original engine. The dual injection stratified lean burn has a wide range of applications which can effectively reduce fuel consumption and particulate emissions. The BSFC reduction rate is higher than 5% and the PN reduction rate is more than 50% with the speed lower than 2400 r/min and the load lower than 5 bar.     

射流燃烧技术在车用汽油机上的应用研究

本介绍了射流燃烧室在车用汽油机上的应用研究。汽油机射流燃烧室具有独特的结构，在压缩和燃烧过程中燃烧室内能形成强烈的微涡流，因此它可以有效地抑制发动机的爆震，且在燃用相同辛烷值燃料时能提高发动机的压缩比，并形成快速燃烧和稀混合气燃烧。这种燃烧系统在几种常用汽油机上的应用表明，发动机性能得到了明显的改善，特别是燃料消耗率和排气污染显降低。     

二次燃油喷射对自吸直喷汽油机低速性能影响的试验研究

对一台自吸直喷汽油机采用不同的燃油喷射模式在2 000r/min全负荷工况进行试验,研究了二次喷射对发动机低速动力性和经济性的影响,并根据缸压参数、燃烧参数及排放物的变化规律对二次喷射影响发动机低速性能的机理进行了探讨。结果表明,相比单次喷射,通过优化二次喷射时刻可以使动力性提升5%,经济性提升约6%。二次喷射的优化机理主要是实现了燃烧室内油气浓度的不均匀分布,可提升燃烧速度,通过分层燃烧实现动力性和油耗的改善。     

高效Atkinson循环TGDI发动机作为传统动力的研究

基于涡轮增压缸内直喷(TGDI)发动机,采用高几何压缩比和大范围可调的可变气门正时(VVT)机构,选择合适的阿特金森(Atkinson)循环率,在兼顾高负荷动力性的同时降低部分负荷的油耗,以解决阿特金森循环发动机动力性不足的问题。制作样机并进行台架试验,研究了阿特金森循环对发动机换气过程的影响和燃油经济性的改善效果及阿特金森循环对排放和动力性的影响。结果表明:阿特金森循环可以容忍更大的几何压缩比以提升热效率,同时有利于降低部分负荷下的泵气损失并提高低负荷时的燃烧稳定性,可降低油耗、颗粒物排放及高负荷时的爆震倾向;但进气门关闭推迟会严重影响发动机的动力性能,因此需要降低高负荷时的阿特金森循环率并提高增压压力。     

Active fuel design—A way to manage the right fuel for HCCI engines

Homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines feature high thermal efficiency and ultralow emissions compared to gasoline engines. However, unlike SI engines, HCCI combustion does not have a direct way to trigger the in-cylinder combustion. Therefore, gasoline HCCI combustion is facing challenges in the control of ignition and, combustion, and operational range extension. In this paper, an active fuel design concept was proposed to explore a potential pathway to optimize the HCCI engine combustion and broaden its operational range. The active fuel design concept was realized by real time control of dual-fuel (gasoline and n-heptane) port injection, with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate and intake temperature adjusted. It was found that the cylinderto- cylinder variation in HCCI combustion could be effectively reduced by the optimization in fuel injection proportion, and that the rapid transition process from SI to HCCI could be realized. The active fuel design technology could significantly increase the adaptability of HCCI combustion to increased EGR rate and reduced intake temperature. Active fuel design was shown to broaden the operational HCCI load to 9.3 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). HCCI operation was used by up to 70% of the SI mode load while reducing fuel consumption and nitrogen oxides emissions. Therefore, the active fuel design technology could manage the right fuel for clean engine combustion, and provide a potential pathway for engine fuel diversification and future engine concept.