不同提取方法对鲜食大豆荚膳食纤维抗氧化特性的影响

以鲜食大豆荚为原料,通过碱法、酶法、超声辅助酶法及微波辅助酶法提取水溶性膳食纤维和不溶性膳食纤维,测定其总黄酮含量、还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力和羟自由基清除能力以研究其抗氧化特性,并与市售大豆膳食纤维作比较。结果表明,各种方法提取的鲜食大豆荚膳食纤维的总黄酮含量及抗氧化特性均高于市售大豆膳食纤维,鲜食大豆荚水溶性膳食纤维的抗氧化特性高于不溶性膳食纤维,酶法、超声和微波处理能提高鲜食大豆荚膳食纤维的抗氧化特性。     

不同蛋白质含量大豆结瘤特性与根瘤氮代谢物含量的比较分析

为了明确高蛋白野生大豆氮素积累规律,本试验选取3类不同蛋白质含量的大豆材料,在各生育期对根瘤生长特性及根瘤氮代谢物的含量变化进行研究,结果表明：籽粒蛋白质含量与R2～R8时期的根瘤数呈显著正相关。V6～R2期高蛋白野生大豆根瘤数增加较快,整个生育期根瘤重不断增加。三种类型大豆的血红蛋白含量、单株血红蛋白总量在R2～R8期与籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著正相关。在V6到R8期高蛋白野生大豆血红蛋白含量、总量都明显高于其它两种类型大豆材料,差异性均达到显著水平。R2～R8期三种类型大豆游离氨基酸含量、酰脲含量均呈下降趋势,高蛋白野生大豆游离氨基酸含量低于、而酰脲含量却又高于其它两种类型材料,且差异性显著。说明高蛋白野生大豆根瘤衰老较慢、根瘤内氮代谢物含量丰富,生育后期仍具有较强的酰脲合成与运输能力是形成该类型大豆籽粒高蛋白质含量的原因之一。     

玉米株型对套作大豆氮素积累、转运和籽粒蛋白质产量的影响

以＂玉/豆＂套作模式为背景,三个不同株型的玉米和三个不同熟期的大豆材料,采用两因素裂区设计,研究了大豆地上部氮素积累和转运,以及籽粒蛋白质含量的差异。结果表明,各大豆品种中,以晚熟大豆在不同时期、不同器官的氮素积累量为最高,分别高出中、早熟品种121.09%和165.33%,其氮素积累速率、有效荚数、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量平均分别为3.78kg/hm2.d、60.27荚、3 840.22kg/hm2和48.71%,均显著高于中、早熟品种;大豆地上部氮素积累总量、积累速率、转运量和单株有效荚数均随着玉米株型的变化（从紧凑型到平展型）而减少,紧凑型玉米下的大豆籽粒产量和蛋白质产量分别为2 609.10kg/hm2和1 203.83kg/hm2,显著高于其他玉米株型处理;交互作用分析表明,玉米株型与大豆熟性在单株荚数、单荚粒数、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量上互作显著;相关性分析表明蛋白质产量与籽粒产量极显著相关。因此,选择紧凑型玉米与晚熟大豆品种搭配有利于提高套作大豆的产量,从而提高籽粒蛋白质产量。     

大豆蛋白/纤维素共混纤维的吸湿性能

为了解大豆蛋白/纤维素共混纤维的吸湿性,测试该纤维在标准温湿度条件下的回潮率、吸放湿曲线,并建立该纤维的吸、放湿回归方程,推导吸、放湿速率回归方程。分析不同大豆蛋白共混量的大豆蛋白/纤维素共混纤维的吸湿性,对比分析该纤维与竹纤维、亚麻及黄麻纤维吸湿性的差别。结果发现:共混纤维的吸湿性随着大豆蛋白质含量的增加而提高;含16.2%大豆蛋白质的共混纤维的吸湿速率介于黄麻纤维和竹纤维、亚麻纤维之间,放湿速率优于这3种纤维素纤维。     

新型蛋白质复合再生纤维素纤维的开发应用

介绍了新型蛋白质复合再生纤维素纤维的制备技术、性能特点及开发应用。重点对该纤维的形态结构及性能进行了分析,得出其纤维截面形态结构与普通黏胶纤维不同,呈现不规则扁平中空结构,外缘圆滑。红外谱图表明蛋白质复合再生纤维素纤维是由纤维素纤维和蛋白质纤维复合而成。X射线衍射分析表明,复合纤维随蛋白质超细粉体添加,取向度和结晶度下降。采用凯氏定氮法、次氯酸钠法对蛋白质复合再生纤维素纤维进行蛋白质含量的测定和对比分析,结果表明：虽然在制备过程中蛋白超细粉体随着添加量的增加,流失量增加,但是流失后纤维中蛋白质含量仍然相对较高,保证了纤维的性能特征。     

可溶性大豆膳食纤维的单糖组分分析及物性测定

采用气相色谱,对使用磷酸盐缓冲溶液提取-超滤纯化法从大豆渣、大豆皮中提取到的大豆膳食纤维(SSDF)产品进行了单糖组分测定.结果表明,大豆渣SSDF产品中所含的果胶类多糖的支链较少,淀粉和纤维素这两类多糖含量很低.而大豆皮SSDF产品中所含的果胶类多糖以高支链果胶多糖为主.对获得的SSDF产品,进行了流变性、溶解度、色泽稳定性、吸油性和阳离子交换能力的测定,并研究了影响其物性的因素.结果表明,从大豆渣中提取的可溶性大豆膳食纤维(SSDF)产品的溶解性好.其水溶液黏度小,溶液黏度受酸、碱、盐的影响较小.SSDF水溶液经长期煮沸后,仍能保持色泽不变.大豆渣SSDF的阳离子交换能力、吸油性均比大豆皮SSDF的高.     

燕麦颖果贮藏物质积累的研究

以皮燕麦、裸燕麦各两个品种为研究对象,并对其主要营养成分淀粉、蛋白质、脂质、β-葡聚糖等的含量变化、积累规律进行分析测定。通过对皮、裸燕麦籽粒整个生育期淀粉、蛋白质、脂质、β-葡聚糖等的变化规律的研究得出,从开花到籽粒完全成熟,供试品种的淀粉含量均呈S曲线持续增长,积累速率高峰出现在灌浆中期,皮燕麦淀粉含量显著高于裸燕麦;蛋白质含量呈不对称的V字形积累,在花后12 d左右达到低谷,裸燕麦蛋白质含量显著高于皮燕麦;脂质含量呈不对称的倒V字形积累,花后20 d左右达最高值,皮、裸燕麦脂质含量无明显差异;β-葡聚糖百分含量呈S型趋势持续增长,裸燕麦β-葡聚糖含量高于皮燕麦。     

不同蛋白含量大豆品种氮代谢关键酶活性及叶片氮同化物含量变化

以高蛋白野生大豆、普通野生大豆和栽培大豆为材料,研究大豆籽粒蛋白质含量与各生育期叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性（GSA）、硝酸还原酶活性（NRA）以及叶片不同氮同化物含量之间的关系。结果表明：高蛋白野生大豆在V6期到R8期的NRA、R3期开始各个时期的GSA都明显高于其它品种。R3期以外的其它各生育期,高蛋白野生大豆可溶性蛋白含量高于其它品种。叶片游离氨基酸含量则表现为R2期之前野生大豆高于栽培大豆,R2期及以后各个时期又明显低于栽培大豆。籽粒蛋白质含量与R3期到R8期的NRA以及R3、R8期的GSA呈正相关关系。V3期可溶性蛋白质含量和V6期游离氨基酸含量与籽粒蛋白质含量呈正相关。叶片硝态氮含量与籽粒蛋白质含量没有相关性。     

新型多组分纤维纺织品染整(三)

2.2 新型多组分纤维纺织品分类 2.2.1 按纤维种类分类 在多组分纤维纺织品中,以含量较多的纤维种类进行分类,具体如下: (1)含天然蛋白质纤维 蚕丝/羊毛、蚕丝/锦纶、羊毛/锦纶、蚕丝/纤维素纤维(棉、粘胶、天丝等)、羊毛/纤维素纤维(棉、粘胶、莫代尔等)、羊毛/腈纶/大豆纤维、羊毛/涤纶/粘胶等.     

脱胶方法对棉秆皮纤维成分及结构的影响

对原棉秆皮不同部位进行化学成分分析,利用常温水沤、常压脱胶及高压脱胶对棉秆皮进行处理,对脱胶后棉秆皮进行化学成分分析．实验结果表明：高压脱胶后棉秆皮纤维中的半纤维素和木质素含量下降最为明显,纤维素含量提高．对不同方法处理后的棉秆皮纤维的长度、线密度进行测量,用SEM、FT-IR、XRD对处理后的棉秆皮纤维表面形态结构、聚集态结构进行了表征,同时对脱胶后的棉秆皮纤维进行强伸性能等测试并得出断裂曲线．     

Comparison of nutritional components (isoflavone,protein, oil,and fatty acid) and antioxidant properties at the growth stage of different parts of soybean [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> (L.) Merrill]

This is the first study to investigate antioxidant capacities of isoflavones prepared using microwave-assisted hydrolysis method from different parts (seeds, leaves, leafstalks, pods, stems and roots) of soybean at growth stages. In addition, the fluctuations in the isoflavone, protein, fatty acid, and oil contents in R6-R8 (R6: beginning; R7: beginning maturity; R8: full maturity) seeds were confirmed. The R7 seeds exhibited the most predominant contents of isoflavones (1218.1±7.3 μg/g) in the following order: daidzein (48%)>genistein (35%)>glycitein (17%). The second highest isoflavone content was found in the leaves (1052.1±10.4 μg/g), followed by R8 seeds>roots>R6 seeds>leafstalks> pods; the stems exhibited the lowest isoflavone content (57.2±1.7 μg/g). Interestingly, daidzein showed the highest individual isoflavone content with remarkable variations (57.2-766.8 μg/g), representing 46-100% of the total isoflavone content. R8 exhibited higher protein, fatty acid, and oil contents than R6 or R7. Moreover, the antioxidant capacities against two radicals in different parts of soybean plant showed considerable differences depending upon the isoflavone content. Our results suggested that soybean leaves and seeds might be useful materials for functional foods.     

Physical and nutritional properties of edamame seeds as influenced by stage of development

Changes in physical, chemical and anti-nutritional characteristics of two vegetable soybean varieties (‘Asmara’ and ‘Mooncake’) during seed development were investigated. Pods were sampled weekly for 6 weeks starting from developmental stage 5 (R5) to 8 (R8). Changes over time in measured attributes were similar but the rate of change differed among the two varieties. In both varieties seed moisture content and intensity of green color decreased as seed developed with the most significant decline observed in the last 2 weeks of sampling. Seed weight peaked at R6 then gradually decreased thereafter, while seed hardness increased throughout the sampling period with ‘Asmara’ recording significantly higher seed hardness at R8. For both varieties, protein accumulation occurred mostly in the later stages, while significant lipid accumulation was observed in the early stages of development. Among the sugars, fructose content decreased with seed development, sucrose content increased to R6 before decreasing, and there was rapid accumulation of raffinose and stachyose in the last 2 weeks of sampling. Total phenolic content decreased between R5 and R6 but increased with further seed development. Tannin and phytate content in seed increased throughout the sampling period. Changes in trypsin inhibitory activity varied with variety reaching a maximum at R6 for ‘Asmara, and closer to maturation for “Mooncake’. Our data provide physical, chemical and anti-nutritional basis for harvesting vegetable soybean at R6 namely: peak seed weight and sucrose content, lower oligosaccharide and anti-nutrients values and intense green color.     

不同时期PGRs对大豆花荚脱落率及纤维素酶活性的影响

在大田条件下,以合丰50大豆（Glycinemax）为材料,比较研究了在V3、R1和R3期叶面喷施三碘苯甲酸（TIBA）、烯效唑（S3307）和2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯（DTA-6）三种植物生长调节剂（Plantgrowthregulators,PGRs）对大豆花荚脱落率纤维素酶活性的影响。结果表明：在V3、R1和R3期叶面喷施植物生长调节剂降低了大豆花荚脱落率;V3期叶喷TIBA、S3307、DTA降低了大豆花荚和脱落花荚纤维素酶活性,但对花的作用效果不显著;R1期PGRs显著降低了大豆花荚及脱落花荚的纤维素酶活性,以DTA调控效果最佳,S3307次之;R3期叶喷PGRs降低了大豆荚及落荚的纤维素酶活性,以TIBA调控效果最佳,S3307次之。综合分析表明,V3、R1和R3叶面喷施植物生长调节剂能够降低大豆花荚脱落率和纤维素酶活性,促进大豆花荚的建成,有利于提高产量,综合调控效果为V3期：S3307〉DTA〉TIBA〉CK;R1期：DTA〉TIBA〉S3307〉CK;R3期：TIBA〉S3307〉DTA〉CK。S3307最佳喷施时期为V3期;DTA最佳喷施时期为R1期;TIBA最佳喷施时期为R3期。     

Physico-Chemical Properties of Immature Pods of Japanese Soybean Cultivars

Twelve Japanese cultivars and JS335, the most popular soybean cultivar in India, were grown in the field. Days to arrival of R6 stage (when pods are still green, immature, and tight with fully developed immature green seeds) of these cultivars were recorded. Pods picked at this stage were evaluated for pod yield per plant, pod characteristics (width, presence of hairs) fresh green seed weight and percent moisture content. Fresh green seeds were analyzed for compositional traits viz. protein content, trypsin inhibitor lipoxygenase isozymes, oil content, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (essential fatty acids). Japanese cultivars showed higher fresh green seed weight and pod yield than JS335. On a fresh weight basis, Japanese cultivars exhibited lower protein content but higher oil content than JS335. Most of the Japanese cultivars showed lower trypsin inhibitor content and a varying level of lipoxygenase-I, as well as lipoxygenase-II + III when compared to JS335. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids content in JS335 was higher than some of the Japanese cultivars. The number of pods per plant showed a positive correlation (r = 0.863, p < 0.001) with pod yield per plant. Some of the Japanese cultivars offer great potential for consumption at the green pod stage or as a source for desirable traits.     

刺槐的槐花与槐米营养成分和芦丁含量的比较

以刺槐的槐花和不同发育时期的槐米为材料,对它们的营养成分和芦丁含量进行比较分析,测定其可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、维生素C以及芦丁的含量。试验表明:1)刺槐的槐花中可溶性糖及维生素C的含量高于不同发育时期的槐米,食用价值更高。2)不同发育时期槐米中芦丁的含量远高于槐花。槐花的营养价值更高,可加工食品。槐米药用价值更高,可用于制药。     

主栽大豆营养品质及加工特性初探

为考察我国主栽大豆的营养品质和初步探究其相应加工特性,本研究收集主栽大豆品种8种,通过测定其营养成分、活性物质含量及分离蛋白组成,结果显示我国主栽大豆品种具有高蛋白、高脂肪、低碳水化合物、高膳食纤维的营养特点和较广泛加工特性。吉科鲜豆、吉科育种08、690属于高蛋白质大豆,吉科鲜豆、吉科密豆、黑农51号、东升7号、农垦9号为1级高油大豆。大豆样品维生素E、钙、铁含量丰富,分别为11.0~21.8 mg/100 g、560.0~1270.0 mg/kg、66.20~83.40 mg/kg。维生素B₂含量在各品种间差异较小,而异黄酮含量差异较大。8个主栽大豆品种中7S、11S蛋白含量以及分离蛋白聚集体粒径的变异系数均在30%以上,不同品种间大豆加工特性具有较大差异。     

水钾耦合对大豆产量及品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同供钾水平下不同生育时期水分状况对大豆产量及品质的影响。结果表明：除营养生长期涝害能一定程度上增加蛋白质含量外,开花期和结荚期土壤干旱或涝害胁迫均降低了蛋白质及脂肪的含量;钾肥有提高大豆脂肪、降低蛋白质含量的趋势,但只有在水分供应适宜时,钾肥效果才显著。各生育时期土壤干旱或涝害胁迫均影响大豆产量的形成,但干旱引起的减产程度要大于涝害。干旱胁迫对各生育时期引起的减产程度表现为：结荚期〉开花期〉营养生长期;而涝害胁迫对各生育时期所引起的减产程度则是相近的。无论何生育时期控水,本试验中产量最优的处理是W2K3（适宜水分＋0．136gK2O／kg土）,而经济系数最优的处理是CK（适宜水分＋0．068gK2O／kg土）。钾肥能促进大豆子粒产量的形成,但只有在营养生长期控水条件下,钾肥才显著地影响大豆产量的形成,而开花期、结荚期控水,钾肥的产量效应并不显著;开花期、结荚期控水条件下,水钾互作都显著地影响大豆子粒产量的形成,但营养生长期控水条件下水钾互作对大豆产量的影响未达到显著差异。     

Field infestation of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) by Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) in Uganda

Studies were conducted in Uganda to determine the importance of field infestation of pigeonpea by bruchids, and whether or not the susceptibility of the pigeonpea pod to infestation changes during pod and seed development. A survey of farmers’ fields in the major pigeonpea growing areas in northern Uganda showed that bruchids did infest pigeonpea in the field. In all three districts surveyed (Apac, Gulu and Lira), infestation levels were similar and by one species only, Callosobruchus chinensis. Once harvested, infestation of stored seeds was four times greater than stored pods. In a separate study, caged pigeonpea pods were infested at seven different developmental stages by C. chinensis. The number of eggs laid increased with development, from pod formation to the mature yellow stage, but declined thereafter. When pods were incubated, there was no adult emergence from pods infested after they had matured and started to dry. The frequency of C. chinensis adult emergence varied significantly over time; a bimodal frequency pattern of emergence was observed from pods infested at mature green stage and, to a lesser extent at the preceding late pod filling state, suggesting the occurrence of polymorphism.     

捻系数和混纺比与玉米纤维纱强伸性能的关系

为了了解玉米纤维纯纺纱捻系数、玉米纤维混纺纱混纺比对成纱强伸性能的影响，纺制了13种捻系数的18．2tex玉米纤维纯纺纱，不同混纺比例的18．2tex玉米纤维腈纶纤维混纺纱、玉米纤维大豆纤维混纺纱，测试了成纱断裂强力、断裂伸长率、断裂功及初始模量等强伸性能指标。结果表明：玉米纤维纯纺纱的临界捻系数在405．9附近；在玉米纤维腈纶纤维混纺纱中，随着玉米纤维含量从0增至100％，成纱强力呈非线性关系逐渐下降；对于玉米纤维大豆纤维混纺纱，随着玉米纤维含量的增加，成纱强力逐渐下降，当玉米纤维含量在90％左右时，强力处于最低谷，且低于玉米纤维纯纺纱。     

Evaluation of Vegetable-Type Soybean for Sucrose,Taste-Related Amino Acids,and Isoflavones Contents

Vegetable soybean differs from the conventional soybean in its distinct taste. Genetic variability has been scarcely investigated in vegetable soybean for taste-related compounds viz. sucrose, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and isoflavones. In the present study, analysis of green seeds of 12 vegetable-type genotypes, between reproductive stages of R₆ and R₇ (i.e., when the pods were completely filled but the seeds and pods shell not yet turned yellow), revealed ranges of 1.28–7.12, 0.37–1.51, 0.64–2.82, 0.17–0.72, 0.11–0.51 g/100 g for sucrose, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine content, respectively, while a range of 8.64–33.19 mg/100 g was observed for total isoflavones content. Genotypes with high levels of sucrose, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine scored high for taste. Results did not indicate any significant relationship between isoflavones content and the taste score.