北庙水源地土地利用变化对水文要素影响的研究

选用保山市日气象观测数据和北庙水源地水库坝上径流资料,结合北庙水源地内的土地利用数据、土壤数据和DEM数据,构建其SWAT分布式水文模型,研究水源地三期不同土地利用方式变化对水文要素的影响。结果表明:在模型率定期和验证期,R2数分别为0.70和0.72,模型效率系数均大于0.55,径流模拟值与实测值相对误差在15%以内,SWAT水文模型在北庙水源地有较好的适用性。1986-2009年,北庙水源地土地利用类型以林地、耕地、草地为主;草地面积减少,耕地、未利用土地和居民用地增加是这一时期土地利用方式变化的主要特征。水源地水文要素发生相应的变化主要表现为坡面径流深、径流深和土壤侵蚀模数增加,而实际蒸散减少。     

潘家口水库流域土地利用变化的水文响应分析

以潘家口水库流域为研究区域,采用SWAT分布式水文模型定量评估土地利用变化对流域径流过程的影响。相对于1980年土地利用情景,2006年土地利用变化主要表现为耕地减少,林地和草地面积增大,而水域和城镇用地变化相对较小。利用3个水文站1986年1月至1999年12月的月径流实测数据进行模型的校准和验证。在不同土地利用情景下,对流域的天然径流过程进行模拟分析,模拟结果显示,与1980年土地利用情景相比,2006年土地利用情景下的多年平均径流减少11%;对于不同典型水文年份而言,土地利用变化对枯水年的影响最大,对丰水年和平水年的影响相当;土地利用变化对年径流的影响主要表现为汛期径流减少。潘家口水库流域水资源涵养能力有所增加。模拟研究土地利用变化对潘家口水库流域径流的影响对合理规划土地利用和流域水资源的综合管理具有现实意义。     

变化环境下嫩江富拉尔基站径流响应

以嫩江富拉尔基断面以上流域为研究区,分别采用统计方法和模型方法,评价土地利用变化和尼尔基水库运行对径流变化的影响,并分析两者综合影响下径流的变化趋势。结果表明:尼尔基建库前后流域土地利用变化不明显,而下游径流变化明显,水库对径流变化的影响更大;SWAT模型适用于研究区径流模拟,水库运行、土地利用变化对径流变化的影响分别占92.86%和7.14%;相同降水和水库运行条件下,1990—2020年土地利用变化具有使年径流量先减少后增加的效应,水库运行对径流的年内分配有显著影响。     

伊逊河流域土地不同利用方式的水文效应模拟

利用SWAT模型对伊逊河流域水文效应进行分布式模拟,分别模拟了1985年和2010年两期土地利用条件下、3种不同土地利用模式下流域的产流产沙过程。选取径流年内分配不均匀系数、涵养指数和泥沙年内分配不均匀系数,对不同土地利用模式下的水文效应进行对比分析。研究表明,生态保护型模式有利于减少泥沙流失、增加水土涵养能力;城市扩张型模式虽有助于减少产沙量,却使径流大大增加,不利于城市防洪安全;耕地保护型模式有利于水源涵养,却使输沙量增加。在城市发展过程中,应充分考虑水文效应与经济效益。     

未来气候情景下覆被变化对径流量的影响

以陆浑水库控制流域为研究对象,利用流域DEM、土地利用数据、1987—2001年气候和水文观测数据,在率定SWAT模型参数的基础上,以SCS模型参数的变化来反映覆被变化,分析了未来气候变化情景及覆被变化情景对径流的影响。结果表明:2011—2050年在流域落叶林地面积退化30%情况下径流量将增大7.02%,落叶林地面积增加20%情况下径流量将减少8.48%。     

Effects of Land-Use and Climate Change on Hydrological Processes in the Upstream of Huai River, China

Land use/land cover and climate change can significantly alter water cycle at local and regional scales. Xixian Watershed, an important agricultural area in the upper reach of the Huaihe River, has undergone a dramatic change of cultivation style, and consequently substantial land use change, during the past three decades. A marked increase in temperature was also observed. A significant monotonic increasing trend of annual temperature was observed, while annual rainfall did not change significantly. To better support decision making and policy analysis relevant to land management under climate change, it is important to separate and quantify the effect of each factor on water availability. We used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a physically based distributed hydrologic model, to assess the impact of Land use and climate changes separately. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated for monthly streamflow. Nash-Sutcliff efficiency (NSE), percentage bias (PBIAS), and coefficient of determination (R ²) were 0.90, 6.3 %, and 0.91 for calibration period and 0.91, 6.9 %, and 0.911 for validation period, respectively. To assess the separate effect of land use and climate change, we simulated streamflow under four scenarios with different combinations of two-period climate data and land use maps. The joint effect of land use and climate change increased surface flow, evapotranspiration, and streamflow. Climate variability increased the surface water and stream-flow and decreased actual evapotranspiration; and land use change played a counteractive role. Climate variability played a dominant role in this watershed. The differentiated impacts of land-use/climate variabilities on hydrological processes revealed that the unapparent change in stream-flow is implicitly because the effects of climate variability on hydrological processes were offset by the effects of land use change.     

Climate change impact on water quality in the integrated Mahabad Dam watershed-reservoir system

Climate change, besides global warming, is expected to intensify the hydrological cycle, which can impact watershed nutrient yields and affect water quality in the receiving water bodies. The Mahabad Dam Reservoir in northwest Iran is a eutrophic reservoir due to excessive watershed nutrient input, which could be exacerbated due to climate change. In this regard, a holistic approach was employed by linking a climate model (CanESM2), watershed-scale model (SWAT), and reservoir water quality model (CE-QUAL-W2). The triple model investigates the cumulative climate change effects on hydrological parameters, watershed yields, and the reservoir’s water quality. The SDSM model downscaled the output of the climate model under moderate (RCP4.5) and extreme (RCP8.5) scenarios for the periods of 2021–2040 and 2041–2060. The impact of future climate conditions was investigated on the watershed runoff and total phosphorus (TP) load, and consequently, water quality status in the dam’s reservoir. The results of comparing future conditions (2021–2060) with observed present values under moderate to extreme climate scenarios showed a 4–7% temperature increase and a 6–11% precipitation decrease. Moreover, the SWAT model showed a 9–16% decline in streamflow and a 12–18% decline in the watershed TP load for the same comparative period. Finally, CE-QUAL-W2 model results showed a 3–8% increase in the reservoir water temperature and a 10–16% increase in TP concentration. It indicates that climate change would intensify the thermal stratification and eutrophication level in the reservoir, especially during the year’s warm months. This finding specifies an alarming condition that demands serious preventive and corrective measures.     

土地利用变化和气候变化对温榆河上游流域径流变化的影响

土地利用和气候是直接影响流域水文水资源的两个主要因素,其影响分离的研究对流域的土地利用规划和水资源管理具有重要意义。以温榆河上游流域为研究对象,在统计分析1980-2014年流域气象因子、土地利用变化趋势的基础上,通过SWAT模型模拟与情景设计相结合的方法,评估了气候变化和土地利用变化对温榆河上游径流变化的影响。结果表明,SWAT模型在温榆河上游流域模拟效果良好,率定期和验证期的决定系数R2分别为0.80、0.77,纳什系数Ens分别为0.79、0.74。流域降雨量和气温呈递增趋势,林地和耕地减少,城乡及工矿和居民用地增加,草地在1995年到2005年间增加,这些变化综合影响了流域的径流变化,使得径流先增加后减少。其中气候变化的贡献率为100.46%,土地利用变化的贡献率为2.09%,气候变化的影响远远大于土地利用变化的影响。因此,如何应对气候变化在温榆河上游流域水资源管理工作中值得重视。     

北洛河流域水沙变化对降雨和土地利用的响应

研究流域水沙变化对降雨和土地利用变化的响应机理,对流域土地利用规划决策及水土保持措施优化配置具有重要意义。本文以黄土高原北洛河流域为研究对象,采用Pettitt突变检验、双累积曲线等方法,定量分析了流域近60年降雨、径流和输沙的演变规律及土地利用变化特征,探讨了流域降雨和土地利用变化对流域水沙的影响。结果表明:1960—2016年间,北洛河流域降雨随时间变化总体趋势不显著,而径流量和输沙量随时间变化表现为明显的下降趋势,下降幅度分别为31.4%和83.5%,输沙量减少趋势尤为显著;研究时段内,北洛河流域以林地、草地和耕地为景观基质,耕地、草地向林地转化是基本特征;人类活动影响下的土地利用变化是造成径流泥沙量减少的主要原因,其对径流输沙量减少贡献率分别为76.9%和96.6%,降雨变化影响贡献率分别为23.1%和3.4%。研究结果为深刻认识黄河水沙动态变化提供依据,对未来水土保持措施优化配置提供决策支撑。     

Impact assessment of reservoir desiltation measures for downstream riverbed migration in climate change: A case study in northern Taiwan

Typhoon Aere in 2004 induced severe sedimentation and loss of storage capacity of the Shihmen Reservoir in northern Taiwan. The resulting dramatic increase in the turbidity of the water seriously affected the water supply. To effectively maintain the stability of the water supply and maintain the reservoir’s storage capacity, the government of Taiwan began to plan and construct a series of improvement measures, such as a sediment flushing tunnel, the JhongJhuang Bank-Side Reservoir, and the Amuping Desilting Tunnel. However, previous studies only focused on the impact of the sediment flushing tunnel and the Amuping Desilting Tunnel on the downstream riverbed, and did not consider the possibility of increasing sediment discharge after the completion of the JhongJhuang Bank-Side Reservoir. In addition, climate change will cause the intensity of extreme rainfall to increase enormously in the future. That rainfall and extra sediment flushing will challenge the existing flood prevention facilities. Therefore, this study considered that the JhongJhuang Bank-Side Reservoir will increase sediment discharge of the Shihmen Reservoir, and used dynamical downscaling extreme typhoon data of climate change under the RCP 8.5 scenario to explore the flood prevention and riverbed migration of the main channels of the Dahan and Tamsui Rivers in the future. We used the rainfall–runoff model of Hydrologic Modeling System to simulate rainfall and runoff, and used the hydraulic and sediment transport model of CCHE1D to holistically simulate flood events and consequent river scouring and deposition behaviors. Our results showed that the projected peak discharge during the late 21st century (2075 to 2099) will be at least 50% higher than that during the baseline (1979 to 2003) period. In terms of flood prevention, the potential of overbank flooding will increase in the downstream area, and the trend of long-term change in the riverbed will be dominated by degradation (-0.489 ± 0.743 m) in the future. The improvement measures will have a limited impact on riverbed migration (0.011 ± 0.094 m) in the Dahan and Tamsui Rivers. After the operation of the JhongJhuang Bank-Side Reservoir, the Shihmen Reservoir is expected to increase the sediment discharge ratio by 70% during floods, and it will not cause excessive water turbidity that may affect downstream water supply.     

汾河水库上游流域土地利用类型变化特征及其水环境效应研究

利用遥感和GIS技术,结合现场核查与生态调查,对汾河水库上游流域5 268 km2区域各阶段生态系统构成及转化特征进行了研究。结合区域自然地理、水文及农业生产条件,分析了研究区各类生态系统变化对流域水环境的影响。研究表明:2000-2013年,汾河水库上游流域土地利用类型主要为草地、灌丛、森林,约占总面积的80%,但农地面积减少,森林、草地、湿地、城镇面积增加;草地是最稳定的土地利用类型,森林为最活跃的土地利用类型,湿地和森林在空间上呈现扩张的发展趋势;研究区森林、湿地生态系统面积增加,农田面积减少,对流域水环境均起到正效应,城镇面积的增加体现为负效应。汾河水库上游土地利用变化向有利于流域水环境的改善趋势发展。     

宗通卡水库蓄水后砷的时空分布模拟与评价

为科学评估成库后砷对宗通卡水库的影响,构建了三维水沙砷预测模型,采用等温吸附试验分析水库蓄水后泥沙对砷的吸附平衡规律;以水文水质条件相似的果多水库对模型参数进行验证,模拟宗通卡水库成库后不同水期砷的三维分布.结果表明:蓄水后水库泥沙浓度和砷浓度呈沿程下降的变化规律.泥沙浓度呈现丰水期大于枯水期的特征,坝前泥沙浓度由表层...     

Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources and Reservoir Management: Uncertainty and Adaptation for a Mountain Catchment in Northeast Portugal

Reservoirs often play an important role in mitigating water supply problems. However, the implications of climate change are not always considered in reservoir planning and management. This study aimed to address this challenge in the Alto Sabor watershed, northeast Portugal. The study analysed whether or not the shortage of water supply can be effectively addressed through the construction of a new reservoir (two-reservoir system) by considering future climate projections. The hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was calibrated and validated against daily-observed discharge and reservoir volume, with a good agreement between model predictions and observations. Outputs from four General Circulation Models (GCM) for two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) were statistically downscaled and bias-corrected with ground observations. A general increase in temperature is expected in the future while the change in precipitation is more uncertain as per the differences among climatic models. In general, annual precipitation would slightly decrease while seasonal changes would be more significant, with more precipitation in winter and much less in spring and summer. SWAT simulations suggest that the existence of two-reservoir will better solve the water supply problems under current climate conditions compared to a single-reservoir system. However in the future, the reliability of this solution will decrease, especially due to the variability of projections from the different climatic models. The solution to water supply problems in this region, adopted taking only present-day climate into account, will likely be inefficient for water supply management under future climate conditions.     

淮河上游流域土地利用变化对次暴雨产沙影响研究

土地利用变化既改变水文循环过程也改变产沙过程。本文以淮河上游大坡岭以上流域为研究区,基于1990s和2000s的土地利用资料和两个年代各10场暴雨对应的水文与气象资料,以0.5 h为时间步长,应用改进的水沙模型模拟流域暴雨产沙,分析土地利用变化对次暴雨-泥沙负荷关系的影响;基于两个年代获得的模型参数,模拟1990s十场暴雨的产沙过程,分析相同暴雨条件下土地利用模式变化对产沙的影响。结果表明:模拟结果满足精度要求;土地利用变化改变了降雨-泥沙负荷关系,1990s到2000s的土地利用变化减轻了流域水土流失,导致次暴雨产沙量、沙峰及侵蚀模数均减少。研究成果可为淮河流域水土治理提供科学依据,丰富并创新湿润半湿润地区水土流失模拟理论与方法。     

滨海水库沉积物盐分释放水化学特征变化

以北大港水库为研究区,通过野外实地采样和批试验相结合的方法,对滨海水库库水和沉积物混合后盐分和各主要离子指标的变化规律进行分析,探究库水和沉积物之间的水文地球化学作用,揭示水库咸化机理。结果表明：库水和沉积物在混合条件下,沉积物中的盐分会释放到库水中,各水化学指标能够快速地达到平衡;各采样点溶解性总固体(TDS)均先快速增加,而后盐分释放达到平衡,平衡后TDS释放量整体呈现出水库下游采样点>水库上游采样点的规律;Na⁺和Cl^-是库水和沉积物水文地球化学作用过程中发生变化的主要离子,Na⁺、Cl^-最大释放量分别为7 597.25 mg/kg和11 097.00 mg/kg。在库水和沉积物相互作用中各采样点的Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-发生着不同程度的增加或减少,Cl^-均有所升高,HCO₃^-     

泾河长系列水沙变化规律与归因研究

近些年泾河径流量及来沙量大幅减少,在一定程度上影响到流域的水资源开发利用,为了厘清水沙减少程度及变化特征,探寻其变化背后的驱动因素,采用联合滑动t检验、距平累积曲线法和Copula等方法,从不同层面对泾河长系列水沙规律进行了研究。同时,建立分布式水文模型,分情景对泾河流域径流泥沙对气候和土地利用变化的响应进行了模拟。结果表明:气候变化对径流和泥沙减少的贡献率约为21. 20%和6. 08%;土地利用变化对径流泥沙减少的贡献率约为4. 04%和11. 08%;泾河流域径流泥沙变化除受气候变化影响外,还与土地利用(覆被)类型、面积比重等有关。研究结论表明:人为拦蓄和引水是河川径流减少的主要原因,而泥沙减少的主因除了退耕还林还草之外,通过淤地坝等水保措施直接拦沙也起到了重要作用。     

密云水库入库径流演变特性及成因分析

密云水库是北京唯一的地表饮用水源地,水库水量的多少直接关系到首都人民的生活。根据密云水库1960—2009年年入库径流量和汛期径流量2类序列,采用随机水文学方法结合序列统计性质揭示了入库径流演变规律,从降雨、人类活动和土地利用变化角度探讨入库径流演变的成因。结果表明:年入库径流和汛期入库径流都呈现减小趋势,1999年以后减小趋势更为明显,年径流减小程度比汛期显著,年际变化有明显的阶段性。受多种因素影响的密云水库入库径流序列包含相依成分,特别是年径流序列相依关系较强。入库径流减少的趋势不是单一由降水造成,流域内人类活动和土地利用变化是径流量锐减的主要原因。     

Ecological Compensation Estimation of Soil and Water Conservation Based on Cost-Benefit Analysis

Soil and water conservation ecological compensation can be simply defined as a monetary payment to offset the environmental loss. An illustration is given in this study describing the payment compensation to water resource conservation and soil losses in Erlongshan reservoir catchment, China. A semi-distributed hydrological SWAT model was applied to establish compensation standard considering six scenarios of land use changes by combined application of remote sensing and geographic information systems. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) method is applied to evaluate the function of soil and water conservation, of which marginal opportunity cost and market value methods have been explored calculate the cost and benefit of water and soil conservation ecological function from provider and beneficiaries. Finally the ecological compensation of soil and water conservation for different land-use scenarios is calculated incorporating benefit apportion coefficient. The results provide an economically evaluated and market-oriented standard for the study of eco-compensation of environmental services and will be of great benefit to the implementation of soil and water conservation at a mesoscale catchment scale.     

基于BPNN算法的三门峡库区土地利用分类研究

在主成分融合的基础上,利用BPNN算法对三门峡库区土地利用类型进行了分类研究,并对比分析了BPNN算法与MLC算法的分类效果。结果表明:BPNN算法的分类精确度总体上优于MLC算法,采用BPNN算法进行土地利用分类可以取得更好的分类效果;BPNN算法及MLC算法对水体及滩地的分类效果均较好,前者对于沼泽的分类效果要略好于后者,但BPNN算法及MLC算法对其他土地利用类型的分类精确度相比水体、滩地要低,并存在部分错分现象。     

Hydrological Simulation by SWAT Model with Fixed and Varied Parameterization Approaches Under Land Use Change

Land use and land cover (LULC) change within a watershed is recognized as an important factor affecting hydrological processes and water resources. Modeling the hydrological effects of land-use change is important not only for after-the-fact analyses, but also for understanding and predicting the potential hydrological consequences of existing land-use practices. The main aim of the study is to understand and quantify the hydrological processes in a rapid urbanization region. The SWAT model and the Qinhuai River basin, one of the most rapidly urbanizing regions in China were selected to perform the study. In the study, a varied parameterization strategy was developed by establishing regression equations with selected SWAT parameters as dependent variables and catchment impermeable area as independent variable. The performance of the newly developed varied parameterization approach was compared with the conventional fixed parameterization approach in simulating the hydrological processes under LULC changes. The results showed that the model simulation with varied parameterization approach has a large improvement over the conventional fixed parameterization approach in terms of both long-term water balance and flood events simulations. The proposed modeling approach could provide an essential reference for the study of assessing the impact of LULC changes on hydrology in other regions.