干式地板辐射供冷结合置换通风复合式系统实验研究

本文针对干式地板辐射供冷结合置换通风复合式系统进行了实验研究,测量了从系统开启到关闭的室内温度、地板表面温度、围护结构表面温度等参数,分析了系统运行过程中地板表面温度、距地面0.1 m处空气露点温度和湿度、系统换热量、温度场和湿度场以及热舒适性变化.结果表明:置换通风系统的引入可有效地避免地面结露;系统稳定运行时,室内空气温度在竖直方向分布均匀;辐射换热量占总换热量的27.8%;水系统提供的辐射换热量有限,系统稳定时,热舒适性较差,这是由于系统供水温度偏高引起的,可通过降低供水温度得到改进.     

地板辐射供冷-置换通风的实验研究

为了研究地板辐射供冷的热工性能,测试了北京地区不同室外气温下地板辐射供冷系统的运行工况,得到了该系统的制冷量,地板表面温度,室内温度场分布等参数,并且把单独地板辐射供冷系统的运行参数与地板辐射供冷-置换通风复合式系统进行了对比,提出了将地板辐射供冷与置换通风配合用于夏季空调室内供冷除湿的新型空调方式,置换通风系统在近地面处形成干燥空气层,可有效防止夏季热湿天气在地板表面出现结露现象,并且使这种新型空调系统条件下地面与室内的换热得到强化.通过理论分析和实验研究指出这是一种舒适、节能的空调方式.     

置换通风—地板供冷复合空调系统热舒适性研究

通过实验和CFD模拟相结合,分析了不同工况下的置换通风—地板供冷复合空调系统的热舒适性,得到了不同的送风风速、不同的地板表面温度以及提高送风温度对室内的速度场和温度场的影响。对实验室进行建模,利用CFD的后处理软件对复合系统的速度场和温度场进行分析,对其热舒适性给予了评价。研究结果表明,在良好设计的前提下,置换通风—地板供冷复合式空调系统充分发挥了两者的优点,可弥补各自不足,具有节能、舒适和空气品质良好的特点。     

三种方式辐射供冷室内热环境对比分析

辐射供冷是一种舒适、节能的新型空调形式。为了比较相同面积顶板、地板和墙壁三种不同辐射供冷方式与置换通风相结合系统的室内热环境情况,建立供冷系统室内数值模型并运用DTRM辐射模型进行不同供冷情况的数值模拟。对室内垂直温差、吹风感、PMV-PPD指标及能量利用效率进行分析比较,发现在统一设置参数下顶板辐射供冷系统热舒适指标最为理想,地板辐射供冷系统最差;但是地板辐射供冷系统能量效率最高。计算为合理优化各不同系统提供了一定的理论依据。     

不同通风方式与地板供冷结合的热环境模拟研究

利用计算流体动力学方法,通过PHOENICS分别对辐射地板与置换通风(DV),层式通风(SV)和混合通风(MV)相结合的复合系统进行模拟分析.得出不同地板温度,送风方式以及送风参数的室内速度和温度分布.结果 表明在不考虑室内污染物的情况下,通过改变送风温度,速度以及地板温度时,置换通风中由垂直温差引起的竖直不满意率略高于其他通风方式.地辐射与不同通风方式相结合的复合系统均可以达到较好的热舒适.     

地板辐射与置换通风组合空调系统的模拟

探讨了地板辐射供暖、供冷系统与置换通风系统的组合空调系统的流程,对组合空调系统进行了数值模拟。地板辐射供暖、供冷系统与置换通风系统相结合获得了良好的室内温度场和速度场,提高了空气品质,改善了室内的热舒适性。     

辐射供冷地面对围护结构内表面温度及室内热舒适的影响

本文在分析室内平均辐射温度对人体舒适性作用的基础上,通过建立围护结构的传热模型,分析计算了辐射供冷地面对围护结构内表面温度及室内热舒适性的影响.结果表明,与传统空调相比,地板辐射供冷一置换通风系统中的辐射供冷地面能使围护结构内表面温度降低约0.4～1.3℃,可进一步降低室内的平均辐射温度.在相同室内温度条件下,室内舒适性指标PMV值比传统空调要小,因此在同等舒适条件下可提高室内设计温度约2.5～3℃.     

地板辐射供冷技术的应用研究

通过对地板辐射供冷研究和应用状况进行调研,对地板辐射供冷 置换通风复合系统的供冷量、防结露措施、新风与卫生条件、舒适性等问题作了阐述。利用置换通风系统承担一定的室内冷负荷,同时经减湿处理的置换通风系统的存在可以有效地防止结露,还免除了吹冷风的感觉,有助于提高室内的舒适度,满足大多数建筑的要求。     

地板送风系统气流组织及热舒适性研究

本文采用通风软件AirPak 3.0建立物卵模型和数学模型,模拟地板送风系统供冷运行和供热运行的室内空调环境研究不同送风温度和不同送风量对地板送风空调房间速度分布、温度分布、热舒适性和空气品质的影响。结果表明:供冷运行时房间设定温度为26℃,送风温度为18~19.5℃,热力分层良好,热舒适性适中,可作为空调系统运行的最佳工况;供热运行时,房间设定温度为18℃,送风温度为28~30℃时,温度分布趋势接近理想采暖要求,能够满足人体的热舒适需求。     

地板辐射供冷室内热环境改善研究

在地板辐射供冷中,室内空气温度常出现较大的竖直温差,使人产生头热脚冷的不舒适感。为改善地板辐射供冷中竖直温度分布不均匀的状况,采用吊扇通风和风机盘管侧吹通风来优化气流组织,改善室内温度场及舒适度。实验结果表明:与无通风相比,有通风时室内竖直温差由5℃左右降到1℃以下,显著改善了室内空气竖直温度分布不均匀的现象;供水流量与温度相同时,与无通风和风机盘管侧吹通风相比,吊扇通风时地板温度最高、空气温度最低、竖直温差最小,室内热环境最舒适,环境质量改善显著。     

地板辐射供冷系统分析

本文介绍了地板辐射供冷系统的室内外设计参数选取和负荷计算方法,通过采用CFD数值模拟的方法,分析了辐射供冷地板系统在不同的室内设计温湿度及冷水温度条件下的供冷量,冷损失量及表面温度等。应用该方法可以建立系统设计查找表格为地板辐射供冷系统设计提供基础数据。本文也给出了埋管辐射地板的系统布置方式及设计流程等。     

下送上回通风方式供冷与供暖运行性能比较

下送上回通风方式目前得到了广泛的研究应用,其供冷运行时就是置换通风,但同样一套通风系统在一些地区的寒冷季节则有可能需要作供暖运行.为了获得下送上回通风系统在分别作供冷与供暖运行时的具体性能参数,本文应用实验测试与计算流体力学(CFD)模拟的方法研究了置于环境实验室内的某办公环境.研究中分析比较了该办公环境内的空气速度、温度以及追踪气体污染物的浓度分布.研究结果表明,下送上回通风方式作供冷运行时空气温度及污染物浓度分层现象明显,空气处于半混合状态,置换效果较好;作供暖运行时,温度及污染物浓度趋于均匀,通风系统性能接近于混合送风系统,不具备良好的抑制交叉污染的能力.     

Analytical solution for heat transfer in a multilayer floor of a radiant floor system

In radiant floor systems, the distribution of the floor surface temperature, which can be used to determine the mean temperature and the lowest/highest temperature of the floor surface, is an important parameter. The mean temperature of the floor surface determines cooling/heating capacity and indoor thermal comfort. The lowest surface temperature, which considers the dew point in an indoor environment, is a crucial factor in the prevention of condensation on a floor surface. The highest surface temperature is typically considered for local thermal comfort. In this paper, an analytical solution for heat transfer in a multilayer floor structure of a radiant floor system is proposed based on the analysis of the heat transfer process of a multilayer floor, equivalent thermal resistance and separation of variables method. The corresponding formulas are derived to estimate the distribution of floor surface temperature. The calculation results are validated by experiments. The calculation and experimental results show good accordance. The absolute error between the calculation and experimental results for floor surface temperature is within 0.3°C. A method for the calculation of the dimensionless temperature of the floor surface, which can be used for radiant heating and cooling systems, is provided. Using this proposed method, the distribution of floor surface temperature and the influence of floor structure parameters on the thermal performance of floors can be estimated and analyzed.     

北京韩美林艺术博物馆空调冷热源及系统设计

介绍了空调冷热源及系统的设计特点和控制方法,详细阐述了土壤换热器的结构及设计形式。采用地板辐射供冷供热结合新风置换通风的方案,重点考虑了围护结构的热工性能、楼板蓄热效应以及防结露措施。采用带室温反馈的室外温度控制方式(前馈-反馈控制)解决了地板辐射供冷系统调节反应速度延迟问题。     

Application of the control methods for radiant floor cooling system in residential buildings

In applying radiant floor cooling, its control system must prevent the floor surface condensation in hot and humid weather conditions. With no additional dehumidification system, only the radiant floor cooling system prevents floor condensation. In this case, the effects of the control of the cooling system on the indoor conditions can be changed because of the thermal inertia of the systems. Also different types of control system can be composed according to the control methods, which can affect the construction cost in the design stage. Therefore, the control methods for the radiant cooling system with respect to floor surface condensation must be studied. Furthermore, because Korean people's lifestyle involves sitting on the floor, it is necessary to evaluate if a floor cooling system will influence the thermal comfort of the occupants. This study intends to clarify the control methods of the radiant floor cooling system and to analyze the control performance and applicability of each control method with regard to the floor surface condensation and comfort by computer simulations and experiments on the control methods of the radiant floor cooling system. The results of computer simulations and experiments show that water temperature control is better than water flow control with respect to temperature fluctuations in controlling room air temperature. To prevent floor surface condensation, the supply water temperature could be manipulated according to the dew point temperature in the most humid room, and in individual rooms, the water flow rate (on/off control) can be controlled. Also, the results of radiant cooling experiments show that the floor surface temperature remained above 21 °C, the temperature difference among surfaces remained below 6 °C, and the vertical air temperature difference remained below 1.9 °C, conforming well to comfort standards.     

车站高大空间空调系统气流组织与热舒适性分析

兼顾人体热舒适和建筑节能的要求,对目前车站高大空间空调气流组织的数值模拟研究报道进行对比分析。分析结果显示,人们对高大空间建筑室内热舒适要求高于居住建筑和办公建筑;从满足人体热舒适角度出发,空调送风加地板辐射供冷方案适于夏季满员工况,地板辐射供热加空调加湿方案适用于冬季满员工况;高大空间的空调系统适宜采用上送上回的送风方式,其温度场和速度场均优于上送下回的空调送风方式;在高大空间内设置分层空调系统将在一定程度上降低空调能耗,且分层空调中送风速度对分层界面的位置影响较大,送风温差对高大空间分层空调的温度分布和流场分布有较大影响。     

Floor heating and cooling combined with displacement ventilation: Possibilities and limitations

Design guidelines envisage that floor heating can be used together with displacement ventilation (DV), provided that the supply air is not overly heated before it can reach heat and contaminant sources. If this is not controlled a mixing flow pattern could occur in the room. The use of floor cooling with DV is also considered possible, although draught risk at ankle level and vertical air temperature differences must be controlled carefully, because they could increase.Few studies on these topics were found in the literature.An indoor environmental chamber was set up to obtain measurements aimed at analysing the possibilities and limitations of combining floor heating/cooling with DV. Air temperature profiles, air velocity profiles, surface temperatures and ventilation effectiveness were measured under different environmental conditions that may occur in practice. These values were compared to equivalent temperature measurements obtained using a thermal manikin.The measurements show that floor heating can be used with DV, obtaining high ventilation effectiveness values. A correlation between the floor heating capacity and the air temperature profile in the room was found. Measurements showed that floor cooling does not increase draught risk at ankle level, although it does increase vertical air temperature differences.     

Thermal comfort assessment and application of radiant cooling: A case study

A field assessment of thermal comfort was conducted at Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, situated in the subtropical region of Pakistan. The results show that people of the area were feeling thermally comfortable at effective temperature of 29.85 °C (operative temperature 29.3 °C). A comparison of this neutral effective temperature was made with the neutral effective temperature determined from adaptive models. It is found that the neutral effective temperature determined during this study closely match that of the adaptive model based on either indoor temperature or both indoor and outdoor temperatures. The results of thermal acceptability assessment show that more than 80% of occupants were satisfied at an effective temperature of 32.5 °C, which is 6.5 °C above the upper boundary of ASHRAE thermal comfort zone. Naturally ventilated classrooms and air-conditioned offices of the University were simulated using TRNSYS system simulation program for two cases, once when conventional air-conditioning is used for providing thermal comfort, and when comfort is achieved through radiant cooling. In the simulation, cooling tower was used to regenerate cooling water for the radiant cooling system. Energy consumption was estimated from simulation of both cases. The results show that it is possible to achieve thermal comfort for most of the time of the year through the use of radiant cooling without a risk of condensation of moisture from air on the radiant cooling surfaces. A comparison of the energy consumption estimates show that savings of 80% is possible in case thermal comfort is achieved through radiant cooling instead of conventional air-conditioning.