合金元素对铁素体不锈钢耐应力腐蚀开裂性能的影响

通过42%沸腾氯化镁U型弯曲试验,结合扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析,研究了合金元素Ni、Cu、Mo对铁素体不锈钢耐氯化物应力腐蚀开裂性能的影响规律。结果表明,Ni、Cu元素能够提高铁素体不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性,单独添加Mo元素不会降低铁素体不锈钢耐应力腐蚀开裂的能力,但是钢中Mo、Cu元素同时存在时,应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性大大增加。钢中析出的ε-Cu在氯离子环境中形成点蚀,引起了铁素体不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂。     

建筑维护系统用高耐蚀性铁素体不锈钢的研发与应用

研究了Mo、Nb、Ti对22.5%Cr铁素体不锈钢力学性能、耐腐蚀性能的影响,研究结果表明,Mo主要以固溶状态存在于铁素体不锈钢中,通过固溶强化提高了铁素体不锈钢的强度;在Ti/Nb双稳定铁素体不锈钢中,由于粗大TiN颗粒的形成和金属间化合物在晶界的析出,钢的韧性明显降低;在Nb单稳定铁素体不锈钢中,Nb以固溶状态和Nb(C,N)析出相存在于铁素体基体中,Nb(C,N)弥散分布于铁素体晶内,并作为σ相的形核质点,避免了σ相在晶界的析出,从而改善了钢的低温韧性。在此基础上研制出建筑维护系统用的高耐蚀性铁素体不锈钢B445R。测试结果表明,B445R在氯离子溶液中具有比316L更优越的耐点腐蚀性能,而且具有良好的成形性能和焊接性能,这些优点使其成为沿海地区建筑维护系统理想的装饰材料。     

00Cr18Mo2铁素体不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能研究

00Cr18Mo2铁素体不锈钢具有良好的综合性能,本文就其耐蚀性能进行了研究。研究结果表明,00Crl8Mo2钢在弱蚀性介质中一般耐蚀性良好,抗局部腐蚀特别是抗氯化物应力腐蚀性能优异是此钢最突出的特点。00Crl8Mo2钢在抗点蚀性能方面优于304L而与316L不锈钢相当,退火态00Crl8Mo2钢在含氯化物沸腾溶液中经1000多小时试验而不产生应力腐蚀破裂。     

445M铁素体不锈钢缝隙腐蚀性能的研究

研究了445M铁素体不锈钢(%:0.004～0.005C、22.24～22.29Cr、1.10～1.65Mo、0.015～0.016P、0.003～0.004S、0.012～0.016N、0.22～0.38Ti)和316L奥氏体不锈钢(%:0.022C、16.80Cr、10.19Ni、2.02Mo、0.025P、0.001S、0.046N)在40～60℃氯离子浓度(250～5 000)×10^-6的氯化钠溶液的缝隙腐蚀性能。结果表明,445M铁素体不锈钢的耐缝隙腐蚀性能优于316L奥氏体不锈钢;当445M钢中的Mo含量由1.10%提高至1.65%时,钢的耐缝隙腐蚀性能明显提高,表明点蚀当量Cr+3.3Mo是衡量不锈钢耐点蚀和耐缝隙腐蚀的重要指标。     

添加Mo对14Cr铁素体系不锈钢抗氧化性能影响的研究

作为汽车废气排气管材料，在日本已经开发出高温强度良好的429Nb型铁素体不锈钢(14Cr-Si-Nb)。该钢添加0．9Si，是为了提高耐氧化性能，但Si对提高高温强度效果非常小。另一方面，已知添加Mo可以提高高温强度，但对抗氧化性能报道很少。日本川崎制铁公司研究了在含Nb14Cr铁素体不锈钢添加Mo对提高抗氧化性和高温强度的影响进行了研究，并取得结果。     

铁素体型不锈钢

它的内部显微组织为铁素体,其铬的质量分数在11．5％～32．0％范围内。随着铬含量的提高,其耐酸性能也提高,加入钼（Mo）后,则可提高耐酸腐蚀性和抗应力腐蚀的能力。这类不锈钢的国家标准牌号有OOCr12、1Cr17、OOCr17Mo、OOCr30Mo2等。     

TTS443高铬铁素体不锈钢的开发

针对304(Crl8-Ni8型)奥氏体不锈钢和430(Cr17型)铁素体不锈钢的特性,通过试验和分析Cr、Cu、Nb、Ti等合金元素对铁基合金材料性能的影响,开发出一种高铬铁素体不锈钢-TTS443(/%:O.010C、21Cr、0.40Cu、0.25Nb、0.20Ti、O.012N) 。该钢种的耐蚀性能与304奥氏体不锈钢相当,具有良好的成形性与焊接性能,TTS443铁素体不锈钢是304奥氏体不锈钢理想代替材料。     

日新制钢汽车排气系统用耐热铁素体不锈钢的开发

为了减轻空气污染和缓解全球变暖,各个国家均出台了尾气排放标准,且限制标准越来越严格。在此背景下,多种技术已被应用以满足相关要求,如提高燃油燃烧率、催化效率,降低排气管热容量等。而这一系列措施均会导致汽车尾气的最高温度上升。近些年,汽车排气系统零件主要用铁素体不锈钢制作,因为铁素体不锈钢的热膨胀系数小,耐循环氧化和耐高温疲劳性能均优于奥氏体不锈钢。介绍了日新制钢新研发的汽车排气系统用耐热不锈钢,以及该钢种的研发现状和发展趋势。Nb、Mo、Cu在700℃时的固溶强化和析出强化对提高铁素体不锈钢的高温强度非常有效,而添加Nb、Mo、W主要是在900℃时起到固溶强化作用。Cr,Si和Mn可降低铁素体不锈钢(含14%Cr)在大气中950℃保温200h的氧化程度。特别是添加0.8%及以上的Mn可有效提高氧化皮的附着力。事实证明,日新制钢开发的NSSHR-1(14Cr-1Mn-0.9Si-Nb)和NSSHR-2(10Cr-0.9Si-Nb-Ti)铁素体不锈钢与441和439不锈钢相比,具有更高的耐热性和成形性。     

合金元素对双相不锈钢2101耐点蚀性能的影响

研究了合金元素对双相不锈钢2101耐点蚀性能的影响规律。结果显示,2101系列合金的浸泡点蚀腐蚀速率在1.9～7.0 g/（m^2.h）之间,与304不锈钢在同一数量级;Mo是提高2101系双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性的关键元素,而N对耐腐蚀性的影响不大;点蚀起源和Thermo-Calc计算结果显示2101成分体系中,铁素体相是耐点蚀性较弱相,提高铁素体相耐蚀性是提高合金整体耐蚀性的关键;当Cr含量固定在21.5%时,Mo作为铁素体形成元素将在铁素体相中富集,提高铁素体相的耐点蚀性能,从而提高合金整体耐蚀性。     

445J2超纯铁素体不锈钢和316L超低碳奥氏体不锈钢在溴化锂溶液的点蚀分析

445J2铁素体不锈钢由于高的导热率、低的热膨胀系数以及良好的耐蚀性能使得其作为溴冷机中一些部件的良好候选材料,本文采用电化学测试方法对比研究了445J2超纯铁素体不锈钢(/%:0.01C,22.5Cr, 1.9Mo, 0.27Nb, 0.20Ti, 0.09Al, 0.36Cu, 0.015P,0.001S,0.015N)和316L奥氏体不锈钢(/%:0.002C,16.8Cr, 10.19Ni, 2.02Mo, 0.025P,0.0008S)在20～60℃0.1～1M的溴化锂溶液中的点蚀行为,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)对电化学结果进行表征。结果表明,随着LiBr温度和浓度的升高,两种钢腐蚀电流密度增大,点蚀电位降低,耐点蚀性变差;氧化物和硫化物夹杂会引起两种钢的点蚀;高含量的Cr以及Mo、Ti、Nb、Al等合金元素使445J2钢具有优异的耐点蚀性能。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.