环境应力筛选（ESS）实践

１前言环境应力筛选简称ＥＳＳ，是一种利用环境应力进行产品品质管制的程序，其主要功用是使潜在于产品中的瑕疵提早暴露出来，使品质好的产品通过筛选正常使用，而将有潜在瑕疵的产品留下来检修或剔退，如此可让出厂产品的品质保持稳定，降低维修成本，提高产品质量与可靠，对于承制方使用方都有好处。本文将介绍ＥＳＳ的基本概念，执行ＥＳＳ的效益，讨论如何设计有效的ＥＳＳ计划，并对于一些常常引起混淆的观念加以说明，希望能籍此使计划管理人员、设计者、研制生产单位及实际执行ＥＳＳ的人员都能对ＥＳＳ有基本而正确的了解。从而达…     

飞控计算机的环境应力筛选方法

环境应力筛选（简称ＥＳＳ）是应用于某型号高机动飞行靶机自动驾驶仪机载电子设备应力筛选方法之一。通过对受筛设备（飞控计算机）进行设计极限范围内的随机振动及温度循环加速应力试验,使元件潜在的缺陷加速发展成为故障,并加以排除,从而提高整机可靠性,确保飞行安全。     

电子产品环境应力筛选方法及其应用

环境应力筛选是保证产品使用可靠性的一种有效方法，作为一项生产工艺，其效费比大小是衡量ＥＳＳ方法优劣的根本标准。本文作者根据长期从事电子产品可靠性试验的经验和对筛选机理的研究结果，提出了根据产品特点制定高效ＥＳＳ的一般方法，以便用较短的试验时间暨较低的试验成本，达到对产品早期故障的充分剔除。     

一种高效ESS方法及其应用

本文介绍一种采用综合环境应力的高效ＥＳＳ方法，该方法将大大提高筛选效率，并有效地缩短试验时间和节约试验成本，有利于批量生产产品的推广使用。     

用环境应力筛选试验研究SMT焊点可靠性

结合实际ＳＭＴ混装组件印制板,阐述了ＳＭＴ混装组件失效的机理,介绍了环境应力筛选试验的情况和结果,对影响可靠性的各种因素进行了分析与总结,指出了环境应力筛选是保证ＳＭＴ混装组件产品可靠性的必要手段。     

接口电路LN4993失效机理分析

通过对接口电路ＬＮ４９９３几次现场失效及厂家筛选中失效电路的分析，并做了ＥＳＤ试验模拟试验，总结出ＬＮ４９９３几种失效模式，探讨其失效机理，发现这种ＭＮＯＳ电路ＥＳＤ损伤阈值为１５００Ｖ，电路失效多数是过电应力或静电损伤造成。     

电子产品环境应力筛选方法及其应用研究

环境应力筛选是保证产品使用可靠性的重要途径。论述了环境应力筛选的目的和意义,分析了环境应力筛选方案设计的关键技术,阐述了电子产品如何制定环境应力筛选的方案及程序,并结合某型雷达环境应力筛选给出设计和应用实例。     

环境应力筛选试验的实践

本文论述了环境应力筛选试验的实践，论述了环境应力筛选的意义，它与环境试验的区别以及实施环境应力筛选试验如何确定筛选对象，筛选时间，筛选应力，循环次数和无缺陷时间等问题。     

表面组装焊点可靠性分析研究

通过实际ＳＭＴ混装组件印制板，介绍环境应力筛选试验的情况和结果，对其失效原因进行了分析与总结，同时进行ＳＭＴ焊点可靠性评估与组件产品失效预测，初步验证了焊点的可靠性。     

环境应力筛选方法及效果评估

从环境应力筛选的概念出发，以某研制的组件为例，介绍了环境应力筛选的目的、方法以及筛选效果的评估，证实环境应力筛选是保证电子产品可靠性实现的重要环节。列举了环境应力筛选的注意事项。     

电子产品中的环境应力筛选研究

环境应力筛选（ESS）是保证产品使用可靠性的一种有技方法。论述了环境应力筛选的目的和意义．分析了ESS典型的实践方法．指出ESS的两个认识误区．并对如何在使用过程中实施ESS提出了建设。     

Fault-tolerant design of local ESS processors

The stored program control of Bell System Electronic Switching Systems (ESS) has been under development since 1953. During this period, the No. 1 ESS, the No. 2 ESS, and the No. 3 ESS have been developed and used extensively by Bell System operating companies to provide commercial telephone service. These systems serve all types of telephone offices: The large-capacity No. 1 ESS serves metropolitan offices, the medium-capacity No. 2 ESS was designed for suburban offices, and the No. 3 ESS can be found in many small rural offices. The fault tolerant design of ESS processors provides the same highly dependable telephone service established by the previous electro-mechanical systems. Pertinent processor architecture features used to achieve ESS reliablity objectives are discussed. A detailed discussion of the maintenance design of the 3A Processor is also included.     

Planning environmental stress-screening based on DOD-HDBK-344 — A case study

Environmental stress screening (ESS) has been extensively used as a technique to improve electronic equipment reliability in the field by subjecting the equipment to temperature cycling, vibration and other environmental stresses during the manufacturing process. There are standards for ESS planning available. However, there are difficulties in establishing an optimum ESS regimen when using these standards for ESS planning. This paper intends to discuss these problems and at the same time, suggests a possible approach. The approach is illustrated by the development of an ESS program for a real life electronic system. The approach is especially suited for small-scale production for which opportunity for reiteration is reduced and hence, ESS has to be carefully designed from the beginning.     

电子产品环境应力筛选技术及其应用问题分析

论述了环境应力筛选（ESS）的概念、方法和性质,指出目前人们对ESS存在3个认识上的误区,强调科学、准确地理解ESS的重要性。并分析了ESS实施过程中应当注意的一些问题,以此保证ESS的实施效果。     

Common channel signaling in the AT&T US 5ESS switch

A brief history of the evolution that has led to the development of Signaling System No.7 (SS7) capabilities on the 5ESS switch is presented, and the hardware and software components that provide the SS7 functionality for the 5ESS switch are described. Specifically, the functionality provided by the Common Network Interface (CNI) ring, which has been used on several AT&T SS7 products is discussed. The 5ESS switch-specific common channel signaling (CCS) transport software (which is responsible for the transport of SS7 messages among 5ESS switch processing elements), the user interfaces (which provide customer administration of switch data, color display of status information, reports on the state of the SS7 network, and the tests to verify message routing through the network), and message routing itself are discussed. The SS7 ISDN user part (ISUP) and transaction capabilities application (TCAP) functionalities implemented in 5ESS switch software are described in terms of how they fit into the 5ESS switch architecture. SS7 call handling capacities and the ways in which reliability challenges are met are described     

Mis-Specification Analysis of Linear Degradation Models

Degradation models are widely used to assess the lifetime information of highly reliable products if there exists quality characteristics whose degradation over time can be related to reliability. The performance of a degradation model depends strongly on the appropriateness of the model describing a product's degradation path. In this paper, motivated by laser data, we propose a general linear degradation path in which the unit-to-unit variation of all test units can be considered simultaneously with the time-dependent structure in degradation paths. Based on the proposed degradation model, we first derive an implicit expression of a product's lifetime distribution, and its corresponding mean-time-to-failure (MTTF). By using the profile likelihood approach, maximum likelihood estimation of parameters, a product's MTTF, and their confidence intervals can be obtained easily. In addition, laser degradation data are used to illustrate the proposed procedure. Furthermore, we also address the effects of model mis-specification on the prediction of the product's MTTF. It shows that the effect of the model mis-specification on the predictions of a product's MTTF is not critical under the case of large samples. However, when the sample size and the termination time are not large enough, a simulation study shows that these effects are not negligible.     

FMECA与雷达设计质量研究

故障模式影响与危害性分析(FMECA：Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis)技术是从工程实践中总结出来的一种可靠性分析方法,将其应用于雷达设计阶段的质量控制,有助于提高雷达产品的可靠性、安全性、维修性和保障性水平。对FMECA的特征、作用和使用原则进行了阐述,分析了运用FMECA方法,提高产品质量的基本流程和需要把握的关键环节,并对某型雷达固态发射机可靠性设计进行了研究。     

Fuel-Cell Hybrid Powertrain: Toward Minimization of Hydrogen Consumption

In this paper, the powertrain sizing of a fuel-cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) is investigated. The goal is to determine the fuel-cell system (FCS) size, together with the energy storage system (ESS) size, which leads to the lowest hydrogen consumption. The power source (FCS $+$ ESS) capabilities should also respect the vehicle driveability constraints. Batteries and supercapacitors are considered as ESSs. The power management strategy is a global optimization algorithm respecting charge sustaining of the ESS. The impacts of the driving cycle (urban, outer urban, and highway), ESS technology, and vehicle driveability constraints on hydrogen consumption are analyzed in detail.      

某型机载电子设备环境应力筛选

环境应力筛选作为剔除电子设备中的早期故障,提高机载电子设备使用可靠性的一种手段,被广泛运用在产品的研制、生产和使用阶段。通过某型机载电子设备的应用事例,阐述了环境应力试验的要求、实施原则、方法及步骤.