The Impact of the EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

During the last two years significant policy and legislative developments have taken place in the UK and in the EC in respect of sewage treatment and disposal and the dumping of sewage sludge at sea. Details of the UK Government's sewage-treatment initiative and its decision to stop the dumping of sewage sludge at sea by 1998 are described. An outline is given of the provisions of the EC urban waste water treatment Directive, in particular those provisions concerned with sewage treatment, trade effluent discharges from prescribed industrial sectors, and the termination of dumping of sewage sludge at sea. The implications of these developments for Scottish sewerage authorities are summarized and provisional estimated costs of meeting these new obligations are given. The opportunities available to contractors and equipment manufacturers are highlighted.     

天津市东部污水处理厂污泥干化、资源化方案

介绍了对天津市东部污水处理厂脱水污泥进行干化、资源化的处理处置措施，设计采用以煤粉为燃料的转鼓污泥干化设备进行污泥干化，并以干化污泥作为水泥厂的替代燃料，力求因地制宜地解决天津市日益严重的污泥出路问题。     

城市污水工程规划设计探讨

结合株洲市排水工程专项规划的编制工作,提出了污水量预测方法,分析了城市污水处理厂布局、处理工艺及出水水质,局部应用了污水分散处理方法,规划了污泥的处理工艺及处置方法,提出了污水管网及泵站的规划原则与方法,对于类似城市的污水工程规划设计具有重要意义。     

污泥浓缩脱水一体化技术应用探讨

传统的污泥浓缩脱水工艺存在着占地大、投资多、管理复杂、污泥容易流失、除磷效果差的缺陷,严重地影响看污水处理厂建设的良性发展。提出了污泥浓缩脱水一体化技术在污水处理厂中的应用,并就其基本原理和技术特点进行了阐述。为污水处理厂污染工艺选择提供了一种新的思路。对加快污水处理厂建设,提高出水标准,保护环境起到积极的作用。     

多功能微生物制剂用于污泥减量的研究

目前如何减少剩余污泥的产量已成为污水处理的研究热点。为此，基于目前主要的污泥减量理论，在自然界中分离、筛选出一些特殊的微生物菌种，在特定培养工艺下研制一种多功能微生物制剂（MCMP）用于污泥的减量。采用该微生物制剂在重庆长寿污水处理厂进行中试：设3套相同装置，均采用常规活性污泥法且运行操作相同，其中两套装置分别投加所处理水量0．005％和0．01％的微生物制剂，一套不投加，对比其污泥减量效果。试验结果表明：投加MCMP的两套装置的污泥减量比例分别为81．76％和89．18％，3套装置的污泥增长速率分别为2．0％、1．5％和11．5％；投加MCMP能提高出水水质，3套装置出水的COD、NH3-N平均浓度分别为35．08、33．89、36．51mg／L和1．40、1．22、1．62mg／L。投加MCMP不用增设专用的处理单元，也不需改变原有的处理设施及运行方式。3套装置的曝气量相同，因而投加MCMP不会增加整个系统的动力消耗。该制剂具有良好的污泥减量效果，能减轻污水处理厂污泥处理、处置的负担。     

临沂大学全地下式污水处理工程CAST工艺的设计

临沂大学污水处理厂采用循环式活性污泥法(CAST)处理校内及学校附近居民小区污水,用机械浓缩脱水一体化设备处理剩余污泥,其主体构筑物CAST生物池为鼓风微孔曝气式,出水达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)的一级A标准。该污水处理厂是一座规模较大的全地下式污水处理厂,工艺先进、构筑物及设备选型合理、自动化程度高。     

污泥处理处置的认识误区与控制对策

根据我国污泥处理处置的现状，亟需解决管理体制、市场机制、标准体系、技术政策等方面的问题。提出了我国应在政策上明确污泥处理处置的直接承担主体是污水处理企业，政府高效监管是有效解决污泥处理处置问题的关键，同时尽快解决系统规划。现有的相关标准缺乏系统性、科学性，技术政策基本空白，应建立污泥处理处置的评估体系，制定有关建设和运行的保障性鼓励措施，包括财税政策的倾斜，促进污泥处理处置的市场化发展。     

啤酒污泥用作城市污水厂种泥的试验研究

为考察啤酒厂污水处理站的脱水污泥（简称啤酒污泥）用作城市污水厂接种污泥的可行性，摸索污泥的培养与驯化规律，采用连续操作、全流量同步培养和驯化方法，在处理能力为500m^2／d的UNITANK池中对啤酒污泥进行了培养和驯化。试验结果表明，啤酒污泥完全可以作为城市污水处理厂的接种污泥使用，而且培养时间短，出水水质好。曝气0．5h、厌氧搅拌1h时，活性污泥增长最快。将DO控制在2mg／L左右有利于活性污泥的增长；当DO长时间在7mg／L以上时，污泥浓度下降趋势明显。污泥浓度达到2000mg／L所需的培养驯化时间仅为5d；使出水水质达到一级B标准所需的培养时间约为6d。这种培养、驯化方法和经验可为其他城市污水处理厂的建设和运行提供参考。     

林州市采用改良型A^2/O工艺的“窑洞式”地下污水厂设计

林州市第二污水处理厂结合厂址处的自然地势落差和景观要求,采用全地下和半地下相结合的“窑洞式”建设方案,实现了土地节约型、环境友好型的建设目标,同时还能够降低检修层的消防要求,实现箱体部分区域的自然进风,达到节能降耗的目的,可为其他类似项目提供借鉴。污水处理采用“改良型A^2/O+高效沉淀池+纤维转盘滤池+紫外线消毒”工艺,所有污水和污泥处理建(构)筑物集成布置在一个地下两层的箱体内,实现集约化布局。箱体采用超长结构无缝设计,内部设有除臭系统、通风系统、消防和疏散系统、供电和照明系统、监控系统等配套设施。     

Using the sewerage system main conduits for biological treatment. Greater Tel-Aviv as a conceptual model

The long-sought idea of using main sewerage conduits as a step-fed plug-flow reactor, where biological sludge is introduced at the head of the main pipelines (hence loop system) and where aeration is provided at various points along the loop, was investigated in this paper in both a bench-scale physical model and using the Greater Tel-Aviv (Dan Region) sewerage with design population of 1.3 million and flow of 300,000 m³ day⁻¹, as a conceptual model.Due to the inherent advantages of a step-fed plug-flow reactor where high substrate concentrations are maintained along most of the length of the reactor, (except for the final section which provides effluent polishing), the viability of the biomass is 3–5.2-fold higher than the one usually encountered in a conventional activated sludge plant, thus substantially increasing its rate and efficiency of organic substrate removal.It has been shown that in the case of Greater Tel-Aviv, replacing the activated sludge conventional treatment plant with the loop system (with only secondary clarifiers to provide the return biological sludge), or alternatively resorting to the loop system instead of doubling an existing overloaded treatment plant, will produce final efluents well below the requirements of 25 mg l⁻¹ BOD₅ and will provide savings of more than 50% in construction costs. An additional advantage of corrosion control along the main conduits thus increasing their longevity is also discussed.     

Influence of operational conditions on the performance of a mesh filter activated sludge process

Recently, a new type of wastewater treatment system became the focus of scientific research, the mesh filter activated sludge system. It is a modification of the membrane bioreactor where a membrane filtration process serves to separate the sludge from the purified effluent. The difference is that a mesh filter is used instead of the membrane. Due to the much larger pore size of the mesh, the effluent is not of the same excellent quality as with membrane bioreactors. Nevertheless, it still resembles the quality of the now most widely used standard treatment system, where settling tanks are used to retain the activated sludge. At the same time, the new system features all the other advantages of membrane bioreactors including elevated sludge concentrations resulting in decreased volumina of basins and complete substitution of the settling tank. Therefore, this process presents a potential future alternative where a small footprint of the plant is required. However, so far only a few preliminary studies on this innovative process type have been done. In this paper, the effects of suspended solids concentration, flux rate as well as aeration rate on the effluent quality are discussed. Furthermore, the characteristic of the sludge floc was identified as a factor of vital importance. Therefore, another influencing parameter, the food to microorganism (F/M) ratio, which is known to have a significant effect on floc characteristics, was studied. The main result demonstrated that the process was very effective under most of the operation conditions. The suspended solids concentration in the effluent was below 12 mg l(-1), the average COD in the effluent was between 24 and 45 mg l(-1) and the BOD(5) was lower than 5 mg l(-1). High flux rates of up to 150 l m(-2)h(-1) were also achieved.     

鹤山市某城镇污水处理厂脱氮除磷工艺改造实践

鹤山市某城镇污水处理厂由于早期设计存在缺陷,出水的氨氮和总磷一直未能稳定达标.为满足达标排放的要求,在不新增主体构筑物的情况下,通过增加混合液回流系统、完善污泥回流系统、改进污泥处理流程等,将原污水处理工艺改造成为A2/O工艺,使该城镇污水处理厂处理工艺具备了脱氮除磷的功能.改造后出水水质能达到排放标准的要求.     

污水处理厂污泥消化系统设计及运行

介绍了郑州和天津的2座污水处理厂污泥消化系统(包括设计污泥量及含水率、污泥投配系统、消化池型及参数选择、搅拌系统、沼气系统、热水循环系统)的设计。对其中郑州某污水处理厂的运行情况进行分析,总结其存在的问题及从中应吸取的经验。可供污水处理厂污泥消化系统的设计参考。     

Application of the 'Biothane' Wastewater Treatment System in the Soft Drinks Industry

This paper describes the experience gained by Yorkshire Water in the construction and operation of a wastewater treatment plant to deal with the effluent from Europe's largest canning and bottling factory (at Wakefield, West Yorkshire). The process which was chosen was the 'Biothane' upward-flow anaerobic sludge blanket system. Commissioning of the plant was fraught with difficulties due to the erratic organic load being discharged from the factory, along with larger than anticipated volumes of caustic solution.     

SVI在Orbal氧化沟运行管理中的指导作用

在污水处理厂的实际运行管理中,影响活性污泥处理工艺运行效果的因素很多,在缺乏经验数据的情况下,运行管理人员常以污泥容积指数(SVI)作为指导运行的主要参数。通过对西安市第三污水处理厂Orbal氧化沟工艺在运行中的实测结果进行统计分析,归纳出了SVI与污泥负荷NS、溶解氧DO及出水SS之间的相关关系,提出以SVI值指导Orbal氧化沟的工艺运行。     

活性污泥系统仿真软件的研究进展

近年来,基于活性污泥数学模型的系统仿真软件在国内外许多污水处理厂的模拟仿真、升级评估、运行优化和故障诊断等方面得到了广泛应用。介绍了活性污泥系统中常用的通用仿真软件和污水处理专业仿真软件,对仿真软件在城市污水处理厂中的应用经验进行总结,并提出了仿真软件今后的发展方向。     

西朗污水处理厂BOT项目的水质、水量在线监管经验

广州市首家采用BOT方式建设和运营的西朗污水处理厂，应用在线监测技术监测进出水水质、水量的变化情况。探讨了如何使这一监测手段能够更加有效地应用于市政污水处理行业，以及在应用中存在的一些问题和经验，为我国城市污水处理行业应用在线监测的监管手段提供了重要的借鉴经验。     

Minimization of excess sludge production for biological wastewater treatment

Excess sludge treatment and disposal currently represents a rising challenge for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to economic, environmental and regulation factors. There is therefore considerable impetus to explore and develop strategies and technologies for reducing excess sludge production in biological wastewater treatment processes. This paper reviews current strategies for reducing sludge production based on these mechanisms: lysis-cryptic growth, uncoupling metabolism, maintenance metabolism, and predation on bacteria. The strategies for sludge reduction should be evaluated and chosen for practical application using costs analysis and assessment of environmental impact. High costs still limit technologies of sludge ozonation-cryptic growth and membrane bioreactor from spreading application in full-scale WWTPs. Bioacclimation and harmful to environment are major bottlenecks for chemical uncoupler in practical application. Sludge reduction induced by oligochaetes may present a cost-effective way for WWTPs if unstable worm growth is solved. Employing any strategy for reducing sludge production may have an impact on microbial community in biological wastewater treatment processes. This impact may influence the sludge characteristics and the quality of effluent.     

微波加热对污泥肥效和卫生指标的影响

污泥经微波辐照处理后，氮、磷、有机质的含量有所降低，但仍是很好的有机肥原料；污泥的卫生学指标能达到控制标准的要求；污泥机械脱水时加入絮凝剂（PAM）的分子质量也明显降低，有利于污泥的农用化。设计制作了一台大型试验装置，在污水处理厂的现场试验结果与实验室的试验结果是一致的。     

常温下EGSB处理低浓度城市污水的初步研究

通过间歇试验和中试研究,初步探讨了悬浮物、温度和溶解氧对膨胀颗粒污泥床（EGSB）在常温下处理低浓度城市污水的影响。中试结果表明,城市污水中的悬浮物在EGSB中能够得到有效去除,不会在系统中沉积而影响运行效果;EGSB的出水可回流且城市污水的COD浓度低,缓解了温度对系统的影响,EGSB对CODtotal的去除率可保持在70%左右;颗粒污泥的外层兼性菌消耗了溶解氧,保护了产甲烷菌,减轻了溶解氧对颗粒污泥降解城市污水的抑制作用。初步研究结果表明,悬浮物、温度和溶解氧对EGSB在常温下处理低浓度城市污水不会产生不利影响。