环烷基瓦斯油催化裂解反应规律及产品性质

利用提升管催化裂解实验装置研究了加拿大合成原油瓦斯油HGO和LGO的催化裂解反应规律和裂解产品性质。发现总低碳烯烃（乙烯、丙烯和丁烯）产率随反应温度和剂油比的增大存在最大值,随反应时间的延长而减小,随水油比的增大而升高。实验确定了HGO催化裂解的优化反应条件：反应温度620～640℃、剂油比16、反应时间2 s、水油比0.5左右。在此反应条件下,乙烯、丙烯和总低碳烯烃产率分别可达9.0%（质量）,15.8%（质量）和32.6%（质量）。催化裂解汽油馏分、柴油馏分和重油馏分含有大量的芳香烃,其中催化裂解汽油馏分总芳香烃含量在80%（质量）以上,主要是甲苯和C₈芳香烃;催化裂解柴油馏分总芳香烃含量在60%（质量）以上,主要是单环和双环芳香烃;催化裂解重油馏分总芳香烃含量在70%（质量）以上,主要是多环芳香烃。     

流化催化裂化汽油改质和增产低碳烯烃的研究

采用GL型催化剂,在小型固定流化床实验装置上考察了反应温度、剂油比、空速和水油比等操作条件对流化催化裂化(FCC)汽油催化改质汽油的产品分布、低碳烯烃(丁烯、丙烯和乙烯)产率和族组成的影响。实验结果表明,在一定反应条件下,FCC汽油通过催化改质可以降低烯烃含量,提高芳烃含量和辛烷值,在满足新汽油标准的同时提高了低碳烯烃的产率。此外,较高的反应温度、剂油比和水油比以及较低的空速有利于FCC汽油催化改质和增产低碳烯烃。     

重油催化裂解制丙烯催化剂的评价

采用小型固定流化床,以大庆常压渣油为原料对催化裂解制丙烯催化剂进行了反应评价。采用HP6890气相色谱分析裂解气,SP3420气相色谱分析液体产物,并进一步采用色谱质谱分析液体产物组成,催化剂所含焦炭采用自行研制开发的快速精密定碳仪分析,建立起了一套催化裂解制丙烯催化剂的评价方法,结果证明,该评价方法重复性良好,结果准确,适用于重油催化裂解制烯烃的评价。所评价的催化剂的烯烃产率较高,并且随反应温度升高,乙烯产率增加,而丙产率和总烯烃产率有一最大值。反应温度为650℃,剂油比为15,水油比为0.7时,乙烯平均产率达到15.9%,丙烯平均产率达到20.7%,包括丁烯在内的总烯烃平均产率达到44.3%,说明该催化剂的催化裂解性能较好。     

大庆重石脑油热裂解反应规律的研究

采用自建的小型裂解实验装置对大庆重石脑油进行了热裂解实验。考察了反应温度、停留时间和汽烃比对裂解产物分布的影响规律。结果表明,各操作条件对大庆重石脑油裂解产物分布有不同程度影响,反应温度影响最大,随反应温度的升高,乙烯产率单调增加,丙烯、丁二烯和三烯产率分别在不同的裂解深度出现最大值;停留时间和汽烃比的影响相对较小,随着停留时间的增大,三烯收率略有下降,焦油的产率显著上升;增大汽烃比,三烯收率的略有上升,焦油产率下降。在实验装置的优化条件范围内,总三烯产率最优值51%,其中乙烯产率最优值31%。     

轻汽油催化裂解反应研究

对高硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛进行成型和改性制得催化剂,并应用于轻汽油催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应。借助XRD、SEM、N_2吸附-脱附和NH_3-TPD等表征手段研究了分子筛原料和裂解催化剂的结构特征。实验结果表明,高于500℃的温度条件下,轻汽油中烯烃可以在催化剂上直接裂解,生成包括乙烯、丙烯和丁烯在内的低碳烯烃。原料组成对轻汽油催化裂解反应的产物分布影响明显,烯烃含量较高且碳数较低的原料更有利于反应的进行。高温和低空速有助于轻汽油转化和低碳烯烃生成。在温度540℃,压力0.05 MPa和质量空速16 h~(-1)的条件下,轻汽油中烯烃转化率可达69%,低碳烯烃总产率超过87%。     

催化裂解反应条件对产物收率的影响

增产低碳烯烃、轻质芳烃等产物是催化裂解技术发展的趋势,反应条件是影响催化裂解产物分布的关键因素。介绍催化裂解过程涉及的反应机理,概述反应温度、剂油质量比、停留时间(空速)、水油质量比等反应条件,裂解装置和原料油性质对产物收率的影响,结合工业实例分析反应条件对产物收率的影响。     

重油催化裂解制低碳烯烃工艺条件研究

采用固定流化床催化裂化试验装置,以中国石油兰州石化公司3.0 Mt·a-1重油催化裂化装置所用原料油为原料,考察反应温度和剂油质量比对重油催化裂解制低碳烯烃性能的影响,在确定的适宜操作条件下研究中国石油兰州石化公司重催装置原料在不同催化剂上的催化裂解制低碳烯烃的反应性能。结果表明,较适宜的操作条件为:反应温度590℃,剂油质量比为7,与降烯烃催化剂和重油裂解催化剂相比,多产丙烯催化剂的低碳烯烃产率可达25.53%,更适合作为重油催化裂解制低碳烯烃时使用。     

氧化物催化剂上石脑油催化裂解制乙烯的研究

使用固定流化床，考察了氧化物催化剂催化裂解石脑油制乙烯的反应。研究结果表明，温度、空速和水油比对裂解产物分布有直接影响。在反应温度700 ℃、空速0.75 h^－1和水油质量比3∶1条件下，得到最大的乙烯收率为32.93%。     

轻烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃反应规律与原料特征化

利用小型固定床实验装置对比研究了轻烃模型化合物的催化裂解性能,从优到劣的顺序依次是正构烯烃、正构烷烃、环烷烃、异构烷烃、芳香烃。正构烷烃、异构烷烃与环烷烃催化裂解的总低碳烯烃收率有较大差别,但是总低碳烯烃选择性却均在56.57%左右。研究了直馏石脑油的催化裂解性能,发现乙丙烯收率和总低碳烯烃收率随反应温度的升高及重时空速的降低而逐渐增大;在反应温度680℃、重时空速4.32 h-1和水油稀释比0.35的条件下,乙丙烯收率35.87%(质量),总低碳烯烃收率为41.94%(质量)。针对轻烃催化裂解提出了原料特征化参数KF,它是原料H/C原子比、相对密度与分子量的函数,能较好地表征轻烃原料的催化裂解性能。     

利用生物原油裂解制取低碳烯烃的实验研究

低碳烯烃如乙烯、丁二烯等是一种重要的基础化工工业原料。为了考察不同反应温度和不同硅铝比的HZSM-5分子筛对于生物原油替代油品裂解制取低碳烯烃的影响,在本文裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用仪上进行了裂解实验。通过实验发现,生物原油是一种良好的裂解制取低碳烯烃的原料,HZSM-5分子筛催化剂对生物原油裂解具有较好的催化作用,生物原油热裂解实验在850℃时可以得到48%的最大总烯烃收率,而催化裂解600℃可以获得74%的最大总烯烃收率。分子筛的硅铝比对生物原油裂解过程的催化作用差别比较大。高硅铝比分子筛在低温时有助于生成乙烯和丙烯,而低硅铝比分子筛在高温时有助于生成乙烯和丙烯;高硅铝比分子筛低温时有助于丁烯的生成,而在高温时有助于丁二烯的生成,通过改变HZSM-5分子筛的硅铝比对生物原油裂解产物分布进行调控。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。