基于空间共线点的单光心反射折射摄像机标定

一条空间直线的单光心反射折射图像是一个二次曲线段, 大多数利用直线进行单光心反射折射摄像机标定的方法都需要对直线的像进行二次曲线拟合, 曲线拟合的精度严重影响着标定的精度. 然而, 一条空间直线的像仅占整个二次曲线的一小段, 这使得曲线拟合的效果非常差. 本文利用空间三个共线点的反射折射投影给出了摄像机内参数的一个非线性约束. 当反射镜面为抛物面时, 在主点已知的情况下, 该约束变为线性约束. 如其他参数已知, 该约束变为关于有效焦距的多项式约束. 由此, 本文提出了三种不同条件下的标定算法, 算法中无需对直线的像进行二次曲线拟合, 无需场景的任何信息, 标定精度较高. 实验验证了算法的有效性.     

一种基于双目视觉的奥制齿轮刀具参数测量方法

将双目视觉技术应用于奥利康齿制螺旋锥齿轮铣刀盘刀具的参数测量,通过双目标定获得系统的内外参数,并对待测刀具图像进行双目极线校正;提取待测刀具图像边缘轮廓并采用最小二乘法对直线边缘进行拟合,将共面直线交点作为匹配特征点,依据理想平行双目视觉系统三维重建方法求出刀具特征点的三维空间点坐标;利用空间点和空间平面的位置关系求取奥制齿轮刀具参数,通过实验对算法进行验证,实验结果证明了该测量方法的有效性,并具有一定的实际应用价值。     

基于线结构光的三维测量系统转轴快速标定方法

为了标定基于线结构光的三维测量系统中的旋转轴,提出了一种基于圆锥体参照物的快速标定方法。将一个圆锥体的参照物固定放置在旋转平台上,控制旋转台每隔一定角度旋转一次,分别采集每个位置的图像,对图像预处理后,提取圆锥体的亚像素边缘,通过拟合圆锥体边缘直线,计算得到两条边缘直线的空间直线方程,并利用Levenberg-Marquardt迭代法计算出空间中距离两条边缘直线最近的点作为圆锥体的顶点,然后根据得到的所有顶点拟合出所在的空间平面及空间圆的圆心,根据平面的法向量和圆心点建立起旋转轴的直线方程,完成旋转台的转轴标定。实验结果表明,该标定方法具有较高的标定精度。     

一种中心反射折射直线像的拟合方法

直线在中心反射折射摄像机下的像是一条二次曲线.由于存在遮挡,准确地拟合直线像是非常困难的,从而影响了摄像机的标定精度.目前,这一问题仍然没有得到有效的解决.此外,根据中心反射折射摄像机成像模型发现,如果可见弧上图像点的对极点已知,可以大大提高直线像的拟合精度.为此,提出了一种新的拟合直线像的方法,该方法适用于包括抛物反射折射摄像机在内的所有中心反射折射摄像机.首先,推导出一种新的关于对极图像点与摄像机主点之间的关系;然后,通过这种关系建立目标函数,用来优化得到直线像的方程;最后,利用拟合的直线像估计摄像机的内参数,以此评价拟合算法的性能.大量模拟实验和真实实验均验证了拟合算法的有效性,即提出的拟合算法不仅鲁棒,且提高了直线像的拟合精度,进而提高了摄像机的标定精度.     

折反射全向图像与遥感图像配准的建筑物高度提取算法

提出一种折反射全向图像与遥感图像配准的建筑物高度提取算法,可应用于大范围三维城市重建。首先,利用全向Hough变换方法提取折反射全向图像中建筑物的顶部边界线;然后基于提取的边界线,根据空间水平直线全向成像的角度不变性对折反射全向图像与遥感图像进行配准;最后利用配准结果,依据折反射全向图成像模型计算建筑物高度。实验结果证明该方法简捷易行且计算结果准确,误差较小。     

理想投影椭圆约束下的鱼眼镜头内部参数标定

目的 鱼眼镜头是发展轻、小型全方位视觉系统的理想光学传感器,但由于镜头焦距短、视场大及光学原理约束,鱼眼图像存在严重畸变,为此提出一种高精度、应用方式灵活的鱼眼镜头内部参数标定方法,以期将鱼眼图像转换成符合人眼视觉习惯的平面透视投影图像。方法 从球面透视投影模型出发,首先分析给出空间直线在水平面上的理想投影椭圆约束,进而结合椭圆严格几何特性建立误差方程对鱼眼相机等效焦距f,纵横比A及径向畸变参数k₁,k₂进行最小二乘估计,最后利用估计参数对鱼眼图像进行立方盒展开实现平面透视纠正目的。结果 对某型号定焦鱼眼相机的棋盘格影像多视标定及网上鱼眼图像单视自标定结果表明,本文方法标定参数对鱼眼图像不同区域的平面透视纠正效果稳健、精度高。多视标定参数均方根误差（RMSE）约0.1像素,纠正影像上直线拟合误差RMSE约0.2像素,总体效果略优于对比文献方法;单视自标定参数误差RMSE约0.3像素,影像纠正范围、直线透视特性保持明显优于对比文献方法及商业软件DXO（DXO Optics Pro）。结论 本文方法标定参数少、计算过程简单且对标定参照物要求不高,对于具有大量直线的人工场景理论上可实现自标定,应用价值较高。     

基于平行直线束图像序列的摄像机标定

模拟与实现了一种基于主动视觉的摄像机参数标定方法;首先对空间平行直线束的成像规律进行研究,建立了平行直线束的消隐点与投影中心的连线和该平行直线束方向矢量的关系,在此基础上利用多组平行直线间的夹角作为约束求解摄像机焦距以及外参数.实验中采用普通的电脑液晶显示屏作为标定模板,液晶屏中显示按规律变换位置的平行直线束图像,摄像机进行同步拍摄获取液晶屏图像序列;在标定过程中摄像机与液晶屏的位置固定不动,避免了主动视觉方法对高精度平台的要求;该方法完全自动进行,内外参数分阶段线性求解且稳定性高;方法中不涉及图像间匹配问题,且无需知道标定模板的物理度量;模拟与真实实验均表明了该方法的有效性与实用性.     

机械密封微小形变图像测量系统像素当量的标定

在机械密封数字散斑微小形变图像测量系统中,像素当量的标定工作介于图像采集和处理之间;基于VC++2008 MFC开发了图像像素当量标定系统;系统包含了抓图、图像的阈值分割、形态学处理、扫描检测标定块的边缘及线性回归分析功能;介绍了抓图软件的开发过程;编制了形态学的腐蚀、膨胀及开/闭运算的函数,使用这些函数实现了图像的形态学处理;在形态学处理后显示图像的基础上框选包含标定块的理想区域使用扫描法获取边缘信息;对获取的边缘信息进行线性回归分析拟合出标定块的上下边缘的直线方程,根据拟合出的方程求出两条直线间的距离,最后用标定块的实际宽度除以直线间的距离即为像素当量;运行结果表明获得了亚像素级别的像素当量,保证了后期使用DSCM方法计算微小形变的精度.     

机器视觉在物体位姿检测中的应用

研究了机器视觉技术在物体位姿检测中的应用.从两个方位架设工业相机采集目标图片,采用张正友基于2D平面靶标的相机标定方法对相机进行标定.使用目标图像减去背景图像和形态学运算的方法进行粗定位,初步检测目标区域.利用Hough变换检测目标直线边缘,依据极线约束原则、灰度相似性以及直线约束进行边缘直线及其端点的匹配.计算出各直线端点的空间三维坐标及其单位方向向量.在已知目标模板的条件下,目标的几何参数已知,利用简单的几何关系求取目标的位姿数据.     

一种与模型无关的全向视觉系统标定方法

传统的全向视觉系统标定方法假设研究对象满足单视点成像模型且全向反射镜面各向同性,而在实际应用中上述假设往往并不成立,这会对标定精度带来很大的影响。针对全向视觉系统成像特点设计了一种新的与模型无关的标定方法,不需要研究对象满足上述约束,适用于对各种折反射式全向视觉系统的标定,具有较高的精度。将其应用于NuBot足球机器人全向视觉系统的标定后,较大地提高了机器人基于全向视觉的自定位精度,验证了标定方法的有效性和实用性。     

Study on Omni- directional Vision System Calibration Method Based on Line

1 Introduction Omni- directional vision system is a central cata- dioptric system which is composed of mirror and CCD camera. In omni- directional vision systems, lens of CCD camera refracts and mirror reflects rays. It uses mirror to enlarge vision field. It is widely used in robot navigation, virtual reality, video surveillance, teleconferencing, etc. The fields of viewof the robot can reach 360°horizontally by using omni-directional vision sensor and it resolves the limited fields of vi…     

On improved calibration method for the catadioptric omnidirectional vision with a single viewpoint

The single viewpoint constraint is a principal optical characteristic for most catadioptric omnidirectional vision. Single viewpoint catadioptric omnidirectional vision is very useful because it allows the generation of geometrically correct perspective images from one omnidirectional image. Therefore precise calibration for single viewpoint constraint is needed during system assembling. However, in most image detection based calibration methods, the nonlinear optical distortion brought by lens is often neglected. Hence the calibration precision is poor. In this paper, a new calibration method of single viewpoint constraint for the catadioptric omni-directional vision is proposed. Firstly, an image correction algorithm is obtained by training a neural network. Then, according to characteristics of the space circular perspective projection, the corrected image of the mirror boundary is used to estimate its position and attitude relative to the camera to guide the calibration. Since the estimate is conducted based on actual imaging model rather than the simplified model, the estimate error is largely reduced, and the calibration accuracy is significantly improved. Experiments are conducted on simulated images and real images to show the accuracy and the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于单幅折反射全向图的水平直线3维重建

与传统的利用立体视觉原理进行3维重建不同,在研究基于单幅全向图像重建空间水平直线问题的基础上,首先指出基于直线在全向图中的两个像点即可重建该水平直线,然后通过分析和推导空间水平直线在全向成像系统中的成像特点,有效简化了全向图中的水平直线检测;针对现有“四点定位”方法的不足,提出了一种基于“主像点/非主像点”的水平直线重建算法,并详细分析了像点提取精度对直线重建结果的影响。实验表明,在不同的像点提取精度下,对于不同空间水平直线,该重建算法均能取得较好结果。     

Identical Projective Geometric Properties of Central Catadioptric Line Images and Sphere Images with Applications to Calibration

Central catadioptric cameras are imaging devices that use mirrors to enhance the field of view while preserving a single effective viewpoint. Lines and spheres in space are all projected into conics in the central catadioptric image planes, and such conics are called line images and sphere images, respectively. We discovered that there exists an imaginary conic in the central catadioptric image planes, defined as the modified image of the absolute conic (MIAC), and by utilizing the MIAC, the novel identical projective geometric properties of line images and sphere images may be exploited: Each line image or each sphere image is double-contact with the MIAC, which is an analogy of the discovery in pinhole camera that the image of the absolute conic (IAC) is double-contact with sphere images. Note that the IAC also exists in the central catadioptric image plane, but it does not have the double-contact properties with line images or sphere images. This is the main reason to propose the MIAC. From these geometric properties with the MIAC, two linear calibration methods for central catadioptric cameras using sphere images as well as using line images are proposed in the same framework. Note that there are many linear approaches to central catadioptric camera calibration using line images. It seems that to use the properties that line images are tangent to the MIAC only leads to an alternative geometric construction for calibration. However, for sphere images, there are only some nonlinear calibration methods in literature. Therefore, to propose linear methods for sphere images may be the main contribution of this paper. Our new algorithms have been tested in extensive experiments with respect to noise sensitivity.     

Calibrating effective focal length for central catadioptric cameras using one space line

In camera calibration, focal length is the most important parameter to be estimated, while other parameters can be obtained by prior information about scene or system configuration. In this paper, we present a polynomial constraint on the effective focal length with the condition that all the other parameters are known. The polynomial degree is 4 for paracatadioptric cameras and 16 for other catadioptric cameras. However, if the skew is 0 or the ratio between the skew and effective focal length is known, the constraint becomes a linear one or a polynomial one with degree 4 on the effective focal length square for paracatadioptric cameras and other catadioptric cameras, respectively. Based on this constraint, we propose a simple method for estimation of the effective focal length of central catadioptric cameras. Unlike many approaches using lines in literature, the proposed method needs no conic fitting of line images, which is error-prone and highly affects the calibration accuracy. It is easy to implement, and only a single view of one space line is enough with no other space information needed. Experiments on simulated and real data show this method is robust and effective.     

Catadioptric camera calibration using geometric invariants

Central catadioptric cameras are imaging devices that use mirrors to enhance the field of view while preserving a single effective viewpoint. In this paper, we propose a novel method for the calibration of central catadioptric cameras using geometric invariants. Lines and spheres in space are all projected into conics in the catadioptric image plane. We prove that the projection of a line can provide three invariants whereas the projection of a sphere can only provide two. From these invariants, constraint equations for the intrinsic parameters of catadioptric camera are derived. Therefore, there are two kinds of variants of this novel method. The first one uses projections of lines and the second one uses projections of spheres. In general, the projections of two lines or three spheres are sufficient to achieve catadioptric camera calibration. One important conclusion in this paper is that the method based on projections of spheres is more robust and has higher accuracy than that based on projections of lines. The performances of our method are demonstrated by both the results of simulations and experiments with real images.     

一种反射折射摄像机的简易标定方法

Central catadioptric cameras are widely used in virtual reality and robot navigation, and the camera calibration is a prerequisite for these applications. In this paper, we propose an easy calibration method for central catadioptric cameras with a 2D calibration pattern. Firstly, the bounding ellipse of the catadioptric image and field of view (FOV) are used to obtain the initial estimation of the intrinsic parameters. Then, the explicit relationship between the central catadioptric and the pinhole model is used to initialize the extrinsic parameters. Finally, the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are refined by nonlinear optimization. The proposed method does not need any fitting of partial visible conic, and the projected images of 2D calibration pattern can easily cover the whole image, so our method is easy and robust. Experiments with simulated data as well as real images show the satisfactory performance of our proposed calibration method.     

一种反射折射摄像机的简易标定方法

Central catadioptric cameras are widely used in virtual reality and robot navigation,and the camera calibration is a prerequisite for these applications.In this paper,we propose an easy calibration method for central catadioptric cameras with a 2D calibration pattern.Firstly,the bounding ellipse of the catadioptric image and field of view (FOV) are used to obtain the initial estimation of the intrinsic parameters.Then,the explicit relationship between the central catadioptric and the pinhole model is used to initialize the extrinsic parameters.Finally,the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are refined by nonlinear optimization.The proposed method does not need any fitting of partial visible conic,and the projected images of 2D calibration pattern can easily cover the whole image,so our method is easy and robust.Experiments with simulated data as well as real images show the satisfactory performance of our proposed calibration method.     

Hypercatadioptric line images for 3D orientation and image rectification

In central catadioptric systems 3D lines are projected into conics. In this paper we present a new approach to extract conics in the raw catadioptric image, which correspond to projected straight lines in the scene. Using the internal calibration and two image points we are able to compute analytically these conics which we name hypercatadioptric line images. We obtain the error propagation from the image points to the 3D line projection in function of the calibration parameters. We also perform an exhaustive analysis on the elements that can affect the conic extraction accuracy. Besides that, we exploit the presence of parallel lines in man-made environments to compute the dominant vanishing points (VPs) in the omnidirectional image. In order to obtain the intersection of two of these conics we analyze the self-polar triangle common to this pair. With the information contained in the vanishing points we are able to obtain the 3D orientation of the catadioptric system. This method can be used either in a vertical stabilization system required by autonomous navigation or to rectify images required in applications where the vertical orientation of the catadioptric system is assumed. We use synthetic and real images to test the proposed method. We evaluate the 3D orientation accuracy with a ground truth given by a goniometer and with an inertial measurement unit (IMU). We also test our approach performing vertical and full rectifications in sequences of real images.